• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.483-503
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to clarify the origin which have misused terms, analyze Its meanings and suggest the unified terms. The content of this study are as follows. The origin of the terms in western dress is different with the areas of cultural influence. Japanese occupied much more than other languages in the apparel industry after the civilization. and English has dominated in the educational filed since 1945 the Liberalization. French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch are added. These languages came to the clothing field via Japanese and English or directly from the countries. 망토(manteau프), 메리야스(medias스), 러닝셔츠(일) 라사(raxa네), 오트 쿠튀르(Haute Couture 프), 비로드(veludo 포), etc. However the words of foreign origin have misused or corrupted until now a days. 마이 (재킷, 상의), 노 슬립, 소데나시 (슬리브리스, 민소매) 넌라쟈(브래지어), 노타이, 노타이샤쓰(오픈칼라 셔츠, 넥타이를 매지 않은 셔츠) 와이샤쓰(드레스 ttu츠), etc. And also these terms are confused in using because of the word's diversity, the different nationality, change of the marking rules, and the difference between the education and production field terms. On the others hand, this study explained the differences between western costume and Korean costume as the clothing manufacture terms were translated to Korean. bodice-길, collar, neckline-깃, belt, sash-(허리)띠 And then the untied terms were suggested through the comparison production field and educational area (including schools and institutes). lapel, 라펠(학교용어) (학원용어), 가에리 (일) (의류산업 현장용어), 아랫깃(통일어) By the way, this study involved the origin of and misused teams in sewing and presented the unified terms. 미까시 (X)-미 카에시(일) - 안단($\bigcirc$), 이새(X)―홈줄임 ($\bigcirc$) As the above , the characteristics of clothing terms which have misused are Japans,;e, corrupt Japanese, false reports foreign words via Korean, Japanese, compound words of Korean and Japanese, compound words of English and Japanese. And also the words of foreign origin in clothing had the following tendency in the marking system. There are ellipsis of form, sex, timber, grammatical case '-ing', '-ed' in adjective and long vowels express to short vowels. We can see this phenomena as the rule of curtailment labor.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.57
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• pp.221-241
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• 2013

Country of origin is very important in terms of consumers right to know, protection of producer, national finance and tariff preference etc. The principal issues related to country of origin are breaches of origin mark, determination of origin of OEM products, domestic products using imported raw materials, exports products, and fairness of penalties. This study focus origin mark issues on key components and set products which have not been treated so far. First, Origin mark issues on key components need to introduce multiple countries of origin for the same products. Some specific products, which are considered important key components or materials, has to mark multiple country of origin in terms of portion and significance. Next, Origin mark issues on set products need to expand the objects from 15 listed items of Korea Foreign Trade Act to all items of HS tariff schedules of Korea Customs Act. A set products which below 15% of components can mark single country of origin like FTA agreement such as Korea-EU FTA, Korea-EFTA, Korea-US FTA and Korea-Peru FTA.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.306-323
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyse the origin of the terms for well-known minerals and rocks in South Korean, North Korean, English, Chinese and Japanese. All of the terms for mineral and rock have been standardized in English and Chinese, Whereas not all of the terms are standardized yet in Japanese, North Korean and South Korean. Although many Korean researchers have recognized the fact and tried to standardize the terms, most of the terms for minerals and rocks have been used without any research conducted on them, which made it impossible. The terms for minerals were mainly made based on some of 28 geologic properties: chemical composition, color, shape and material. The terms for rocks were mainly originated from some of their 30 geologic properties: mineral composition, origin of rock, material and surface. 23 of the 124 English terms were named after the names of men or location, Whereas only 3 terms were originated from a name of place in the Eastern countries. In the Eastern countries, the terms for some minerals or rocks often consist of more complex geologic properties, compared with English terms for the same ones. For the minerals with complex geological properties, in the Eastern countries, there are 28 terms on average, which is much more than 2 in English. There are 9.25 terms in average for the rocks with complex geological properties in the Eastern while only 5 terms exist in English. Some of the Korean terms are very difficult for students to recognize what they are because the terms were originated from Japanese or English terms, which were translated into Korean without consideration of Korean contexts. Therefore the terms of rocks and minerals need to be discussed about their meaning and relevance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.933-945
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to examine the current foreign languages of clothing terms which have been misused, clarify the meanings and suggest the unified teams. The results are as follows. First, English and Japanese are great parts of the origins of the clothing terms in foreign languges which have been misused. And next, there were French, German, Portuguese and Spanish via English and Japanese. Especially, the misused foreign languages in styles, materials of clothing are also via English and Japanese. The compound words in Japanese are many parts of them and misused Japanese, Japanese via English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Poltuguese, and some terms can not be found their origin. (ex: 색채, 컬러, 카라) In case of the colors of clothing, the terms have the English marking rules and the Japanese pronounciation. And some unified terms are Korean, English, and Chinese letters. (ex: 빨강, 레드, 적색) There are lots of the misused foreign lagusges in sewing terms. On each case, the corresponding words in English and Japanese were suggested to understand easily. The most of the unified words were suggested in Korean. (ex: 하찌사시 $\rightarrow$ 하자시; padding stitch, 팔자뜨기) In clothing construction, there were lots of the misused terms in Japanese and the corrupted terms of Japanese. And so the explains and the unified terms were suggested. (ex: 구세토리, 몸새맞춤, 나찌, 가위집 (내기)) Finally, the origins of terms in western history of costume were clarified and analyzed the meanings : $\circled1$robe, $\circled2$ jacket, gipon, pourpoint, doublet, justaucorps, habit, flock(coat), cutaway, swallow tail coat, 배광, lounge suit, $\circled3$ coat Robe is the gown style garment which was used by men and women from the Middle ages, the jacket is a short, coat-like garment and coat is a long outer garment. Each origin is different, however the 'jacket' and the 'coat' were used confusely in the middle of 19th century.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2011

