• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2015

Objectives: In this study, we investigated the 4-week repeated-dose oral toxicity of gami-jakyak gamcho buja decoction (Mecasin) to develop safe treatments. Methods: In order to investigate the 4-week oral toxicity of Mecasin, we administered Mecasin orally to rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups of five male and five female animals per group: group 1 being the control group and groups 2, 3, and 4 being the experimental groups. Doses of Mecasin of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg of body weight were administered to the experimental groups, and a dose of normal saline solution of 10 mL/kg was administered to the control group. We examined the survival rate, weight, clinical signs, and gross findings for four weeks. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: No deaths occurred in any of the four groups. No significant changes in weights or food consumption between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. Serum biochemistry revealed that some groups showed significant decrease in inorganic phosphorus (IP) (P < 0.05). During necropsy on the rats, one abnormal macroscopic feature, a slight loss of fur, was observed in the mid dosage (1,000 mg/kg) male group. No abnormalities were observed in any other rats. In histopathological findings, the tubular basophilia and cast of the kidney and extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen were found. However, those changes were minimal and had occurred naturally or sporadically. No other organ abnormalities were observed. Conclusion: During this 4-week, repeated, oral toxicity test of Mecasin in SD rats, no toxicity changes due to Mecasin were observed in any of the male or the female rats in the high dosage group. Thus, we suggest that the doses in a 13-week, repeated test should be 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3945-3949
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• 2015

Background: For brachytherapy of cervical cancer, applicator shifts can not be avoided. The present investigation concerned Utrecht interstitial applicator shifts and their effects on organ movement and DVH parameters during 3D CT-based HDR brachytherapy of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: After the applicator being implanted, CT imaging was achieved for oncologist contouring CTVhr, CTVir, and OAR, including bladder, rectum, sigmoid colon and small intestines. After the treatment, CT imaging was repeated to determine applicator shifts and OARs movements. Two CT images were matched by pelvic structures. In both imaging results, we defined the tandem by the tip and the base as the marker point, and evaluated applicator shift, including X, Y and Z. Based on the repeated CT imaging, oncologist contoured the target volume and OARs again. We combined the treatment plan with the repeated CT imaging and evaluated the change range for the doses of CTVhr D90, D2cc of OARs. Results: The average applicator shift was -0.16 mm to 0.10 mm for X, 1.49 mm to 2.14 mm for Y, and 1.9 mm to 2.3 mm for Z. The change of average physical doses and EQD2 values in Gy${\alpha}/{\beta}$ range for CTVhr D90 decreased by 2.55 % and 3.5 %, bladder D2cc decreased by 5.94 % and 8.77 %, rectum D2cc decreased by 2.94 % and 4 %, sigmoid colon D2cc decreased by 3.38 % and 3.72 %, and small intestines D2cc increased by 3.72 % and 10.94 %. Conclusions: Applicator shifts and DVH parameter changes induced the total dose inaccurately and could not be ignored. The doses of target volume and OARs varied inevitably.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.203-212
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• 2016

Dose differences between three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) doses could be varied according to the geometrical relationship between a planning target volume (PTV) and an organ at risk (OAR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between the overlap volume histogram (OVH), which quantitatively shows the geometrical relationship between the PTV and OAR, and the dose differences. 4D computed tomography (4DCT) images were acquired for 10 liver cancer patients. Internal target volume-based treatment planning was performed. A 3D dose was calculated on a reference phase (end-exhalation). A 4D dose was accumulated using deformation vector fields between the reference and other phase images of 4DCT from deformable image registration, and dose differences between the 3D and 4D doses were calculated. An OVH between the PTV and selected OAR (duodenum) was calculated and quantified on the basis of specific overlap volumes that corresponded to 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the OAR volume overlapped with the expanded PTV. Statistical analysis was performed to verify the correlation with the OVH and dose difference for the OAR. The minimum mean dose difference was 0.50 Gy from case 3, and the maximum mean dose difference was 4.96 Gy from case 2. The calculated range of the correlation coefficients between the OVH and dose difference was from -0.720 to -0.712, and the R-square range for regression analysis was from 0.506 to 0.518 (p-value <0.05). However, when the 10% overlap volume was applied in the six cases that had OVH value ${\leq}2$, the average percent mean dose differences were $34.80{\pm}12.42%$. Cases with quantified OVH values of 2 or more had mean dose differences of $29.16{\pm}11.36%$. In conclusion, no significant statistical correlation was found between the OVH and dose differences. However, it was confirmed that a higher difference between the 3D and 4D doses could occur in cases that have smaller OVH value.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2023

