• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.173.1-173.1
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of bis-carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide(Ge-132) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester(CAPE) on immune system in female BALB/c mice. The mice were orally exposed continuously to Ge-132 (0, 50, 100, or 200mg/kg), or CAPE (0, 5. 10, or 20mg/kg) for 14 days. Immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by assessment of body and organ weight, lymphocytes blastogenesis, (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2007

To investigate effects of inorganic $(GeO_2)$ and organic (Ge-132) germanium (Ge) on seed germination and on early stage growth of plane and the uptake characteristics, various concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 mg $L^{-1}$) of Ge to popular vegetables such as leaf mustard, chinese cabbage and pak-choi, respectively, were treated. On seed germination, no significant effect was observed in both inorganic and organic Ge treatments except 100 mg $L^{-1}$ treatment of inorganic Ge. Exogenous inorganic Ge ($10{\sim}100$ mg $L^{-1}$ treatments significantly inhibited the early root elongation growth of all plants. However, slight enhancement of early shoot elongation was detected in low concentrations (10 and 25 mg $L^{-1}$) of Ge in the leaf mustard and chinese cabbage plants. Organic Ge treatments significantly stimulated the 개ot and shoot growth at the 10, 25 and 50 mg $L^{-1}$ treatments. Ge was accumulated linearly in the vegetables as both inorganic and organic Ge concentrations were increased. Interestingly, total contents of Ge in plants with Ge-132 treatments were $2\sim4.5$ times more than those with inorganic Ge treatments in all concentrations. At 25 mg $L^{-1}$ treatment of Ge, contents of Ge in vegetables are following: in leaf mustard, inorganic Ge: 0.37 mg $g^{-1}dw$ and organic Ge: 1.47 mg $g^{-1}dw;$ in the chinese cabbage, inorganic Ge: 0.4 mg $g^{-1}dw$ and organic Ge: 0.86 mg $g^{-1}dw;$ in the pak-choi, inorganic Ge: 0.33 mg $g^{-1}dw$ and organic Ge: 0.70 mg $g^{-1}dw$, respectively. These results showed organic Ge is much better on early stage seedling growth and on germanium accumulation of vegetables than inorganic Ge.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.411-414
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• 2008

The germanium films were deposited by metal organic chemical vapor deposition using $Ge(allyl)_4$ precursors on TiAlN substrates. Deposition of germanium films was only possible with a presence of $Sb(iPr)_3$, which means that $Sb(iPr)_3$ takes a catalytic role by a thermal decomposition of $Sb(iPr)_3$ for Ge film deposition. Also, as Sb bubbler temperature increases, deposition rate of the Ge films increases at a substrate temperature of $370^{\circ}C$. The GeTe thin films were fabricated by MOCVD with $Te(tBu)_2$ on Ge thin film. The GeTe films were grown by the tellurium deposition at $230-250^{\circ}C$ on Ge films deposited on TiAlN electrode in the presence of Sb at $370^{\circ}C$. The GeTe film growth on Ge films depends on the both the tellurium deposition temperature and deposition time. Also, using $Sb(iPr)_3$ precursor, GeSbTe films with hexagonal structures were fabricated on GeTe thin films. GeSbTe films were deposited in trench structure with 200 nm*120 nm small size.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.118-127
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• 2007

Germanium-fortified yeast (GY) is a organic germanium-fortified yeast with potent immune modulating activities including anti-inflammatory effect. Through cell line studies, we observed that GY can modulate the diverse immune activity but little evidence was provided on the mechanism of GY in modulating immune activities in other higher animals. In this study, we investigated the effect of GY on modulation of immune function in mice. GY was administered in normal mice or tumor-bearing mice and then effect of GY on modulation of host immune system was analyzed by using ex vivo isolated macrophages, B cells, NK cells. Admistration of GY in mice induced macrophage activation thereby increased effector function of macrophage such as increased phagocytosis, chemotaxis, adherence, $O_2-release$, NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$ production. In addition, GY administration Increased B lymphocyte activation and plaque forming cells. Furthermore, GY administration increased NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, GY administration suppressed progression of tumor in mice by increasing $TNF-{\alpha}$ production and effector function of NK cells. Our results showed that GY has a potent immunostimulatory function in vivo mice model. Proper modulation and administration of GY in human could be helpful to maintaining immunological homeostasis by modulating host immune system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.506-513
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• 1999

The growth of lactic acid bacteria was investigated in liquid broth medium containing organic germanium compound(Ge-132, carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide) in the range of 0.01 to 10mg/ml. Most of all lactic acid bacteria tested were tolerant and could grow better to the high Ge-132 concentration. However, the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Pediococcus pentosaceus were inhibited in the presence of 10mg/m1 Ge-132. Among 22 strains tested, lactic acid bacteria that were grown to a high degree(about 2 times) by addition of Ge-132 (10mg/ml)were Lactococcus lactis, Lc. cremoris, Lc. diacetilactis, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus faecalis. The growth of these strains were markedly accelerated in the culture medium supplemented with 1.omg/ml Ge-132 The optimal concentration of glucose for growth of Lc. lactic was found to be high in medium containing Ge-132 as compared with the case of control. During cultivation viscosity in culture broths of Lc. lactis and Lc. cremoris was rapidly elevated by adding Ge-132 to medium containing high concentration of glucose, and then decreased after incubation of long time. However, in the cultivation of Lc. diacetilactis, E, faecium and S. faecalis, viscosity of culture broths was not increased, even though Ge-132 was shown to be an effective stimulant of growth.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1389-1393
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• 2002

