• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1995

In order to find a way to utilize paper mill sludge, its composting was conducted with anaerobic waste of kraft paper sludge, raw kraft paper sludge, and CMC sludge(CMC : Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose) under aerobic condition at $50^{\circ}C$. It took 3 days for initial fermentation with anaerobic waste and CMC sludge, and six days with raw kraft paper sludge. Each compost was applied to radish(Rhaphanus Stativus L.), and absorption rate of staple nutrients increased 6.7~9.3 times higher in N, 17~21 times in P and 2~3 times in K than control at the harvesting stage. Also, organic matter contents were increased 1.5~2.3 times 4.5~5.3 times in CEC compared to control soil.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 1992

In order to use organic resource like a compost 44 samples of paper mill sludge were collected from each paper manufacturer. Some metal and PCBs(polychlorinated biphenyls) contents in/on sludge were investigated and metal contents of soil treated with kraft and paper board sludge were checked in contrast io the non-treated soil. The staple results were the same as followings. 1. Average contents of Pb in sludge ranged 14.5-25.7 ppm, and Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn were similar concentration to unpolluted soil. Also, Cr and Hg were not detected from any sludge sample. 2. PCBs contents in sludge of kraft, paper board and news print paper were determined. Less than 10 ppb of $PCB_s$ contents were detected from kraft and paper board sludges, but a little more was found in sludge of news print paper. 3. Some metal contents in sludge treated soil were much similar to non-treated soil and the concentration also were ranged under the average of unpolluted natural soil. 4. From these results paper mill sludge seemed to be no harmful effects to soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2000

Long term cultivation crops like tomato, capsicum, melon etc. demand much amount of continuous supplying of nutrition during the whole growing periods. It is not easy to cover satisfactorily the nutritional demands for them by splitted top dressings, slow release fertilizer applications and fertigation systems. To overcome these problems, the "CULTAN" (Controlled Uptake Long Term Ammonium Nutrition) Beaker Deposit techniques have been developed and it was put into PVC beaker with the combined nitrogen fertilizer type mixed with the ratio of one-third of ammonium sulfate-N and two-thirds of urea-N, in which nitrogen was loaded on the demanding amount of a tomato plant during the growing period. Gypsum was mixed as a binder, and loamy soil and compost were used as a diffusion regulator. It was placed upside down into root zone of tomato at the transplanting. Tomato roots were spreaded into the Deposit beaker by ammonium ions which attract root growth. The tomato fruit yield and nitrogen uptake by plant were increased by application of $NH_4$-Beaker deposit fertilizer rather than those of common fertilizer treatment. In conclusion, it was able to improve economic and ecological benefits through CULTAN system compared with common fertilization systems. CULTAN system was estimated as a prospective alternative to enhance productivity and minimize nutrient lose. In addition, it shows further developing possibility of CULTAN system by the supplement of micro-nutrients and pesticides in the macro-nutrient beaker deposits.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.361-368
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial zeolite on the change of temperature, gas emission, water content and chemical properties during the composting process with the mixture of animal feces, broken bark and extruded rice hull. Artificial zeolite was added 0, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% volume of the raw composting material, and proceeded 1.2m every day with mobile stacking escalator. Temperature was increased, and water content was decreased in the composting pile by addition of artificial zeolite. This caused to accelerate decomposition of organic matter during composting. $NH_3$ was emitted the highest at 6th day after stacking, then decreased gradually. And addition of artificial zeolite caused to decrease greatly in $NH_3$ emission from composting pile. As result of this, content of nitrogen in the compost was increased by addition of artificial zeolite. Emission of $CH_4$ was the highest at early stacking stage, and that was decreased drastically at 8th day. Emission of $CH_4$ was also decreased greatly by addition of artificial zeolite at 5th days after stacking. It may be resulted from adsorption of $CH_4$ into the molecular sieve structure of artificial zeolite and low water content by high temperature fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects on plant growth, soil chemical properties and microbial flora with microbial fertilizer to chinese cabbage cultivation. The plant growth was promoted and the yield increased by application of Tian Li Bao(TLB) microbial fertilizer as compared with the control. However, yield a littler decreased in case of the reduced amount of urea application as a top dressing and half of compost chicken manure as a basial fertilizer even if treated with TLB microbial fertilizer. Organic matter and total nitrogen contents decreased as compared to those in the control, and total nitrogen ranged in 0.76~1.44% in the treatments at harvesting time, and decreased with application of TLB microbial fertilizer compared to that of the control. The available phosphorus content in the field before experiment was 559ppm, but it was 755ppm and 653 in the control and treatments at harvesting time, respectively. Therefore, it was shown that phosphorus content in the treatment was lower than that of the control. On the other hand, total nitrogen, phosphorous and K ranged from 2.62 to 2.94%, from 1.48 to 1.55% and from 3.60 to 4.38% in plants after harvest, respectively. There were no significant differences among the treatments. For the soil microbial flora, the population of bacteria in the treatments decreased with application of microbial fertilizer as compared with the control over all cultivation periods. It was shown that the population of pseudomonas spp. was over 3 times higher than that of the control after harvesting. The population of actinomycetes didn't show difference among the treatments, but high density of fungi after harvesting were observed in the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.334-338
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of improvement of soil physical properties such as deep plowing, subsoil breaking and diagnostic fertilization on the yield of rice and nitrogen-use efficiency in direct seeding on flooded paddy surface of rice. The effects of deep plowing, subsoil breaking and diagnostic application of N, P, K fertilizers, Latex coated urea(LCU), compost, silicate were investigated. The soil physical properties, such as bulk density, hardness and porosity were improved and the content of organic matter and available $SiO_2$ were also increased by deep plowing and subsoil breaking. The amount of $NH_4-N$ in soil was highly increased by diagnostic fertilization and deep plowing at 5th leaf stage. The nitrogen-use efficiency was the highest at the diagnostic application of LCU 70% applied as basal dressing with subsoil breaking. The yield of rice increased by 8% under the diagnostic application of LCU 70% applied as basal dressing with subsoil breaking compared with the conventional application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.456-463
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of granular type of silicate fertilizer on watermelon growth, yield, and characteristics of soil in the greenhouse. Four different levels of silicate fertilizer, 0(control), 600, 1,200, $1,800kg\;ha^{-1}$ were applied for experiment. The silicate fertilizer was applied as a basal fertilization before transplanting watermelon. Compost and basal fertilizers were applied based on the standard fertilizer recommendation rate with soil testing. All of the recommended $P_2O_5$ and 50% of N and $K_2O$ were applied as a basal fertilization. The N and $K_2O$ as additional fertilization was split-applied twice by fertigation method. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) cultivar was 'Sam-Bok-KKuol and main stem was from rootstock (bottle gourd: Lagenaria leucantha Standl.) 'Bul-Ro-Jang-Sang'. The watermelon was transplanted on April, 15. Soil chemical properties, such as soil pH, EC, available phosphate and exchangeable K, Mg, and available $SiO_2$ levels increased compared to the control, while EC was similar and the concentrations of soil organic matter decreased. Physical properties of soils, such as soil bulk density and porosity were not different among treatments. The growth characteristics of watermelon, such as stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of watermelon at harvest were thicker and heavier for silicate treatment than the control, while number of node was shorter than the control. Merchantable watermelon increased by 3-5% compared to the control and sugar content was 0.4 to $0.7^{\circ}Brix$ higher than the control. These results suggest that silicate fertilizer application in the greenhouse can improve some chemical properties of soils and watermelon stem diameter and dry weight, which are contributed to watermelon quality and marketable watermelon production.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.681-692
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• 2017

