• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.922-931
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• 2000

배경 및 목적 : 기관지천식의 중요한 특징적인 병인인 기도의 만성염증 상태와 증상의 변화를 판단하는 객관적인 지표로서 여러 가지 방법이 시도되고 있는데 최근에는 비침습적이고 비교적 간단한 유도객담 검사로 침습적인 기관지 조직 검사나 기관지폐포세척술을 대신하려는 경향이 있다. 저자들은 기관지천식 환자의 유도객담에서 호산구, eosinophil cationic protein(ECP), interleukin(IL)-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF), 그리고, nitric oxide(NO)의 유도체를 측정하고, 객담내 NO 및 호산구와 관계가 있다고 알려진 cytokine들의 농도가 증상 및 기도의 염증상태를 반영하는 지표로서 이용될 수 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 기관지천식 환자 30명을 대상으로 2주간 경구용 프레드니솔론 30mg을 투여하고, 약제 투여 전후로 1초간 노력성 호기량($FEV_1$과 혈중 총 호산구수, 그리고 유도객담 검사를 시행하여 객담내 호산구 비율과 ECP, IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, 그리고, NO 유도체를 측정하였다. 결과 : 대상환자중 남자는 13a여(43.3%), 여자는 17명(56.7%)이었고 연령분포는 19세부터 64세까지였으며 평균연령은 41.8세였다. 30명중 2명은 두 번째 검사시 객담이 채취되지 않았고, 3명은 두 번째 방문을 하지 않았다. 프레드니솔론 투여후 평균 1초당 노력성 호기량(% of predicted value)은 78.1$\pm$27.2%에서 90.3$\pm$18.3%로 개선되었고(P<0.001), 유도객담내 평균 호산구비율은 56.1$\pm$27.2%에서 29.6$\pm$21.3%로 (P<0.001), 객담내 평균 ECP 농도는 $134.5\pm68.1{\mu}\;g/L$에서 $41.5\pm42.4\;{\mu}g/L$로 유의하게 감소하였고(P<0.001), 평균 혈중 총 호산구수는 425.7$\pm$265.9에서 287.7$\pm$294.7로 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 유도객담내 NO 유도체의 평균 농도는 프레드니솔론 투여 전호로 유의한 차이가 없었으며($70.4\pm44.6\;{\mu}mol/L$ vs $91.5\pm48.3\;{\mu}mol/L$) 평균 eotaxin 농도는 27.7$\pm$12.8 pg/ml에서 21.7$\pm$8.7 pg/ml로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. IL-3, IL-5, CSF는 대부분의 경우에서 측정되지 않았다. 치료전의 1초당 노력성 호기량과 객담내 ECP의 농도 사이에 의미있는 역상관관계가 있었고(r=0.369, P<0.05). 결론 : 유도객담내에서 측정 가능한 여러 인자중 eotaxin 및 ECP가 치료에 따른 기도염증 상태의 변화를 반영하는 지표로 이용될수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그 외 유도객담내 호산구비율 측정도 치료에 따른 증상이나 염증의 변화를 손쉽게 관찰할수 있는 간단한 방법으로 생각되지만 유도객담에서 Griess reagent를 이용한 NO 유도체의 측정은 기관지천식의 증상이나 염증상태의 변화를 반영하는 지표로서 유용하지 않을 것으로 생각된다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.57-79
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• 2016

