• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.285-294
• /
• 1999

Changes of chemico-physical properties and mturitiy during pig manure composting were analysed using three kinds of bulking agents with rice hull(T1), rice hull and extruding hull mixture (T2, 1:1, v/v), and extruding hull(T3). During composting process, temperature of T1, T2 and T3 were maintained over $50^{\circ}C$ for 31, 21, and 35 days respectively. Organic matter content of each treatment was decreased from 82.2%, 82.0%, and 82.8% to 70.5%, 68.9% and 69.7% and pH increased to 8.85, 9.91, and 8.80, respectively. Total nitrogen content of all treatments gradually decreased, but C/N ratio, phosphorous, and potassium content did not, show any changes during composting process. Both germination rate and early growth were tested using radish seeds for composting maturity. From those results, it was concluded that all treatments were stabilized after 45th day and extruding hull(T3) added compost was superior to others. The test of suppressive effect showed that all treatment have no effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria altemata, Botrytis cinerea. Compost supplemented with rice hull showed an inhibitory effect after 30th days, while compost supplemented with rice hull and extruding hull(T2) had an inhibitory effect during all period against Rhizoctonia solani. But treatment with extruding hull(T3) added compost did not have any inhibitory effect against Rhizoctonia solani. Only 63th samples in T1 and T2 treatment showed inhibitory effect against Colletoerichum gloeosporioides. However, T3 did not. Suppressive effect of extracts from 67 kinds of composts was investigated in vitro against plant pathogens, such as Fusauum oxysporum. Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeospoioides, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea. Thirty two of them showed inhibitory effect against more than one phytopathogen, nine against one pathogen, four against two, six against three, six against four, and seven against five.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.239-253
• /
• 1999

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil chemical properties in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : The continuous application of human excrement sludge decreased soil pH up to 4.4~5.0, while other compost treatments increased soil pH compared with control plot. The EC increased initially and showed their maximum values at 20days after compost application, and then decreased up to 40 days, thereafter kept a certain level. The available phosphorous accumulated at 0~20cm depth in loam soil, and 0~50cm in sandy loam soil. Annual accumulation rates were 17% higher in sandy loam soil than loam soil. The more compost application rates and times, the higher base saturation percentage increased in upland soils. Four year's application at a rate of $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ per year increased the base saturation percentage to 87~91% compared with 45% at control plot in the loam soil. While in sandy loam soil only three year's application of same rate increased the base saturation percentage to 81~92% compared with 30.4% at control plot. The average annual increasing rate of base saturation percentage at the same application rates of composts were higher in sandy loam soil by 2.0~3.7 times than in loam soil. The application of compost increased the exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K contents of soils by 2, 2~3, and 3~5 times, respectively, compared with the control. The contents of exchangeable canons were high in surface soil. and decreased with increase of soil depths. In the case of heavy metal content, there were no difference at the application of PMC and CMC but Ni. Fe, Zn, Cu was increased a little when the HES applied, and Ni and Cr was increased application with FISC.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.119-125
• /
• 1983

To find out problems and changing soil properties induced by leveling of paddy, a field survey was carried out with questionares to farmers of 68 project areas (990 farmers). The soil characteristics between natural soils and cut out sites was compared with soil samples taken from 37 project areas. More than 70 percents of farmers answered to the questionares expressed satisfaction on the paddy land leveling project; however, some farmers replied dissatisfaction that the arable land was decreased the soil productivity due to loss of surface soil or insufficient surface leveling, that the government support was insufficient and that transplanting of rice might be delayed due to retardation of the project. 1. The rate of cut out soils during the land leveling on plain terrain was about 15.3%, but the rates on gently sloped terrain (2-7% slopes) and sloped terrain (7-15% slopes) were relatively high showing 25.9% and 45%, respectively. 2. The deterioration of physical properties was clear in cut out site where the hardness and bulk density increased and the porosity and the rate of water stable aggregate decreased. 3. The degree of deterioration of physical properties on the Diluvial terrace was more severe than on plains or sloped alluvial fans and valleys. The decrease of available phosphorous and the content of organic matter in the cut out place due to land leveling were prominent. 4. The rice yield from cut site was decreased by 28% comparing with that from natural soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 1999

