• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1996

The Evaluation of patients complaining of psychiatric symptoms following head injury is much affected by the results of various tests. The objecive of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of each lest by comparing the structual and fuctional brain studies. The subjects were 93 organic menial disorder in and out patients at the Dept. of Neuropsychiatry of the Kyung Hee University Hospital. After carrying out MRI, CT, SPECT, EEG, the results of each were analysed for the sesitivity and ability to detect focal lesion. The degree of inter-test correlations of lest results were also investigated. Furthermore, the characteristic features of psychological tests were studied and the relationship between each of above mentioned tests and psychological test was examined. As for the test sensitivity to diagnosis, the SPECT was the most superior followed by MRI, CT, EEG in thai order. In the case of abnormality, SPECT ranked 1st in detection of focal lesion, followed by MRI, CT in that order. In the inter-test result correlation, the correlation of SPECT-MRI was statistically significant. When mare than moderate abnormality EEG finding was reported, it correlated significantly with that of MRI findings. In the MMPI, the average scores on F, Hs, D, Hy, Pa, Pt, Sc subscales were above 60. Abnormal SPECT group scored significantly high on the F, Pd, Pa, Sc, Ma scales and therefore in comparison ot the SPECT normal group, displayed more psychotic features. In K-WAIS, the mean full scale IQ was down to 77. 23(Verbal IQ : 78.76, Performance IQ : 77.44) but there was no characterogic significant relationship between the lowered to and abnormal SPECT, MRI, CT and EEG results. In conclusion, 1) The SPECT was mast superior in sensitivity and detection of focal lesions. In comparision with other tests, the results of SPECT correlated well with MRI had thus is thought to be very usefull testing method in the evaluation of organic mental disorder patients. 2) The MRI had relatively high sensitivity, ability to detect focal lesion and superior correlation with other test. 3) Although EEG fared less an sensitivity in comparison to other tests, the results of above moderate abnormal grade group and that of MRI correlated significantly. 4) In the MMPI highly scored in F, Hs, D, Hy, Pa, Pt, Sc subscales and abnormal SPECT patients were shown to display more sever psychotic features. There was no significant character relationship between the lowered IQ(in K-WAIS) and abnormal findings on MRI, CT, SPECT, EEG.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.22-27
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• 2002

The composting practice has been recognized as the most popular way of controlling food waste and many attempt have been made in the field to establish more efficient and economical process. Some of the efforts are mixing cured compost with sawdust as alternative bulking agent, seeding commercially produced microorganism and/or combination of above. However, verification of such efforts is often restricted because of either the lack of engineering consideration on the limitation of composting facility scales. In this study, the effect of mixing materials in food waste composting was investigated by controlling the combination and the mixing ratio of them. When the cured compost was mixed with saw dust. the decomposition of organic material was proven to be more active by observing the compost temperature, the oxygen (O$_2$) consumption, and the cumulative carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) profile. However, the quantity of compost mix-ing seemed not to influence the reaction as long as the minimum required amount was mixed. The feeding of com-mercially produced microorganism had a tendency to prolong the thermophilic stage, which helped to increase the decomposition but it resulted in composting period. Regardless of the composting condition, bacteria and actinomycetes increased in population as the reaction approached to the end. The population of bacteria and actinomycetes were rel-atively higher than those of fungi and yeast throughout the reaction.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.77-84
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• 2003

Recent advances in remote sensing techniques provide the potential for monitoring soil color as well as soil moisture conditions at the spatial and temporal scales required for detailed local modeling efforts. Soil moisture as well as soil color is a key feature used in the identification and classification of soils. Soil spectral reflectance has a direct relationship with soil color, as well as to other parameters such as soil moisture, soil texture. and organic matter. We evaluate the influence of seven soil properties, soil color and soil moisture, on soil spectral reflectance. This paper presents the results obtained from the ground-truth spectral reflectance measurements in the 300-1100 nm wavelength range for various land surfaces. The results suggest that the reflectance properties of soils are related to soil color, soil texture, and soil moisture. Increasing soil moisture content generally decreases soil reflectance which leads to parallel curves of soil reflectance spectra across the entire shortwave spectrum. We discuss the relationships between the soil reflectance and the Munsell Soil Color Charts which contain standard color chips with colors specified by designations for hue, value, and chroma.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.314-319
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• 2016

Reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels (RAFM) are envisaged in future fusion technology as structural material which will be in direct contact with a flowing liquid lead-lithium melt, serving as breeder material. Aluminium-based coatings had proven their ability to protect the structural material from corrosion attack in flowing Pb-15.7Li and to reduce tritium permeation into the coolant, significantly. Coming from scales produced by hot dipping aluminization (HDA), the development of electrochemical-based processes to produce well-defined aluminium-based coatings on RAFM steels gained increased attention in research during the last years. Two different electrochemical processes are described in this paper: The first one, referred to as ECA, is based on the electrodeposition of aluminium from volatile, metal-organic electrolytes. The other process called ECX is based on ionic liquids. All three processes exhibit specific characteristics, for example in the field of processability, control of coating thicknesses (low activation criteria) and heat treatment behavior. The aim of this article is to compare these different coating processes critically, whereby the focus is on the comparison of ECA and ECX processes. New results for ECX will be presented and occurring development needs for the future will be discussed.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.601-605
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• 2006

The resistance-capacitance (RC) delay of signals through interconnection materials becomes a big hurdle for high speed operation of semiconductors which contain multi-layer interconnections in smaller scales with higher integration density. Low-k materials are applied to the inter-metal dielectric (IMD) materials in order to overcome the RC delay. Relaxation continuum (RCT) model that includes neutral-species transport model have developed to model the etching process in a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) device. We present the parametric study of the modeling results of a two-frequency capacitively coupled plasma (2f-CCP) with $N_2/H_2$ gas mixture that is known as promising one for organic low-k materials etching. For the etching of low-k materials by $N_2/H_2$ plasma, N and H atoms have a big influence on the materials. Moreover the distributions of excited neutral species influence the plasma density and profile. We include the neutral transport model as well as plasma one in the calculation. The plasma and neutrals are calculated self-consistently by iterating the simulation of both species till a spatio-temporal steady state profile could be obtained.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.272-279
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• 2012

In this study, an environmental-friendly cleaning agent utilizing organic acids and various additives has been developed and applied to the field for removal of scale deposited on the cleaning beds or distribution reservoirs of the waterworks. As an analytical result of scale on the cleaning beds, we found that it consists of mainly metallic oxides such as $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, and MnO. Malic acid, malonic acid, and citric acid showed relatively better solvency on $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, and MnO except $SiO_2$ among various organic acids. Mixed organic acid solutions of malic acid, malonic acid, and citric acid were prepared with certain weight ratios and their solvencies on mixed metal oxides of $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, and MnO were investigated. The experimental results showed that an 10% mixed organic acid solution prepared with weight ratio of malic acid : malonic acid : citric acid = 6 : 2 : 2 were found to have best scale solvency power of about 29%. The formulated cleaning agents with a small amount of nonionic surfactant showed much better solvency on mixed oxides than mixed organic solution alone. Especially, the formulated cleaning agent with 0.2 wt% LA-7 surfactant appeared to have best scale removal efficiency of about 35%. However, the formulated cleaning agent with disinfectants such as NaClO, $H_2O_2$ and $Ca(ClO)_2$ showed poor solvency on mixed oxides. It is inferred that surfactants are able to improve scale removal efficiency due to their capability of emulsification, and disinfectants cause to degrade scale solvency in water because of their oxidation. Based on these basic experimental results, formulated cleaning agents have been prepared with mixed organic acid solution, nonionic surfactants, and disinfectants and successfully applied to removal of scales on the cleaning beds and distribution reservoir at city D waterworks.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2010

This study was carried out to analyze national and regional distribution of the organic wastes generation and build their distribution maps including food wastes, paper and wood wastes, wastewater and slaughterhouse wastes. The information for the annual waste production was modified using statistics from Ministry of Environment (MOE). Based on waste generation resources data, we established database architecture table about waste generation. The distribution maps for food wastes were built up in both national and regional scales and distribution maps for paper and wood wastes, wastewater and slaughterhouse wastes were also produced, respectively. The distribution maps of waste generation graphically provide the information regarding biomass resources to policy-makers, farmers, general users and it is highly expected to be utilized for policy-making of environmental-friendly agriculture and bioenergy.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.92-109
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• 1996