최근 소셜 네트워크 서비스는 소비자와의 관계 마케팅 확산 및 확장을 위한 중요한 채널로 인식되며 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 기업이 온라인 환경에서 성공하기 위해서는 기업과 고객 사이의 관계 구축뿐만 아니라 고객들 간의 관계에 초점을 맞출 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 페이스북 팬 페이지에 참여하는 사용자들 사이의 네트워크를 분석하여 기업의 비즈니스 성과에 고객 간 네트워크의 구조적 특성이 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 이를 위해 네트워크 데이터는 코스피 상장 기업 가운데 페이스북 팬 페이지에 100개 이상의 게시글을 올린 54개 기업으로부터 수집하였으며, 수집된 네트워크 데이터는 각 사용자를 노드로 하고 동일한 마케팅 활동에 대해 참여한 사용자간의 관계를 링크로 한 원모드 비방향 이진 네트워크(one-mode undirected binary network)이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 네트워크 데이터를 핸들링하여 사용자들 간의 활동 관계를 분석할 수 있는 네트워크 지표(밀도, 글로벌 클러스터링 계수, 최단거리평균, 직경)를 도출하였으며, 이러한 고객 간 네트워크의 구조적 특징을 파악할 수 있는 지표와 기업의 과거실적(순이익), 그리고 미래 예측성과(토빈의 Q) 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 학문적 관점에서 소셜 미디어 채널을 비즈니스 관점에서 연구하려는 연구자들에게 소셜네트워크분석 방법을 통한 새로운 접근법을 제시한다. 실무적인 관점에서 본 연구는 소셜미디어를 통해 마케팅 활동을 수행하려는 기업의 관리자들에게 네트워크의 지표를 이용한 지능형 마케팅 서비스를 수행할 수 있는 토대를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제33권
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• pp.145-153
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• 2021

목 적: 본 연구에서는 가임기 여성의 유방암 방사선 치료 시 난소 선량에 대해 실험을 통하여 평가해보고자 한다. 치료기법에 따른 치료계획시스템에서 계산된 선량과 열형광선량계를 이용한 측정선량을 비교·분석하여 난소 선량을 평가하고 납(Pb) 앞치마의 사용유무에 따른 선량 분석을 통해 임상에서의 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 측정에는 Rando humanoid phantom을 이용하였고, 치료기법으로는 쐐기필터치료기법, 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기변조방사선치료를 사용하였다. CT simulator를 이용하여 얻은 Rando humanoid phantom 3D 영상의 우측 유방에 처방선량의 95%가 전달될 수 있도록 치료계획을 세웠고, TLD를 Rando hunmanoid phantom의 가상 표적의 표면 및 심부에 삽입하고 방사선을 조사하였다. 측정위치는 치료 중심점과 Rando humanoid phantom의 정중앙을 중심으로 반대쪽 유방으로 2cm 이동한 지점과 치료 중심축 및 하방으로 우측 유방의 경계면에서 5cm, 10cm, 12.5cm, 15cm, 17.5cm, 20cm, 우측 난소 위치의 표면과 중심점을 포함하여 총 9개 지점에서 측정하였다. 치료계획시스템의 선량 비교에서는 쐐기필터치료기법 2가지와 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기변조방사선치료 등 총 4개의 치료 계획을 수립하여 비교하였다. 그리고 TLD를 이용한 측정값 비교는 세기변조방사선치료와 쐐기필터를 이용한 치료를 비교하였고, 납 앞치마의 사용유무에 따라서 세기변조방사선치료의 선량차이를 측정하여 비교·분석하였다. 측정값은 각 포인트마다 3개의 TLD값 평균을 내고 TLD 교정값을 이용하여 환산하였으며 이를 Point dose mean값으로 계산하였다. 치료계획값과 실제 측정값을 비교하기 위해 각 지점마다 절대선량값을 측정하여 %Diff 값으로 계산하였다. 결 과: 치료 중심점인 Point A에서는 치료계획시스템에서 최대 201.7cGy가 나왔고, 실제 TLD 측정값은 최대 200.6cGy가 나왔다. 모든 치료계획시스템에서 유방 경계면으로부터 하방으로 17.5cm 떨어진 지점인 Point G 부터는 0cGy로 계산이 되었다. 실제 TLD 측정 결과 Point G에서는 최대 2.6cGy가 나왔고, 난소선량인 Point J에서는 최대 0.9cGy로 나타났으며 %Diff값은 0.3%~1.3%였다. 