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag as a soil conditioner in rice paddy field. In 1997, rice (Oryza sativa B. cv. Dongjinbyeo) crop was cultivated under different application rates of BOF slag at three different places, Inandong Sunchon city, Youjunglee Bosung province, and Nampyung Najoo city. In each paddy field, five treatments, four application rate of BOF slag (0, 4, 8, $12Mg\;ha^{-1}$) and one application rate of lime ($2Mg\;ha^{-1}$) were tried with three replications. Plant height, number of tillers per hill, leaf area per hill, leaf dry weight, calm dry weight or shoot dry weight per hill were measured five times at the interval of seven days. Chemical contents of rice plants and soil were also measured at the same sampling date Yield were estimated by harvesting $6.6m^2$ per experimental unit and yield components were measured by sampling 10 plants per experimental unit at the harvest date. Application of BOF slag hardly affected contents of soil organic matter, available phosphate and potassium in soil. Soil pH and contents of Ca, Mg, Fe and $SiO_2$ enhanced as BOF slag rate increased. Enhancement of soil pH by ROF slag treatment appeared to be closely related with increase in soil Ca content. Application tate of $2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of lime showed almost the same effect, in increase of soil Ca content as application rate of $4{\sim}8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BOF slag, Fe content in soil decreased sharply as time passed after slag treatment and stabilized more or less at the later sampling date. Contents of inorganic matter in plant such as total nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and Mg were not affected by BOF slag treatment. However, contents of Ca, Fe, and $SiO_2$ in plants increased as slag rate became higher. The growth of rice plants with BOF slag treatment was more or less slower but continued persistently up to the later growth stage, so that growth of plants with BOF slag treatment was almost the same nr even greater than that of control or lime treatment. However, BOF slag rate of $12Mg\;ha^{-1}$ seemed to be too high because all the measurements of plant, growth at this rate showed lower values than those of other treatments at all the sampling dates. Treatments of BOF slag $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ or $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ showed higher rough rice yield than other treatments, so that the optimum BOF slag ratein rice paddy field seemed to be in the rage of $4{\sim}8Mg\;ha^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.590-595
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate form of pollution brought by residual of mine tailing in agricultural land, and get basic information need for environment restoration. Guundong mine was completely restored region by implementation the soil pollution prevention plan. The districts is soils in Guundong mine vicinity the Mahul-ri, Muan-myeon, Miryang city, Gyeongsangnam-do. The nature of soil studied is the Shinra series andesite and mineral deposits which contain brimstone and heavy metals such as gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. The residual mine tailing and around agricultural land of heavy metals analyzed with 0.1N HCI solubility. The chemical properties of surface soil in upper part around mining area were pH 4.3-4.4, organic matter 19-21 g $kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ 85 mg $kg^{-1}$, exchangeable Ca 0.21-0.25 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, exchangeable Mg 0.04 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$. The pH, exchangeable Ca, and Mg were increased with soil depth. The contents of 0.1N HCl extractable Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni in soil (siteI) which influenced by outflow water from mine tailing were 97, 0.6, 197, 0.28 및 0.12 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil varied considerably among the metals kind. In case of siteI, The content of Cu, Pb, and Cr in soil was highest at surface soil. However, the content of Cd, Zn, Ni, and Mn was high at middle part of soil profile.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.47 no.6
• /
• pp.579-585
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate liquid pig manure (LPM) application rates on the growth characteristics, yield, and feed value of whole crop barley in Yeongsangang and Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Electronic conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and available phosphate (Av. $P_2O_5$) increased in chemical properties of Yeongsangang and Saemangeum soil as raising LPM application level. As increasing LPM application level, exchangeable $Na^+$ significantly increased in Yeongsangang, while exchangeable $K^+$ significantly increased in Saemangeum. Plant height was not significantly different from LPM 100% to LPM 200% in Yeongsangang and in Saemangeum. Dry matter yield of whole crop barley increased steadily, but crop yield of LPM 200% in Yeongsangang ($10.5ton\;ha^{-1}$) was as much as that of LPM 150% ($10.0ton\;ha^{-1}$). Yield of LPM 200% ($11.2ton\;ha^{-1}$) in Saemangeum was similar to that of LPM 150% ($10.5ton\;ha^{-1}$). Crude protein (CP) increased depending on LPM application level, but total digestible nutrients (TDN) increased regardless of LPM application level. LPM 200% was the highest in TDN yield (Yeongsangang: $7.4ton\;ha^{-1}$, Saemangeum: $6.9ton\;ha^{-1}$), but there was no statistical difference between LPM 150% (Yeongsangang: $6.9ton\;ha^{-1}$, Saemangeum: $6.6ton\;ha^{-1}$) and LPM 200%. From the results described above, optimum rate of LPM for cultivating whole crop barley is considered 100% in Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal land and 150% in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land, showing that the effect of LPM application is better in Segmentation than that in Yeongsangang for yield of whole crop barley.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.66-73
• /
• 2004

As one of the typical farming practices in the sloped upland in Pyeongchang and Hongcheon area, application of piling with coarse saprolite materials has been practiced by farmers for several reasons such as reduction of damage by monocropping, better development of plant roots, and better drainage. However, adverse effect on application of coarse saprolite soil materials to environmental aspects should not be ignored. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of coarse saprolite materials in upland fields in Pyeongchang area. According to particle size distribution of coarse saprolite materials, averaged gravel contents for Pyeongchang and Hongcheon county were 16.7 and 25.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference in gravel contents by soil depth, and CV values for each particle size ranged from 20 to 40%, which implied that application of coarse material with similar properties. When we compared CEC values of dressed soil with or without considering gravel content, CEC values decreased as increasing gravel contents. The penetration resistances were 0.04-7.48 MPa at the 0 to 10 cm surface soil, and 0.10 to 8.80 MPa at the depth below 11 cm. The bulk density of the soil was $1.15g\;cm^{-3}$ at the surface soil and 1.29 to $1.35g\;cm^{-3}$ at the soil depth below 10 cm. The organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and avaliable $P_2O_5$ concentrations of soil in upland where piling with saprolite materials of Pyeongchang area applied were $12.4g\;kg^{-1}$, $7.1cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, and $526mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Cation exchange capacity was lower than that of averaged Korean upland soil, while available $P_2O_5$ concentration was relatively higher than that of averaged Korean upland, which indicated high input of various fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 1976