The objectives of the present study were to provide comprehensive assessment of the impact of epilepsy on the psychological well-being of children with epilepsy and to identify the neurological factors associated with the psychopathology. The participant patients were recruited from the population of children and adolescent aged 7 to 16 attending the OPD of department of pediatric neurology in Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. We exclude mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder and brain organic pathology. As control group, formal students were chosen and their sex, age, achievement, socioeconomic status were matched to patients. The first author interviewed the children and their family members and obtained the developmental history and family information. We used the following 10 scales for assessing psychological and behavioral problems in patients and their family member. The scales were standardized and their validity and reliability were confirmed before. Parent rating scales : Yale children's inventory, Disruptive behavior disorder scale, Parent's attitude to epilepsy questionnaire, Family environment scale, Symptom check-list-90 revision, Children behavior check-list. Children's self rating scales : Children's depression inventory, Spielberger's state-trait anxiety anxiety, Piers-Harris self-concept inventory and Self-administered Dependency questionnaire for Mother. The result showed the risk factors associated depression were early onset, complex partial seizure, lateralized temporal focal abnormality on EEG, Drug polypharmacy, high seizure frequency and sick factors associated anxiety were old age of patient, lateralized temporal focal abnormality EEG, Drug polypharmacy, high seizure frequency. Also the result of this present study indicated that risk factors associated oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were young age, male, early onset, lateral temporal EEG abnormality and high seizure frequency. According to these results, common risk factors associated psychological and behavioral problems were lateralized EEG temporal abnormality, high seizure frequency in neurological factors.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 1997

Olfactometer was used to find the attractiveness of kairomone extracted from gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) to the egg parasitoid (Ooencyrtus kuvanae). The attractiveness of kairomone extracted from scales and hairs which were attached to the surface of the eggs were higher than that of whole eggs with 79.9% and 67.6% respectively. The probing lantency of the egg parasitoid on the extract of scales and hairs were 115.5 sec. and that of whole eggs were 113.2 sec. Eggs taken from egg mass were shown 91.0% of attractiveness to the egg parasitoid, however only 15% of egg parasitoid were attracted by follicles dissected from the host ovary. The probing latency of egg mass was faster than that of follicles dissected from the host with 84.2 sec. and 114.0 sec. respectively. Egg parasitoid showed the most active attractiveness (88.0%), relatively longer examing period (89.2 sec.) and shorter probing latency (26.8 sec.) to the adhesive materials secreted from reproductive accessory glands of the host. Out of six organic solvents used for the extraction of kairomone from the host egg mass, n-hexane fraction received the most active response from xthe egg parasitoid and the parasitoid reared in vivo showed 3 times higher attractiveness to the n-hexane fraction than that of in vitro.

• Carbon letters
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• v.22
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Porous materials play a vital role in science and technology. The ability to control their pore structures at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales enable interactions with atoms, ions and molecules to occur throughout the bulk of the material, for practical applications. Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene aerogels/hydrogels, sponges and foams) made of graphene or graphene oxide-based networks have attracted considerable attention because they offer low density, high porosity, large surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and stable mechanical properties. Water pollution and associated environmental issues have become a hot topic in recent years. Rapid industrialization has led to a massive increase in the amount of wastewater that industries discharge into the environment. Water pollution is caused by oil spills, heavy metals, dyes, and organic compounds released by industry, as well as via unpredictable accidents. In addition, water pollution is also caused by radionuclides released by nuclear disasters or leakage. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art synthesis methodologies of 3D porous graphene materials and highlights their synthesis for environmental applications. The various synthetic methods used to prepare these 3D materials are discussed, particularly template-free self-assembly methods, and template-directed methods. Some key results are summarized, where 3D graphene materials have been used for the adsorption of dyes, heavy metals, and radioactive materials from polluted environments.