• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 1997

This procedure describes the method for gas chromatographic determination of 31 organophosphorus and 28 organochlorine pesticides in 10g of spinach, tomato and onion. After the pesticides were extracted with several solvents, the amount of coextractives and recovery rates of acephate and methamidophos were calculated. Samples for organochlorine pesticides were cleaned up with florisil solid phase extraction columns. NaBH$_4$ was added to onion extracts, which contained sulfur compound. All the concentrated extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with ECD and NPD. The smallest amount of coextractives resulted from the spinach samples extracted with 5% MeOH in ethyl acetate. 5% EOH in ethyl acetate had the highest extractability for acephate and methamidophos and gave the best overall performance as an extraction solvent. The ability of 5% EOH in ethyl acetate to extract various organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides from spinach, tomato and onion was examined. Recovery of 59 insecticides ranged from 58.0% to 110.5%. The average recoveries of fortified spinach, tomato and onion were 90.08%, 94.54% and 84.90%, respectively.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.38-50
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• 2002

1999년 하계에 아산만과 경기만 해역의 유기인계 잔류농약 분포를 조사하였다. 표층해수 중 IBP는 모든 해역에서 광범위하게 분포하였다 아산만의 표층해수 중 IBP 농도 범위는 7월과 9월에 각각 10.3-1030.1(m=339.1), ND-319.1(m=74.8)ng/L였고 경기만 표층해수 중 IBP 농도는 7월과 9월에 각각 ND-76.2(m=29.1), ND-270.3(m=46.6)ng/L였다. Diazinon, DDVP, Ethoprophos와 Chlorpyrifos는 다소 낮은 농도를 보였지만 모든 해역에서 검출되었다. 다른 유기인계 농약(Disulfoton, rarathion Methyl, Fenchlorfos, Prothiofos, EDDP)은 일반적으로 검출한계 미만이었다. 퇴적물 중에서는 Chlorpyrifos가 다근 유기인계 농약보다 널리 분포하였다. 유기인계 농약의 시공간적 분포는 자 지역에 사용되어지는 농약의 사용량과 종류에 따라 달라진다고 보여진다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.144-153
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• 2021

Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs), including both G- and V-type nerve agents such as sarin, soman, tabun and VX, are extremely neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds. Catalytic bioscavengers capable of hydrolyzing OPNAs are under development because of the low protective effects and adverse side effects of chemical antidotes to OPNA poisoning. However, these bioscavengers have certain limitations for practical application, including low catalytic activity and narrow specificity. In this study, we generated a fusion-hybrid form of engineered recombinant human paraoxonase 1 (rePON1) and bacterial organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), referred to as GV-hybrids, using a flexible linker to develop more promising catalytic bioscavengers against a broad range of OPNAs. These GV-hybrids were able to synergistically hydrolyze both G-type OPNA analogs (paraoxon: 1.7 ~ 193.7-fold, p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate (PNPDPP): 2.3 ~ 33.0-fold and diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP): 1.4 ~ 22.8-fold) and V-type OPNA analogs (demeton-S-methyl (DSM): 1.9 ~ 34.6-fold and malathion: 1.1 ~ 4.2-fold above) better than their individual enzyme forms. Among the GV-hybrid clones, the GV7 clone showed remarkable improvements in the catalytic activity toward both G-type OPNA analogs (kcat/Km (106 M-1 min-1): 59.8 ± 0.06 (paraoxon), 5.2 ± 0.02 (PNPDPP) and 47.0 ± 6.0 (DFP)) and V-type OPNA analogs (kcat/Km (M-1 min-1): 504.3 ± 48.5 (DSM) and 1324.0 ± 47.5 (malathion)). In conclusion, we developed GV-hybrid forms of rePON1 and bacterial OPH mutants as effective and suitable catalytic bioscavengers to hydrolyze a broad range of OPNA analogs.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.457-458
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• 2003

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 1971

이 실험은 이화명나방 월동 유충에 대한 유기인 살출제의 in vitro에 있어서의 ChE저해력과 약제의 화학 구조와의 관계, in vivo에 있어서의 국소 시용법에 의한, 살충제의 독성과 화학 子조와의 관계, 특히 ChE 저해력과 살충력(독성)과의 관계를 비교 연구할 목적으로 실험하였으며 그 결과를 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1, Phosphate compounds는 thiophosphate compounds보다 in vitro에 있어서의 ChE 저해력은 강하다고 할 수 있으나 in vivo에 있어서의 독성은 비례적으로 반드시 강하다고 할 수 없다. 2. Alcoxy 즉 diethoxy는 dimethoxy보다 ChE 저해력과 독성이 비례적으로 반드시 강하다고 할 수 없다. 3. $(RO)_2PO(S)X$ 부분에 있어서 이 X부분이 달라짐에 따르는 ChE 저해력과 살충력에 대해서는 약제에 따라서 각각 다르게 나타나므로 언급할 수 없다. 4. ChE 저력이 강한 약제는 살충력도 비례적으로 강하다고 할 수 없다. 그러나 화학 구조상 안정성이고 실용 농약인 Ethylparathion, Malathion, Let aycid, EPN, Sumithion 및 Diazinon 등에서 고찰할 때 반드시 비례적인 것은 아니나 어느 정도의 파행 관계가 있지 않은가 추찰된다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.226-236
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• 2009