After investigation of soil characteristics the properties of a reclaimed marine soil (Gupo series) distributed along the southern coastal areas of Korea are summarized as follows: 1. Gupo soils distributed in the southern Ria coastal area are derived from rolling to hilly materials and are poorly sorted with less influences of river fluvial action. These soils have high content of sand compared with the broad fluvio-marine soils in the western coastal areas. 2. The morphological features of the poorly drained Gupo soils are greyish brown sandy loam with a few yellowish mottles in the surface horizon and are grey sandy loam with a few gravel in the sub-strata. The ground water table remains around 10-30cm below the surface. These soils, recently reclaimed younger deposits, do not show any evidence of illuviation. 3. The "n" value (about 0.8) of the Gupo soils indicates physically unripened soils. 4. pH value of these soils shows more than 8.0 throughout the profile. Organic matter contents are extremely low (around 0.5%) except 1.2 percent in the surface horizon. C.E.C. ranges from 7 to 9m.e/100g which is lower than average in the country. The ratios of extractable cations such as Ca, Mg, Na and K of the surface horizon are 20:7:4:1. Base saturation is more than 60%. Available phosphate content is very low that is less than 25 ppm. Electric conductivity of the soils at $25^{\circ}C$ ranges 7 to 12 mmhos/cm and increased with depth. 5. According to classification of soil based on physical ripening, the Gupo soils can be classified into "Unripe soils with half-ripe sub-soils". The soils could be classified into "Hydric Haplaquents" in the original of the 7th Approximation (1960), but into "Typic Haplaqents in the supplement of 7th approximation which the physical ripening condition is not clearly expressed. Soil Taxonomy, apparently the final version of the 7th approximation, defines the soils as "Haplic Hydraquents" that clearly show the condition of physical ripening as well as other properties. Other several classification systems applied do not describe physical ripening condition of the soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.227-234
• /
• 1974

A survey on the vinyl house soils was conducted to investigate the salt accumulation status and it's effects on the deterioration of soil aggregates. The survey was made for the vinyl house soils in Suwon, Yesan, and Kimhae areas where vegetables are extensively grown under a vinyl house. Physical and chemical properties of the soils at the inside and outside of the vinyl house were compared to continuous vegetable cropping. Electrical conductivity of the soil solution (Y) in vinyl house was closely related to the number of cropping years (X), and the relations are given by the following regression equations: $Y=0.54X{\times}1.44$ ($r=0.580^*$) for loamy textured soils and $Y=0.58X{\times}2.61$ ($r=0.524^*$) for clayey textured soils. Electrical conductivity of the soils, where vegetable cropping in winter and rice in summer were rotated, was lower than that given by the regression equations. Analyses for extractable cations, the concentration of calcium, sodium and potassium was high in the inside vinyl house soils compared to the outside. Soil aggregates larger than 1mm in diameter were greatly deteriorated, while the content of the soil aggregates smaller than 0.5mm in diameter remained unchanged. Aggregate stability of the soil was negatively correlated to the accumulation rate of extractable sodium ($r=-0.681^{**}$), potassium ($r=-0.528^*$) and the amount of daily irrigated water (r=-0.477), while positively correlated to the content of organic matter ($r=-0.692^{**}$) and calcium (r=0.391).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.197-204
• /
• 1989

To evaluate the effect of soil improvement on the chemical properties and corn silage yield, this experiment was carried out in the newly-reclaimed sloped land. Corn (Suwon 19) was cultivated under the six different treatments including integrated improvement plot at Songjeong loam, 20 percent slope, from 1985 to 1987 and various soil chemical properties and silage yield were investigated. pH of topsoil was above 5.0 except for control and phosphate plot, but lime and integrated improvement plots were above 5.0 in subsoil. The contents of organic matter of topsoil were above 2.0% except control and subsoiling plot. Except control, the range of cation exchange capacity was 7.4-7.8 me/100g in topsoil, 7.0-7.7 me/100g in subsoil. Soil bacteria density of root zone was the highest in integrated improvement than the other treatments, and it was higher at the harvesting stage than the heading stage. Mean density of microorganism was $61.3{\times}10^5$ in bacteria, $21.5{\times}10^4$ in fungi and actinomycetes was B/F ratio was 28.5 and B/A ratio was 2.9. Vertical root distribution of total and 10cm depth below was more in the integrated improvement and subsoi ling plot than the other plots. Total nitrogen (T-N) content was higher in integrated improvement plot, and phosphate content of leaves was higher in compost and integrated improvement plot, but stem and grain were not different. Potassium content of the plant was higher in integra ted improvement plot. Correlation between dry matter yield and T-N was more significant than the other elements. And the contents of phosphate, calcium and magnesium were significant at 5%, but potassium was not.