납 앞치마의 사용유무에 따른 선량 차이는 최대 2.1cGy에서 최소 0.1cGy로 나타났으며 %Diff값은 0.1%~1.1%였다. 결 론: 치료계획시스템에서 3가지 치료계획에 따른 선량차이는 최저 0.85%에서 최고 2.45%로 큰 격차를 보이지 않았다. 난소에서 Rando humanoid phantom의 치료계획과 실제 측정한 선량차이는 0.9% 이내로 나타났으나 실제 측정에서 조금 더 높게 측정되었다. 이는 치료계획시스템에서 산란선의 영향을 정확하게 반영하지 못하였고, 실제 측정에서는 TLD를 삽입한 상태로 CBCT를 촬영한 선량과 산란선량이 반영된 것으로 사료된다. 납 앞치마의 유무에 따른 선량측정에서 납 앞치마를 사용했을 경우에 치료범위에서 가까운 거리일수록 차폐의 효과가 있었으며, 치료범위에서 15cm 이상 거리가 있는 경우에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 임상적으로 방사선 치료 중에는 임신이나 인공수정을 하기에는 적절하지 않지만, 치료 중 난소에 조사된 선량은 방사선 치료 후 가임기 여성의 생식 기능에 크게 영향을 주지 않을 것으로 생각된다. 하지만 가임 여성의 경우에는 지속적인 불안감을 가지고 있으므로 이번 결과를 통한 데이터를 제시함으로써 심리적인 안정을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제39권12호
• /
• pp.879-890
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• 2006

배경: 출혈성 쇼크는 허혈 시 발생하는 산소산화물 등에 의해 체내에 여러 가지 염증반응을 일으킴으로써 각 장기의 기능부전을 초래한다. 특히 폐장은 허혈 시 조기에 폐포 세포의 투과성이 증가하여 부종, 염증세포의 침윤 및 출혈 등이 일어나 호흡부전증을 초래한다. 또한 출혈성 쇼크 시 기본적으로 시행하는 수액 요법은 간질의 부종을 일으켜 폐장의 기능을 감소시킬 수 있는 위험 요소이다. 따라서 출혈성 쇼크 후 폐장의 기능 저하를 예방하기 위해서는 폐장의 염증 반응을 줄이고 폐부종을 최소화시키는 노력이 필요하다. 대상 및 방법: $300{\sim}350$ gm 정도의 수컷 흰쥐를 이용하여 경정맥을 통해 약 3 mL/100 g의 혈액을 제거하여 평균 경동맥압 $35{\sim}40$ mmHg의 출혈성 쇼크 상태(I단계, 60분)를 유도하고 유지한 후, 제거한 혈액을 재주입하고 수액요법을 실시하여 평균 경동맥압을 80 mmHg로 유지하는 소생 상태(II 단계, 60분)를 시행한 후 약 3시간 정도 경과를 관찰(III 단계)하였다. 실험동물은 3군으로 나누어 실험하였으며 I군(n=10)은 I 단계 시 직장체온을 $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$로 유지하고 II 단계에서 린저액을 이용하여 수액요법을 실시하였다. II 군(n=10)은 I 단계 시 직장체온을 $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$로 유지하고 II단계에서 린저액을 이용한 수액요법을 실시하였다. III군은 I단계 시 $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$로 체온을 유지하였고 II 단계에서 5% 알부민액을 이용하여 수액요법을 실시하였다. 각 군 모두 실험 전, I, II, III 단계 후반에 혈류역학적 인자(심박수, 평균 경동맥압), 동맥혈 가스 분석, 혈청내 포도당과 LDH, I, II단계의 투여 수액양, 기관지-폐포 세척액의 Interleukin(IL)-8을 측정하였고, 조직검사를 통해 염증반응의 정도를 조직학적 점수로 평가하였다. 결과: I군의 4예를 제외한 26예가 III단계까지 생존하였다. 각 군 간의 평균 경동맥압의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 그러나 실험 1단계에서의 채혈량은 I군은 $3.2{\pm}0.5$ mL/100 g으로 II, III 군의 $3.9{\pm}0.8$ mL/100 g, $4.1{\pm}0.7$ mL/100 g에 비해 각각 유의하게 적었다(p< 0.05). II 단계에서의 투여 수액량은 I 군 $28.6{\pm}6.0$ mL, II 군 $20.6{\pm}4.0$ mL, III 군 $14.7{\pm}2.7$ mL로 각 군 간에 통계적인 유의성이 있었다(p<0.05). 