The performance of phytoremediation has proven effective in the removal of nutrients and metals from aqueous systems. However, little information is available regarding the behavior of pesticides and their removal pathways in aquatic environments involving plant-uptake. A detailed understanding of the kinetics of pesticide removal by plants and information on compound/plant partition coefficients can lead to an effective design of the phytoremediation process for anthropogenic pesticide reduction. It was determined that the reduction rates of four organophosphorus (OP) and two organochlorine (OC) pesticides (diazinon, fenitrothion, malathion, parathion, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene [HCB]) could be simulated by first-order reaction kinetics. The magnitude of k was dependent on the pesticide species and found within the range of 0.409 - 0.580 $d^{-1}$. Analytical results obtained by mass balances suggested that differential chemical stability, including diversity of molecular structure, half-lives, and water solubility, would greatly influence the removal mechanisms and pathways of OPs and OCs in a phytoreactor (PR). In the case of OP pesticides, plant accumulation was an important pathway for the removal of fenitrothion and parathion from water, while pesticide sorption in suspended matter (SM) was an important pathway for removal of dieldrin and HCB. The magnitude of the pesticide migration factor (${\Large M}_p^{pesticide}$) is a good indication of determining the tendency of pesticide movement from below- to above-ground biomass. The uncertainties related to the different phenomena involved in the laboratory phyto-experiment are also discussed.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.170-175
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• 1990

점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)의 살비제저항성 기작을 구명하기 위한 기초시험으로서, 유기인계 carbophenothion과 ethion, 유기염소계 dicofol, 유기주석계 cyhexatin 및 합성 pyrethroid계 biphenthrin으로 누대도태한 각 저항성계통과 감수성계통을 공시하여, esterase isozyme의 영동대 차이점 (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)을 비교한 결과, carbophenothion 저항성계통은 감수성계통에서 나타나지 않은 Est. 1, Est. 3이 검출되었고, ethion과 cyhexatin 저항성계통에서는 각각 Est. 3이, dicofol 저항성계통에서는 Est. 1, Est. 3, Est. 7이, biphenthrin 저항성계통은 Est. 3, Est. 7이 검출되었다. 이러한 영동대와 기질분해량의 차이점으로 미루어 보아 공시살비제들의 저항성발달에는 esterase가 관여하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.388-395
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• 2010

미생물을 이용한 인삼 재배지 내 잔류 tolclofos-methyl의 효과적 분해를 목적으로, tolclofos-methyl에 대한 분해능을 보이는 미생물을 선발하였다. 선발된 미생물은 16S rDNA 염기서열분석을 통하여 Sphingomonas 속으로 동정되었다. 선발 미생물 Sphingomonas sp. 224는 1/10 농도의 LB 배지에 함유된 20 mg/L 농도의 tolclofos-methyl을 배양 72시간 이내에 95% 이상 분해하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 이 미생물이 tolclofos-methyl을 분해하여 얻어지는 산물로 2,6-dichloro-4-methyl phenol이 확인됨에 따라 미생물이 생산하는 가수분해 효소에 의한 분해 경로를 가지는 것으로 추정되었다. Tolclofos-methyl 분해 미생물 Sphingomonas sp. 224를 인삼경작지 토양에 처리하여 이들 토양에 잔류되어 있는 tolclofos-methyl에 대한 분해능을 확인 한 결과, 20 mg/Kg 농도의 토양 잔류 tolclofos-methyl에 대하여 14일 이내에 약 50%의 분해력을 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 이것은 단일 미생물을 이용한 배지 및 토양 내 tolclofosmethyl의 생분해 효과를 처음으로 확인한 연구 결과이다.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.126-129
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• 2003

A relatively high homology between Escherichia coli prolidase and Alteromonas organophosphorous acid anhydrolase suggests that E. coli prolidase may have an activity to d egrade toxic organophosphorous compounds. To confirm this suggestion, we cloned and expressed a prolidase gene (pepQ) of E. coliBL2l. The recombinant E. coli prolidase that consisted of 443 amino acid residues exhibited activity and stereochemical selectivity against organopho sphorous compounds, although its activity was two to three orders of magnitude less than that of the other organophosphorous acid hydrolase isolated from Pseudomonas diminuta.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2002

This study was aimed to determine the urinary metabolite of IBP, one of the organophosphorus pesticides, as the biomarkers of exposure. Urine samples were collected for 24 hours in metabolic cages after oral administration and dermal application of IBP to rats. Identification of the derivatized urinary metabolite was determined by GC/MS and excretion time courses of the urinary metabolite was analyzed by GC/FPD. Urinary metabolite o IBP, diisopropyl phosphorothioate, was detected in rats urine both after oral administration and dermal application of IBP. Parent compound was not detected in the experiment. In GC/MS, the mass spectral confirmation for diisopropyl phosphorothioate ion was identified at m/z 254. Diisopropyl phosphorothioate was excreted within 48 hours and 72 hours after oral administration and dermal application of IBP, respectively. In this study, the same urinary metabolite of IBP was detected both in oral and dermal exposure. Generally, excretion of the urinary metabolite after oral administration was faster than after dermal application. It is suggested that urinary diisopropyl phosphorothioate could be used as the biomarkers of exposure to IBP.