Objectives: Terminalia chebula, the main ingredient of Altan Arur 5, has been used for many years in traditional medicine. This medicine is more effective than other drugs and is used to treat chronic gastritis and gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcers and esophageal reflux. Other ingredients of Altan Arur 5 are Punica granatum (pomegranate), tulip seeds, black balm, and excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes. The main ingredients of T. chebula are antibacterial and analgesic in traditional medicine. Despite having been used for many years and although many studies have been conducted on the beneficial effects of this medicine and its ingredients, the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to study the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 to ensure that it is safe to use. Methods: Acute and chronic toxicity of Altan Arur 5 were assessed in 10 Kunming mice and 8 Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, in different doses. In the acute toxicity study, Altan Arur 5 was orally administered to Kunming mice in doses of 12 g/kg, 24 g/kg, and 48 g/kg for 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, it was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in doses of 1.25 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, and 5 g/kg for 12 weeks. Results: No significant differences were observed in the relative organ weights for mice treated with Altan Arur 5 compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, no macro- or microstructural changes were noted in the organs of any group. Conclusion: Our toxicity testing revealed that the traditional medicine Altan Arur 5 has no toxic effects in vivo.

• 약학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 1989

The humoral immune response of Eicosapentanoic acid(EPA) was investigated in mice. ICR male mice were divided into 8 groups and received intraperitoneal injection of EPA(5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Cyclophosphamide(5 mg/kg) was administered i.p. 2 days prior to secondary immunization. Humoral immune response was evaluated by antibody titer, hypersensitivity to SRBC (Arthus), plaque forming cell(PFC) and organ weight. The ontanined results were as followings: The increased rate of body weight, the ratio of liver weight, spleen weight to body weight were decreased by all EPA administration groups as compared to normal group. HA titer, HY titer and Arthus reaction were enhanced according to the increase of EPA doses as compared to normal group. PFC was significantly enhanced by EPA 10 mg administration group. These results suggest that EPA enhances humoral immune response to SRBC in mice, indicating that EPA may block a immunoglobulin synthesis inhibition of arachidonic acid.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity of the bark of Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae) in mice. The aqueous extract of the bark of Diospyros kaki (AEDK) was administered orally at a doses of 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 2,000 mg/kg. In this study, number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and pathological examinations were investigated after administration of AEDK. There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and AEDK treated groups in clinical signs, organ weights and gross pathological findings. AEDK did not show any toxic effect in mice.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.511-522
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• 2015

This study investigates the acute and repeated-dose oral toxicity of crude antifungal compounds produced by Lactobacillus plantarum AF1 (Lb. plantarum AF1) and Lactobacillus plantarum HD1 (Lb. plantarum HD1) in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity study, crude antifungal compounds (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) did not reduce mortality or produce significant changes in general behaviors or the gross appearance of external and internal organs. In the repeated-dose toxicity study, crude antifungal compounds were administered orally to rats at doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg daily for 28 days. There were no test-article-related deaths, abnormal clinical signs, or body weight changes. In addition, there were no significant differences between groups treated with crude antifungal compounds and the control group in their organ weight, hematological and serum biochemical parameters, or any other factors. These results suggest that the acute or repeated-dose oral administration of crude antifungal compounds produced by Lb. plantarum AF1 plus Lb. plantarum HD1 is not toxic in male and female rats.

• 생약학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.179-183
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• 2012

Acute toxicity on the water extract of Mori Fructus was examined in male and female mice. The water extract of Mori Fructus was orally administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 2,000 mg/kg and had been observed for two weeks. No mortality and abnormal clinical signs were shown for the observation period. At the terminal sacrifice, there were no difference in net body weight gain, organ weight and gross pathological findings among the groups treated with different doses of the water extract of Mori Fructus. The results suggested that under the condition employed in this study $LD_{50}$ would be more than 2,000 mg/kg. All the data obtained the experiments lead to the water extract of Mori Fructus should have very low acute toxicity.

• 생약학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2008

The subcronic toxicity of BDR-29, a herbal preparation of Cassiae Semen, Prunellae Spica, Tribuli Fructus, and Uncariae Rhamulus et Uncus, was examined in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with the test substance at a dose 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg intragastrically for 13 weeks. No death and abnormal clinical signs were observed throughout the administration period. There were not significantly different from control group in net body weight gain, food and water consumption, organ weight, gross pathological findings, and urine analysis among the groups rats treated with different doses of the BDR-29. Hematological findings and biochemical examination revealed no evidence of specific toxicity related to BDR-29. From these results, no observation effect level (NOEL) of BDR-29 is 500 mg/kg/day under the condition employed in this study.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

Cordyceps is a fungus used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan, and Korea. Paecilomyces (P.) japonica is a new cordyceps that was recently cultivated on silkworm pupae in Korea. The present study evaluated the toxicological effects of P. japonica in rats. Forty rats were treated with oral doses of P. japonica (0, 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Twenty additional rats were treated with 0 or 500 mg/kg/day of P. japonica for 4 weeks and then maintained for 2 weeks without treatment. Clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, and organ weight as well as hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology data were examined. Body weight gain of the group treated with 500 mg/kg/day was significantly reduced. Microscopically, karyomegaly, single cell necrosis, and mitosis were observed in the renal tubular epithelium of all treated groups. In conclusion, P. japonica caused a reduction of body weight and renal injury in rats. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of P. japonica was less than 20 mg/kg/day.