• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 1976

In order to clarify the histopathological changes resulting from nitrate poisoning, rabbits were experimentally poisoned by the oral administration of $KNO_3$ or $NaNO_2$ and examined clinically and histopathologically. In addition, the quantitative changes of glycogen level in hepatic cells were histochemically observed. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Clinical symptoms observed from the acute cases which died within 2 hours after the administration were severe cyanosis of visible mucosa, frequent urination, and dyspnea. However, in chronic cases administrated daily with $KNO_3$ for 43, 50 and 74 days respectively, no marked symptoms were observed. 2. Macroscopic changes observed in acute cases were severe methemoglobinemia, cloudy swelling of hepatic cells, hemorrhage and hyperemia of gastric mucosa, and hyperemia of other organs. In chronic cases there were marked hyperemia, dark-red coloring and increasing of consistency in liver and kidney, and swelling of spleen. 3. Microscopic changes observed in acute cases were hemorrhage and hyperemia of various organs, cloudy swelling and centrilobular necrosis of hepatic cells and necrosis of convoluted tubular epithelium in kidney. In chronic cases there were round cell infiltration of the interlobular connective tissue and epithelial proliferation of interlobular bile ducts in the liver, and necrosis of the convoluted tubular epithelium and proliferation of interstitial connective tissue in kidney, thickening of alveolar septa of lungs, activated hemopoiesis of bone marrow, and myeloid metaplasia of sqlenic pulp. 4. Glycogen storage in liver cells was decreased in acute cases, on the contrary, increased in chronic cases.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) after oral administration of diltiazem with or without atorvastatin (0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) in rats. Coadministration of atorvastatin increased significantly (p<0.05, 3.0 mg/kg) the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration $(C_{max})$ of diltiazem compared to the control group. The total plasma clearance (CL/F) of diltiazem was decreased significantly (p<0.05, 3.0 mg/kg) compared to the control group. The relative bioavailability (RB%) of diltiazem was increased from 1.14- to 1.49-fold. Coadministration of atorvastatin did not significantly change the elimination rate constant $(K_{el})$, terminal half-life $(T_{1/2})$ and the time to reach the peak concentration $(T_{max})$ of diltiazem. Based on these results, we can make a conclusion that the significant changes of these pharmacokinetic parameters might be due to atorvastatin, which possesses the potency to inhibit the metabolizing enzyme (CYP3A4) in the liver and intestinal mucosa, and also inhibit the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump in the intestinal mucosa.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.463-468
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• 2020

Epidermoid cysts are rare benign lesions in the oral cavity that may be either congenital or acquired. The cysts are usually slow-growing and asymptomatic until becoming secondarily infected or large enough to interfere with mastication and speech. Consequently, diagnosis is often delayed. The condition is also uncommon in newborns and infants. Most of the lesions occur in the floor of the mouth and rarely in the upper lip. This report describes the case of a 29-month-old girl with a palpable mass in the inner mucosa of the upper lip. The lesion was surgically enucleated using an intraoral approach and histopathologically diagnosed as epidermoid cyst.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of naringenin, one of flavonoids, on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) after oral administration of diltiazem with or without naringenin (2.0, 10 and 20 mg/kg) in rabbits. Coadministration of naringenin increased the absorption rate constant $(K_a)$, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak concentration $(C_{max})$ of diltiazem compared to the control group, but only significantly (p<0.05) by 10mg/kg of naringenin coadministration. The absolute bioavailability (AB%) of diltiazem by coadministration ranges from 7.8% to 10.3%, increased more than control (7.2%), and relative bioavailability (RB%) of diltiazem is increased from 1.08- to 1.43-fold. Coadministration caused on significant changes in the terminal half-lives $(t_{1/2})$ and the time to reach the peak concentration $(T_{max})$ of diltiazem. On the other hand, coadministration of naringenin increased the AUC desacetyldiltiazem, significantly at the dose of 10mg/kg. But the metabolite ratio (MR) was decreased, significantly at 10mg/kg of naringenin. Based on these results, we can make a conclusion that the increased bioavailability and the significant changes of these pharmacokinetic parameters might be due to naringenin, which possess the potency to inhibit the metabolizing enzyme (CYP3A4) in the liver and intestinal mucosa, and also inhibit the P-glycoprotein efflux pump in the intestinal mucosa.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.3 s.31
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• pp.75-89
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• 2006

Background & Objectives : Rhinitis is an inflammation of nasal mucosa and the symtoms are watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal obstruction. Rhinitis is classified into allergic rhinitis and nonallergic. Allergic rhinitis is an immune reaction by allergen, and vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic noninfectious hypersensitive reaction. The incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased and the rate of vasomotor rhinitis is high. However there have been no studies about vasomotor rhinitis compared with allergic rhinitis. And there have been no studies so far performed on the effect of Tongkwansan. Therefore this study is aimed to find out the effects of Tongkwansan on allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Fifteen BALC/c mouses divided into three groups : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, mouses were sensitized intrapertioneally 0.1 % ovalvumin solution three times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, mouses in the sample group were oral and administration treated by Tongkwansan for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal mucosa and submucosa; also changes in the segment of leucocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA test(p<0.05). Results : There were no significant changes statistically in leucocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocytem, monocyte, eosinophil, IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood(p<0.05). Hypertrophy of epithelium in nasal mucosa and expansion of glandular cells in nasal submucosa were decreased in treated group when compared with control group. Conclusion : According to above results, it is supposed that Tongkwansan has significant effects on vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic and noninfectious.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

The intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) were studied using C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice as experimental hosts; the effects of immunosuppression were also observed. The metacercariae isolated from naturally infected oysters, 300 or 1,000 in number, were infected orally to each mouse, and the mice were killed at days 3-21 post-infection (PI). In immunocompetent (IC) mice, only a small number of flukes were found in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum during days 3-7 PI, with their large oral suckers pinching and sucking the root of villi. The intestinal mucosa showed mild villous atrophy crypt hyperplasia, and inflammations in the villous stroma and crypt, with remarkable goblet cell hyperplasia. These mucosal changes were almost restored after days 14-21 PI. In immunosuppressed (IS) mice. displacement as well as complete loss of villi adjacent to the flukes was frequently encountered, otherwise the histopathology was generally mild, with minimal goblet cell hyperplasia. In these mice, numerous flukes were found, and it seemed that they were actively moving and rotating in situ. Several flukes were found to have invaded into the submucosa, almost facing the serosa. These results indicate that in IC mice the intestinal histopathology caused by G. seoi is generally mild, and the flukes do not penetrate beyond the mucosa, however, in IS mice. the flukes can cause severe destruction of neighboring villi. and some of them invade into the submucosa.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 1996

Plasma profile of niflumic acid following oral administration of talniflumate tablets (Somalgen) was compared to that of niflumic acid tablets in man. Plasma niflumic acid was assayed by HPLC method. Plasma niflumic acid profile from the tainiflumate tablets was similar to that from the niflumic acid tablets resulting in no differences in $AUC, C_max, t_max$ and MRT. It demonstrates that talniflumate is a prodrug of niflumic acid, and undergoes extensive first-pass biotransformation to niflumic acid. However, plasma niflumic acid concentration at 30 min after tainiflumate dosing was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of niflumic acid dosing. The more potent analgesic activity of talniflumate than niflumic acid might be related to this higher plasma drug concentration at the earlier phase. Considering that tainiflumate is less irritant to gastrointestinal mucosa than niflumic acid, talniflumate seems to be advantageous over niflumic acid in terms of activity and side effects.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.132-136
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• 2020

Oral mucosal melanoma is a very rare type of malignant melanoma, the characteristics of which differ from those of cutaneous melanoma. Primary amelanotic melanoma of the mandibular gingiva, which can invade the mandibular bone, is very rare worldwide. Here, we report a case in which we performed a reconstruction of the mandible and gingiva using the fibula osteocutaneous free flap procedure to treat a patient diagnosed with a primary amelanotic melanoma of the mandibular gingiva. The procedure was successful, and no recurrence was observed 10 months after surgery. Oral mucosal melanoma has a much poorer prognosis and a lower 5-year survival rate than cutaneous melanoma. However, recently, immunomodulatory therapies for mutations in melanocytic lesions have been used effectively to treat the increasing number of patients developing this type of melanoma, thus improving the prognosis of patients with oral mucosal melanoma.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.51-87
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• 1987

The incorporation of ³H-proline by epithelial and connective tissue elements of rat palatal mucosae was studied in order to investigate the relative levels of protein synthesis by the epithelium and underlying connective tissue cells. Following a sixty minutes incorporation of the radioactive tracer in vitro, it was found that the suprabasal cells had most grains per unit area. Furthermore, the grains were more concentrated over the cytoplasm than the nucleus. This was in contrast with the labeling of basal cells which had twice as many grains over the nucleoplasm than that over the cytoplasm. In intermediate cells; i.e., the spinous layer, the number of silver grains per unit area was decreased from that of the suprabasal cells. In areas where desmosomes were more prominent, many grains were in touch with such desmosomes. However, the labeling appeared to be reduced as soon as the cells became flattened. Moreover, the epidermal keratohyalin granules were relatively free of grains. Except for certain intercellular surfaces the keratinized cells were generally free of grains. On the connective tissue side, silver grains were primarily localized over the fibroblasts with occasional grains being found over palatal muscle cells, neural elements and so on. Most grains over collagenous fibers were found in relation to mature collagen fibrils. Thus, protein synthesis in isolated mucosae of the rat palate appeared to take place both in epithelial and connective elements. There were no apparent tissue alterations caused by the in vitro incorporation procedure utilized under conditions of this study.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2011

In traditional Korean medicine, inspection of the tongue is an important method of making medical diagnoses and determining prognosis. We surveyed the fluorescence characteristics of the tongue coat in the ultraviolet light. The tongue coat comprises micro-organisms, blood metabolites, leukocytes from periodontal pockets, large amounts of desquamated epithelial cells released from the oral mucosa and different nutrients. In the ultraviolet light tissues of the oral cavity generally emit weak red or green fluorescence, which is not easily seen by the human eye, but is readily detected. This fluorescence has been proved to be due to the production of porphyrins by oral micro-organisms. While the composition of motile micro-organisms on the dorsum of the tongue is not constant, variations also occur persistingly in the fluorescence characteristics of the tongue coat. But because live bacteria contain a variety of intracellular biomolecules that have specific excitation and emission wavelength spectra characterizing their intrinsic fluorescence, the tongue coat emits fluorescence. the tongue itself, on the other hand, emits very weak or not fluorescence. In conclusion, we suggests that the uncoated tongue area be eliminated from the coated tongue area with the difference between the fluorescence characteristics of the tongue and that of the tongue coat.