In recent years, large-scale construction projects such as road pavement construction and new city construction have been carried out nationwide with by the expansion of social overhead facilities and base on the economic development planning, resulting in a rapid increase in artificial slope damage. The existing vegetation-based re-installation method of the slope surface greening method reveals various problems such as lack of bonding force, drying, and lack of organic matter. In this study, research was carried out using vegetation-based material and environmentally friendly soil additives, were are used in combination with natural humus, Bark compost, coco peat, and vermiculite. Uniaxial compressive strength was measured according to the mixing ratio of soil additives and the strength was analyzed. Experiments were carried out on the characteristics of the soil material to gauge the slope protection properties by using the soil compaction test method wherein the soil and the soil additive materials are mixed in relation to the soil height, the number of compaction, the compaction method (layer) and the curing condition. As a result of the experiment, excellent strength performance was demonstrated in soil additives using gypsum cement, and it satisfied vegetation growth standards by using performance enhancer and pH regulator. It was confirmed that the strength increases with the mixing of soil and soil additive, and the stability of slope protection can be improved.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 1987

In the polythylene film mulching(P.E. mulching) culture, soil temperature ranked in the order of clear P.E.-, black P.E.-, and non-mulching. The difference in temperature between P.E mulching and non-mulching conditions was greatest in maximum temperature in fine day. Under the dry season, soil water content ranked in the order of black P.E.-, clear P.E.- and non-mulched soil. Under the rainy season, however, the content in non-mulched soil was higher than in the mulched soils, while there was little difference between the two colored films. In three phases of soil, liquid phase ratio was higher and gaseous phase ratio was lower in mulched soil than in non-mulched soil under the dry season. However, the opposite result was observed under the rainy season. The content of soil organic matter in red pepper field applied with the compost and mixed-fertilizer ranked in the order of black P.E.-, clear P.E.- and non-mulching conditions. However, the content between mulching and non-mulching differed little in peanut field applied with mixed-fertilizer. In red pepper field, soil nitrogen content in mulching conditions slightly differed from that in non-mulching conditions during the dry season. The soil nitrogen content decreased rapidly 86 days after fertilizer application during the rainy season. In peanut field, there was little difference in the content between the two conditions. The nitrogen content in the leaves of red pepper and peanut was much higher in P.E mulching than in non-mulching.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2007

This study was carried out to monitor feed-nutritional components, toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb and As) and pesticide residues through three cultivation stages (1st initial culture stage, 2nd mycelial growth stage, and 3rd fruit body-harvested stage) of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) produced by bottle type cultivation and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) produced by vinyl bag type cultivation. For both cultivation types, compared with the initial culture, the weight reduction rate in spent mushroom substrates (SMS) after fruit body harvest was 29% for total wet mass, 21～25% for dry and organic matters and 19 ～22% for neutral detergent fiber. Two thirds to 3/4 of organic matter degraded and utilized by mycelia and fruit bodies was originated from fiber, of which the primary source (50～70%) was hemicellulose. The effect of mycelial growth stage on chemical compositional change in culture was little (P>0.05) for bottle type cultivation of king oyster mushroom but considerable (P<0.05) for vinyl type cultivation of oyster mushroom. Culture nutrients uptake by fruit bodies was very active for the bottle type cultivation. Compared with SMS, harvested fruit bodies (mushrooms) contained higher (P<0.05) crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, and crude ash and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber. Regardless of stages, no culture samples were contaminated with toxic heavy metals and pesticide residues. In conclusion, the increase of fiber (neutral and acid detergent fibers) and indigestible protein contents and the decrease of true protein content in SMS indicated that the feed-nutritional value of SMS was significantly reduced compared with that of the initial culture and they were safe from toxic heavy metals and pesticide residues.