The non-spectroscopic interference effects that occurred in inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry were studied for Ge, As and Se in human urine and serum. Many biological samples contain Na, K, Cl and organic compounds, which may cause the enhancement and depression on the analyte signal. The effect of 1% concomitant elements such as N, Cl, S, P, C, Na, and K on a 100 ㎍/L germanium, arsenic and selenium signal has been investigated by ICP/MS. The interference effects were not in the same direction. It appeared that concomitant elements such as Cl, S, and C induce an enhancement effect, whereas N and P did not show any significant effect. And, Na and K caused a depression. We have found a link between the abundance of analytes and the ionization potential of concomitant elements (eV), except carbon and nitrogen.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.1354-1357
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• 2017

Characterization of special nuclear material may be performed using energy spectroscopy of either the neutron or gamma-ray emissions from the sample. Gamma-ray spectroscopy can be performed relatively easily using high-resolution semiconductors such as high-purity germanium. Neutron spectroscopy, by contrast, is a complex inverse problem. Here, results are presented for $^{252}Cf$ and PuBe energy spectra unfolded using a single EJ309 organic scintillator; excellent agreement is observed with the reference spectra. Neutron energy spectroscopy is also possible using a two-plane detector array, whereby time-of-flight kinematics can be used. With this system, energy spectra can also be obtained as a function of position. Spatial-dependent energy spectra are presented for neutron and gamma-ray sources that are in excellent agreement with expectations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.729-735
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Germaniwn(Ge) treatment in the culture media on the Ge absorption by the callus induced from brown rice cv. Dongjinbyeo. MS medium was more effective on the growth ratio of callus and the content of Ge and some inorganic elements except K in callus than N$_{6}$ medium. The more Ge treatment in the N$_{6}$ or MS medium, the more Ge absorption by the callus, but the growth ratio of callus and the content of Ca, Mg, and K in callus were decreased. The content of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu was increased under treatment up to 100～200mg /$\ell$ Ge, but tended to be decreased under treatment more than that of Ge concentration. Under treatment less than 150mg /$\ell$ Ge, GeO$_2$(inorganic Ge) was more effective on the Ge absorption by callus than Ge-132(organic Ge), but Ge-132 was more effective on the Ge ab-sorption by callus and the activity of callus in case of treatment more than 150mg /$\ell$ Ge. The lower pH of culture medium, the higher Ge content in the callus. When callus was cultured on medium supplemented with Ge and 0.1～1.0mM of citric acid or myo-inositol, content of Ge and some inorganic elements in callus, as well as growth and dry weight of callus, were tend to increase in comparison to control, but myo-inositol was more effective on them than citric acid.cid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1397-1405
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• 2009

This study was to investigate food components of Bigum spinach growing in Jeonnam Shinan. The samples used in this study were Pohang spinach of inland and jo-saeng, chung-saeng, man-saeng, chungman-saeng spinach of Bigum located on Jeonnam Shinan. We analyzed proximate composition, mineral content, germanium, organic acid, free sugar, vitamin A, C, and E contents. We conducted the sensory evaluation after blanching and color changes of before and after blanching of 5 kinds of spinach. The results were as follows: moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach. Crude protein, carbohydrates and crude fiber contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. In mineral contents, potassium and zinc contents were higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach whereas calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Germanium contents was 14.06$\sim$27.16 ppb in Bigum spinach whereas not detected in Pohang spinach. In organic acid contents, man-saeng and jo-saeng of Bigum spinach were high in oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid and formic acid contents. Succinic acid and acetic acid contents were high in Pohang spinach. Almost all free sugars were higher in Bigum spinach, especially jo-saeng and man-saeng, than Pohang spinach except lactose. Vitamin A contents was similar with Pohang and Bigum spinach except chung-saeng but vitamin C and E contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Color L (light) after blanching was significantly higher in chungman-saeng than other spinaches. Color a (redness) was significantly lower in chung-saeng and man-saeng than others and chungman-saeng was significantly higher than others. Color b (yellowness) was low in man-saeng and high in jo-saeng of Bigum spinach. In case of sensory properties after blanching, taste, sweet, overall preference were significant higher in Bigum spinach except chung-saeng than Pohang spinach.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.514-520
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• 1999

Changes in pH, titratable acidity, CO$_2$production, reducing sugar, and lactic acid bacteria of fresh kimchi juice supplemented with combinations of 3 lactic acid bacteria and germanium(Ge)-132 or fructooligosaccharide(FO) during fermentation at 30$^{\circ}C$ were investigated to assess the potential for extending the shelf life and enhancing the functional properties in kimchi. In kimchi juice containing Ge-132, sample(I) (inoculated with a mixture of bacteriocin-producing SNF-13 strain and E. faecium) exhibited that the amounts of organic acid and evolved CO$_2$gas were lower than those of the other starter samples(II-IV). The growth of lactic acid bacteria naturally present in kimchi juice, particularly Lb. plantarum and Leu. mesentroides, may be inhibited due to competition of the isolated SNF-13 strain and E. faecium by Ge-132. During fermentation of kimchi juice containing FO sugar, the contents of organic acid and evolved CO$_2$gas On juice broth with 4 starters were predominantly higher than those of control and Ge-132 groups, and then the growth of lactic acid bacteria originated from kimchi ingredients was thought to be markedly accelerated. Our results indicated that functional properties like the extension of shelf life and increase of biological activity in kimchi were enhanced by adding Ge-132 and bacterium-producing lactic acid bacterium, which were resistant to organic acid and stimulated by Ge-132.