혈청내 칼륨 농도는 I군에서 II군에 비해 소생술 후 의의 있게 높았으며(p<0.05), 포도당 농도는 II단계의 I군에서 타군과 비교하여 현저히 낮았다(p<0.05). IL-8은 I 군 $1,834{\pm}437$ pg/mL, II 군 $1,006{\pm}532$ pg/mL, III군 $764{\pm}302$ pg/mL로 I 군에서 II 및 III군과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), 폐조직의 조직검사를 통해 평가한 염증세포 분포 점수에서 III 군이 $1.6{\pm}0.6$으로 I 군 $2.8{\pm}1.2$에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 결론: 압력 조절형 출혈성 쇼크 모델에서 시행한 저체온법은 정상체온을 유지하고 있는 군에 비해 쇼크 상태에서의 기초대사량을 줄여줌으로써 허혈에 의한 조직의 직접적인 손상을 억제할 수 있으리라 생각된다. 또한 저체온법은 수액의 사용량을 줄여주고 IL-8등의 싸이토카인 분비를 억제시키며 백혈구의 침윤을 줄여줌으로써 쇼크 후 폐장의 기능 회복에 도움을 준다. 그러나 저체온법을 시행한 군에서도 투여하는 수액을 달리함으로써 폐장의 염증변화나 손상이 차이를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 생각되며 이에 대한 세심한 연구가 있어야 할 것이다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2013

컴퓨터 시스템 운용 간에 발생하는 많은 정보들이 기록되는 로그데이터는 컴퓨터 시스템 운용 점검, 프로세스의 최적화, 사용자 최적화 맞춤형 제공 등 다방면으로 활용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 종류의 로그데이터들 중에서 은행에서 발생하는 대용량의 로그데이터를 처리하기 위한 클라우드 환경 하에서의 MongoDB 기반 비정형 로그 처리시스템을 제안한다. 은행업무간 발생하는 대부분의 로그데이터는 고객의 업무처리 프로세스 간에 발생하며, 고객 업무 프로세스 처리에 따른 로그데이터를 수집, 저장, 분류, 분석하기 위해서는 별도로 로그데이터를 처리하는 시스템을 구축해야만 한다. 하지만 기존 컴퓨팅환경 하에서는 폭발적으로 증가하는 대용량 비정형 로그데이터 처리를 위한 유연한 스토리지 확장성 기능, 저장된 비정형 로그데이터를 분류, 분석 처리할 수 있는 기능을 구현하기가 매우 어렵다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 클라우드 컴퓨팅 기술을 도입하여 기존 컴퓨팅 인프라 환경의 분석 도구 및 관리체계에서 처리하기 어려웠던 비정형 로그데이터를 처리하기 위한 클라우드 환경기반의 로그데이터 처리시스템을 제안하고 구현하였다. 제안한 본 시스템은 IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service) 클라우드 환경을 도입하여 컴퓨팅 자원의 유연한 확장성을 제공하며 실제로, 로그데이터가 장기간 축적되거나 급격하게 증가하는 상황에서 스토리지, 메모리 등의 자원을 신속성 있고 유연하게 확장을 할 수 있는 기능을 포함한다. 또한, 축적된 비정형 로그데이터의 실시간 분석이 요구되어질 때 기존의 분석도구의 처리한계를 극복하기 위해 본 시스템은 하둡 (Hadoop) 기반의 분석모듈을 도입함으로써 대용량의 로그데이터를 빠르고 신뢰성 있게 병렬 분산 처리할 수 있는 기능을 제공한다. 게다가, HDFS(Hadoop Distributed File System)을 도입함으로써 축적된 로그데이터를 블록단위로 복제본을 생성하여 저장관리하기 때문에 본 시스템은 시스템 장애와 같은 상황에서 시스템이 멈추지 않고 작동할 수 있는 자동복구 기능을 제공한다. 마지막으로, 본 시스템은 NoSQL 기반의 MongoDB를 이용하여 분산 데이터베이스를 구축함으로써 효율적으로 비정형로그데이터를 처리하는 기능을 제공한다. MySQL과 같은 관계형 데이터베이스는 복잡한 스키마 구조를 가지고 있기 때문에 비정형 로그데이터를 처리하기에 적합하지 않은 구조를 가지고 있다. 