The economy blocking and price competitiveness caused by globalization has generated an on-going controversy of global sourcing among high-priced luxury brands. The consumers in the global market purchase luxury goods based on both craftsmanship and the reputation of luxury brands. Factors such as the origin, brand and pricing can affect the intention of consumers to buy luxury goods. This study analyzed the optimum brand combination using conjoint analysis. The analysis was based on the selection of origin, brand name and price as extrinsic factors among attributes of customer choice. These factors were subdivided into Italian and Chinese origins, Gucci, Prada, and Miu Miu in terms of brand names, and 450,000, 750,000, and 1,500,000 Won in terms of price levels. The result showed that origin was considered the most important factor followed by brand name and pricing. This tendency tells us that customers consider origin, brand name and price in that order when purchasing luxury brands. In regards to each factor, respondents preferred Italian to Chinese origins, the Gucci to Miu Miu brand name, and 750,000 to 450,000 won for price level. Generally, women in their 20s and 30s preferred products from advanced nations at a medium-level price.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.41-57
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• 2009

Evaluations of fashion products are often influenced by consumers' knowledge of the country where the products were made in. As globalization progresses, country-of-origin information is widely regarded as a powerful cue on consumers' shopping behavior. The purpose of study was to examine the consumer evaluation of apparel products with uni-national or bi-national country of origin. The effect of price level and gender were also investigated. The empirical research design took 2${\times}$2 factorial design with the country-of-origin coincidence (uni-national vs. bi-national) and price (high vs. low) of gender (male vs. female). Consumers' ethnocentrism and country-of-origin interest were taken into account as covariates in the factorial design. The consumers' evaluation of fashion products was measured in terms of brand attitudes and product attitudes. Data from 514 respondents were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results of this study affirmed the importance of price information rather than country-of-origin coincidence in brand attitudes and product attitudes. Only for male consumers, interaction effects of price and country-of-origin coincidence had significant eflects on utilitarian attitude. Effects of two covariate variables included in the study were significant for female respondents but not for male respondents.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.67
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• pp.163-186
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• 2015