또한, 관계형 데이터베이스의 엄격한 스키마 구조는 장기간 데이터가 축적되거나, 데이터가 급격하게 증가할 때 저장된 데이터를 분할하여 여러 노드에 분산시키는 노드 확장이 어렵다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. NoSQL은 관계형 데이터베이스에서 제공하는 복잡한 연산을 지원하지는 않지만 데이터가 빠르게 증가할 때 노드 분산을 통한 데이터베이스 확장이 매우 용이하며 비정형 데이터를 처리하는데 매우 적합한 구조를 가지고 있는 비관계형 데이터베이스이다. NoSQL의 데이터 모델은 주로 키-값(Key-Value), 컬럼지향(Column-oriented), 문서지향(Document-Oriented)형태로 구분되며, 제안한 시스템은 스키마 구조가 자유로운 문서지향(Document-Oriented) 데이터 모델의 대표 격인 MongoDB를 도입하였다. 본 시스템에 MongoDB를 도입한 이유는 유연한 스키마 구조에 따른 비정형 로그데이터 처리의 용이성뿐만 아니라, 급격한 데이터 증가에 따른 유연한 노드 확장, 스토리지 확장을 자동적으로 수행하는 오토샤딩 (AutoSharding) 기능을 제공하기 때문이다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 시스템은 크게 로그 수집기 모듈, 로그 그래프생성 모듈, MongoDB 모듈, Hadoop기반 분석 모듈, MySQL 모듈로 구성되어져 있다. 로그 수집기 모듈은 각 은행에서 고객의 업무 프로세스 시작부터 종료 시점까지 발생하는 로그데이터가 클라우드 서버로 전송될 때 로그데이터 종류에 따라 데이터를 수집하고 분류하여 MongoDB 모듈과 MySQL 모듈로 분배하는 기능을 수행한다. 로그 그래프생성 모듈은 수집된 로그데이터를 분석시점, 분석종류에 따라 MongoDB 모듈, Hadoop기반 분석 모듈, MySQL 모듈에 의해서 분석되어진 결과를 사용자에게 웹 인터페이스 형태로 제공하는 역할을 한다. 실시간적 로그데이터분석이 필요한 로그데이터는 MySQL 모듈로 저장이 되어 로그 그래프생성 모듈을 통하여 실시간 로그데이터 정보를 제공한다. 실시간 분석이 아닌 단위시간당 누적된 로그데이터의 경우 MongoDB 모듈에 저장이 되고, 다양한 분석사항에 따라 사용자에게 그래프화해서 제공된다. MongoDB 모듈에 누적된 로그데이터는 Hadoop기반 분석모듈을 통해서 병렬 분산 처리 작업이 수행된다. 성능 평가를 위하여 로그데이터 삽입, 쿼리 성능에 대해서 MySQL만을 적용한 로그데이터 처리시스템과 제안한 시스템을 비교 평가하였으며 그 성능의 우수성을 검증하였다. 또한, MongoDB의 청크 크기별 로그데이터 삽입 성능평가를 통해 최적화된 청크 크기를 확인하였다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1-32
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• 2008

기업연상(corporate association)이 제품 평가(product responses)에 어떻게 영향을 미치는 가에 대한 연구가 부진하다는 Brown and Dacin(1997)의 문제 제기가 있은 후, 기업연상이 제품 판단에 미치는 영향과 과정에 대한 조절변수와 매개변수들을 파악하려는 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 기업연상의 두가지 유형인 CA(corporate ability) 연상과 CSR(corporate social responsibility) 연상이 성능과 재무위험에 미치는 영향력과 그 영향력을 조절하는 변수들을 조사하였다. 분석 결과에 의하면, 주효과(main effects)에 있어서는, 가설에서 기대한 바와 같이 CA 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 유의한 영향력을 갖는 것으로 나타난 반면, CSR 연상은 성능위험과 재무위험에 대해 유의한 영향력을 갖지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 조절변수로 인한 상호작용효과와 관련해서는, CA 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 미치는 주효과에 대해 제품범주 지식과 관여는 각각 유의한 조절효과를 나타내었다. 하지만, CSR 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 미치는 주효과에 대해서는 제품범주 지식과 관여의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통하여 제품의 기능적인 속성에 대한 정보가 부족한 제품에 대해 소비자가 지각하는 위험을 감소시키기 위하여, 기업은 CSR 연상보다는 CA 연상에 대해 강조할 필요가 있다는 결론을 내리게 되었다.

• 심성연구
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-44
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• 2023

수지비괘(水地比 ䷇ 8)는 하나의 양효와 다섯 음효의 구성으로 이루어진 일양오음괘 중의 하나이다. 그리고 일양오음괘는 하나의 양을 의미하는 의식과 다섯 음으로 나타나는 무의식의 관계와 역동을 상징한다. 일양오음괘는 초효에서 시작하여 상효에 이르기까지 그 양효의 위치에 따라 여섯 개의 다른 괘의 모습을 갖는다. 심리적인 측면에서 이것은 의식의 자리에 따라 정신의 내용이 정해진다는 것을 의미한다. 더불어 양효의 움직이는 그 진행 과정을 통해 정신적 에너지의 흐름도 살펴볼 수 있다. 즉, 일양오음괘의 시작인 첫 번째 지뢰복괘(地雷復 ䷗ 24)의 정신적 내용이 순차적으로 진행하다가 그 최적의 자리인 다섯 번째 수지비괘(水地比 ䷇ 8)를 거쳐 마지막 여섯 번째인 산지박괘(山地剝 ䷖ 23)의 과정을 거쳐 가게 된다. 다시 말해 양효 하나의 위치에 따라 결정되는 괘와 해당 효사의 내용은 일정한 정신적인 흐름을 보여준다고 할 수 있다. 그 결과 회복하여 처음 시작하는 복괘는 의식의 시작이며, 이후 이효, 삼효, 사효 등으로 진행되는 과정은 의식의 흐름을 나타낸다고 여겨진다. 그리고 다섯 번째 자리인 비괘 오효에서는 그 정점에 이르게 되어 의식의 최적 상태에 놓이게 된다. 자연과 동일하게 정신도 최고의 상태에서 점차 하락의 길로 들어서는데 그것이 마지막 여섯 번째인 박괘 상효에 이른다. 그런데 모든 것이 떨어져나가는 박괘의 상효는 효사에 다시 시작하는 내용을 담고 있다. 이것을 이어받는 것이 복괘의 초효이다. 이것은 심리적으로 힘든 우울의 상태에서 회복의 단계로 바뀌는 정신의 순환(circumambulation)을 의미한다. 이런 순환 과정에서 지나가야하는 단계가 있는데 그것이 중지곤괘(重地坤 ䷁ 2)이다. 절기상 음력 9월인 박괘와 11월인 복괘 사이에 10월의 곤괘가 놓여있다. 이것은 회복과 치유의 흐름에는 반드시 곤괘의 모성적 과정을 거쳐야함을 뜻한다. 정신의 재생에 심리적 자궁으로의 후퇴는 필연적인데 박괘, 곤괘, 복괘로 이어지는 흐름이 그것을 보여주는데 곤괘가 절대적인 역할을 한다. 더불어 비괘를 비롯한 일양오음괘는 그 본체 역시 여섯 음효로 이루어진 곤괘이다. 즉, 여섯 개의 일양오음괘는 모두 곤괘와 일정한 관계를 맺고 있는데, 일양오음괘 양효들과 그에 상응하는 곤괘 음효와의 상관성을 살펴봄이 의미가 있을 것이다. 이것은 여섯 개의 모습으로 나타나는 의식의 상태와 연결되는 모성적 무의식의 역동이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 일양오음괘는 각각 모성 원형과 의식의 통합에 대한 표현을 상징한다. 이것을 잘 드러내는 것이 일양오음괘의 괘상의 의미이다. 그것의 괘상은 어머니를 상징하는 곤(坤 ☷)과 아들을 의미하는 장남의 뇌(雷 ☳), 중남의 감(坎 ☵), 차남의 간(艮 ☶)의 결합으로 이루어진다. 그 결과 양효의 차례대로 순차적으로 지뢰복(䷗), 지수사(䷆), 지산겸(䷠), 뇌지예(䷏), 수지비(䷇), 산지박(䷖)이 만들어진다. 이것은 상징적으로 의식의 진화 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 이렇게 어머니와 아들의 결합을 의미하는 일양오음괘들은 모성적 무의식과 의식의 진전되는 관계를 표상한다. 또한 아들의 위치에 따른 어머니와의 관계는 의식의 태도에 대한 모성의 역동과 연관이 된다. 이런 일양오음괘 여섯 괘의 흐름에서 심리적인 의미를 연역해낼 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 그 의식의 활성화가 가장 정점인 상태가 비괘 오효에 해당하고 마땅히 이에 상응하는 곤괘 오효의 내용을 비교하면 의식과 모성적 무의식의 통합의 상태와 의미를 찾을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 이러한 흐름 전체가 개성화 과정에 비유될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있다.

• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1995년도 제27회 학술발표회
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• pp.101-113
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• 1995

The objective of this research is to test the feasibility of developing a statewide truck traffic forecasting methodology for Wisconsin by using Origin-Destination surveys, traffic counts, classification counts, and other data that are routinely collected by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT). Development of a feasible model will permit estimation of future truck traffic for every major link in the network. This will provide the basis for improved estimation of future pavement deterioration. Pavement damage rises exponentially as axle weight increases, and trucks are responsible for most of the traffic-induced damage to pavement. Consequently, forecasts of truck traffic are critical to pavement management systems. The pavement Management Decision Supporting System (PMDSS) prepared by WisDOT in May 1990 combines pavement inventory and performance data with a knowledge base consisting of rules for evaluation, problem identification and rehabilitation recommendation. Without a r.easonable truck traffic forecasting methodology, PMDSS is not able to project pavement performance trends in order to make assessment and recommendations in the future years. However, none of WisDOT's existing forecasting methodologies has been designed specifically for predicting truck movements on a statewide highway network. For this research, the Origin-Destination survey data avaiiable from WisDOT, including two stateline areas, one county, and five cities, are analyzed and the zone-to'||'&'||'not;zone truck trip tables are developed. The resulting Origin-Destination Trip Length Frequency (00 TLF) distributions by trip type are applied to the Gravity Model (GM) for comparison with comparable TLFs from the GM. The gravity model is calibrated to obtain friction factor curves for the three trip types, Internal-Internal (I-I), Internal-External (I-E), and External-External (E-E). ~oth "macro-scale" calibration and "micro-scale" calibration are performed. The comparison of the statewide GM TLF with the 00 TLF for the macro-scale calibration does not provide suitable results because the available 00 survey data do not represent an unbiased sample of statewide truck trips. For the "micro-scale" calibration, "partial" GM trip tables that correspond to the 00 survey trip tables are extracted from the full statewide GM trip table. These "partial" GM trip tables are then merged and a partial GM TLF is created. The GM friction factor curves are adjusted until the partial GM TLF matches the 00 TLF. Three friction factor curves, one for each trip type, resulting from the micro-scale calibration produce a reasonable GM truck trip model. A key methodological issue for GM. calibration involves the use of multiple friction factor curves versus a single friction factor curve for each trip type in order to estimate truck trips with reasonable accuracy. A single friction factor curve for each of the three trip types was found to reproduce the 00 TLFs from the calibration data base. Given the very limited trip generation data available for this research, additional refinement of the gravity model using multiple mction factor curves for each trip type was not warranted. In the traditional urban transportation planning studies, the zonal trip productions and attractions and region-wide OD TLFs are available. However, for this research, the information available for the development .of the GM model is limited to Ground Counts (GC) and a limited set ofOD TLFs. The GM is calibrated using the limited OD data, but the OD data are not adequate to obtain good estimates of truck trip productions and attractions .. Consequently, zonal productions and attractions are estimated using zonal population as a first approximation. Then, Selected Link based (SELINK) analyses are used to adjust the productions and attractions and possibly recalibrate the GM. The SELINK adjustment process involves identifying the origins and destinations of all truck trips that are assigned to a specified "selected link" as the result of a standard traffic assignment. A link adjustment factor is computed as the ratio of the actual volume for the link (ground count) to the total assigned volume. This link adjustment factor is then applied to all of the origin and destination zones of the trips using that "selected link". Selected link based analyses are conducted by using both 16 selected links and 32 selected links. The result of SELINK analysis by u~ing 32 selected links provides the least %RMSE in the screenline volume analysis. In addition, the stability of the GM truck estimating model is preserved by using 32 selected links with three SELINK adjustments, that is, the GM remains calibrated despite substantial changes in the input productions and attractions. The coverage of zones provided by 32 selected links is satisfactory. Increasing the number of repetitions beyond four is not reasonable because the stability of GM model in reproducing the OD TLF reaches its limits. The total volume of truck traffic captured by 32 selected links is 107% of total trip productions. But more importantly, ~ELINK adjustment factors for all of the zones can be computed. Evaluation of the travel demand model resulting from the SELINK adjustments is conducted by using screenline volume analysis, functional class and route specific volume analysis, area specific volume analysis, production and attraction analysis, and Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) analysis. Screenline volume analysis by using four screenlines with 28 check points are used for evaluation of the adequacy of the overall model. The total trucks crossing the screenlines are compared to the ground count totals. L V/GC ratios of 0.958 by using 32 selected links and 1.001 by using 16 selected links are obtained. The %RM:SE for the four screenlines is inversely proportional to