This study attempts to analyze the trade costs of domestic firms utilizing the FTAs in terms of burden of expenses in managing the rules of origin. In doing so, we classify the managing costs of FTA rules of origin into three categories (that is, (i) ex ante costs from acquiring necessary information and building the infrastructure in the advance stage before the FTAs, (ii) the actual costs of the origin management in the application stage of FTA preferential treatment, (iii) ex post management cost in the preparation stage of origin verification) and perform a survey on the greater details on each category. Using the comprehensive results from the survey regarding domestic firm's use of FTAs, this paper also discusses the issues related to small and medium-sized firms and addresses the concerns involved with their managing costs of FTA rules of origin. Importantly, this paper emphasizes the importance of government supports to reduce inefficiency induced by the additional costs that domestic firms face in their use of FTAs and proposes the various policy implications regarding the managing costs of rules of origin.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.5 s.83
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• pp.191-203
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• 2006

This study examined the experience of family of origin among those who decided consensual divorce. Questionnaires regarding family relationships, alcohol problem, domestic violence, and health in family or origin were distributed to 500 people who visited Busan Family court for filing divorce and 3% questionnaires were collected by the staff of the Family court in April, 2004. As for analyzing the data, using SPSS/WIN 10.0 program, t-test and ANOVA were conducted. The results of analyses are as follows. First, more respondents tended to report that theirs parents' marital relationship was bad in their childhood than parent-child relationship. Second, 41% of all respondents reported that their parents have had alcohol problems, and 32% reported that there had been domestic violence between their parents. Third, the overall score of health in family of origin was lower than the medium score, which implies the lower health in family of origin among the divorce deciders. Lastly, there were some differences in experiences of family of origin in terms of some demographic variables such as gender, education, and religion. Women tended to perceived their family relationship more positively than men did. Also, highly educated group of divorce deciders reported lower parental alcohol problem and higher health in family of origin than the group of lower education. Respondents which had specific religions reported that their parents have had less alcohol problems, and higher health in family-of-origin.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.60
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• pp.257-279
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• 2013

Nine FTA like Korea-Chile FTA, Korea-Singapore FTA, Korea-EFTA FTA, Korea-ASEAN FTA, Korea-India CEPA, Korea-EU FTA, Korea-U.S.A. FTA, Korea-Peru FTA and Korea-Turkey have been concluded and implemented in 46 countries as of May, 2013. In addition to these nine FTA, Korea has been negotiating FTA or CEPA(Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) with China and Vietnam and Indonesia. Now Korean government is about to conclude FTA agreement with Indonesia which is one of crucial trading partners in Asian countries so the objective of this paper is to suggest how to design ROO schemes properly in such upcoming FTA agreement since more activation of trade and more utilization of FTA can be depend on the details of ROO schemes. As a result, this paper suggests well-design of ROO schemes as follows ; First, self-issuance origin proof system can be considered because authority-issuance origin proof system may reduce the utilization ratio of FTA. Second, combination of indirect and direct verification system in terms of origin verification system will be more preferable because this will be more fitting to Asian countries as considering trading environments and characteristics of Asian market. Third, criteria to determine origin can be based on wholly obtained plus substantial transformation system which contains CTC plus VC along with some percentage of de minimis. In addition to this, the number of products stipulated in PSR should be minimized and applied similar manner to avoid complexity of deciding origin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.538-549
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• 1996

The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of brand and country-of-origin on consumers' perception of apparel products. $2\times2$ between subjects factorial design with brand (no brand vs. prestigious brand) and country-of-origin (Italy vs. Korea) was used. Consumer ethnocentrism and product involvement were included as covariates in analyzing the data. The stimuus was a double-breasted v-neckline beige jacket. All the labels were removed and a label indicating one of the four brand/country-of-origin conditions was attached. The participants' perception of the jacket was measured in terms of product attitude, product evaluation, purchase intention and expected price. A total of 205 housewives participated in the field experiments conducted in front of four moi or department stores in Seoul, and 202 responses were used in the final analysis. There was no significant difference in product attitude, product evaluation and purchase intention according to brand or country-of-origin. But brand, country-of-origin and the interaction between the variables were significant in explaining the differences in expected price. Consumer ethnocentrism was significant in all the models, while product involvement was significant only in the case of product evaluation. The relationships among demographic variables, consumer ethnocentrism and product involvement were also examined.