the average ground count totals by screenline .. The magnitude of %RM:SE for the four screenlines resulting from the fourth and last GM run by using 32 and 16 selected links is 22% and 31 % respectively. These results are similar to the overall %RMSE achieved for the 32 and 16 selected links themselves of 19% and 33% respectively. This implies that the SELINICanalysis results are reasonable for all sections of the state.Functional class and route specific volume analysis is possible by using the available 154 classification count check points. The truck traffic crossing the Interstate highways (ISH) with 37 check points, the US highways (USH) with 50 check points, and the State highways (STH) with 67 check points is compared to the actual ground count totals. The magnitude of the overall link volume to ground count ratio by route does not provide any specific pattern of over or underestimate. However, the %R11SE for the ISH shows the least value while that for the STH shows the largest value. This pattern is consistent with the screenline analysis and the overall relationship between %RMSE and ground count volume groups. Area specific volume analysis provides another broad statewide measure of the performance of the overall model. The truck traffic in the North area with 26 check points, the West area with 36 check points, the East area with 29 check points, and the South area with 64 check points are compared to the actual ground count totals. The four areas show similar results. No specific patterns in the L V/GC ratio by area are found. In addition, the %RMSE is computed for each of the four areas. The %RMSEs for the North, West, East, and South areas are 92%, 49%, 27%, and 35% respectively, whereas, the average ground counts are 481, 1383, 1532, and 3154 respectively. As for the screenline and volume range analyses, the %RMSE is inversely related to average link volume. 'The SELINK adjustments of productions and attractions resulted in a very substantial reduction in the total in-state zonal productions and attractions. The initial in-state zonal trip generation model can now be revised with a new trip production's trip rate (total adjusted productions/total population) and a new trip attraction's trip rate. Revised zonal production and attraction adjustment factors can then be developed that only reflect the impact of the SELINK adjustments that cause mcreases or , decreases from the revised zonal estimate of productions and attractions. Analysis of the revised production adjustment factors is conducted by plotting the factors on the state map. The east area of the state including the counties of Brown, Outagamie, Shawano, Wmnebago, Fond du Lac, Marathon shows comparatively large values of the revised adjustment factors. Overall, both small and large values of the revised adjustment factors are scattered around Wisconsin. This suggests that more independent variables beyond just 226; population are needed for the development of the heavy truck trip generation model. More independent variables including zonal employment data (office employees and manufacturing employees) by industry type, zonal private trucks 226; owned and zonal income data which are not available currently should be considered. A plot of frequency distribution of the in-state zones as a function of the revised production and attraction adjustment factors shows the overall " adjustment resulting from the SELINK analysis process. Overall, the revised SELINK adjustments show that the productions for many zones are reduced by, a factor of 0.5 to 0.8 while the productions for ~ relatively few zones are increased by factors from 1.1 to 4 with most of the factors in the 3.0 range. No obvious explanation for the frequency distribution could be found. The revised SELINK adjustments overall appear to be reasonable. The heavy truck VMT analysis is conducted by comparing the 1990 heavy truck VMT that is forecasted by the GM truck forecasting model, 2.975 billions, with the WisDOT computed data. This gives an estimate that is 18.3% less than the WisDOT computation of 3.642 billions of VMT. The WisDOT estimates are based on the sampling the link volumes for USH, 8TH, and CTH. This implies potential error in sampling the average link volume. The WisDOT estimate of heavy truck VMT cannot be tabulated by the three trip types, I-I, I-E ('||'&'||'pound;-I), and E-E. In contrast, the GM forecasting model shows that the proportion ofE-E VMT out of total VMT is 21.24%. In addition, tabulation of heavy truck VMT by route functional class shows that the proportion of truck traffic traversing the freeways and expressways is 76.5%. Only 14.1% of total freeway truck traffic is I-I trips, while 80% of total collector truck traffic is I-I trips. This implies that freeways are traversed mainly by I-E and E-E truck traffic while collectors are used mainly by I-I truck traffic. Other tabulations such as average heavy truck speed by trip type, average travel distance by trip type and the VMT distribution by trip type, route functional class and travel speed are useful information for highway planners to understand the characteristics of statewide heavy truck trip patternS. Heavy truck volumes for the target year 2010 are forecasted by using the GM truck forecasting model. Four scenarios are used. Fo~ better forecasting, ground count- based segment adjustment factors are developed and applied. ISH 90 '||'&'||' 94 and USH 41 are used as example routes. The forecasting results by using the ground count-based segment adjustment factors are satisfactory for long range planning purposes, but additional ground counts would be useful for USH 41. Sensitivity analysis provides estimates of the impacts of the alternative growth rates including information about changes in the trip types using key routes. The network'||'&'||'not;based GMcan easily model scenarios with different rates of growth in rural versus . . urban areas, small versus large cities, and in-state zones versus external stations. cities, and in-state zones versus external stations.