• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.653-657
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• 2007

A 12-year-old, intact female Toy Poodle and a 10-year-old, intact male Yorkshire terrier were referred with bilateral mandibular fractures, severe periodontal disease and teeth loss. In the second case, mandibular fractures were repaired with periodontal disease treatment. After a fallow-up period of 1 year, fracture healing was successful in the second case, however in the first case, bone healing was not satisfactory because mandibular fractures were repaired without the treatment of diseased teeth within the fracture line. Nonunion and inflammation of fracture sites, oral malodor confirmed in the first case and normal union of fracture sites observed in the second case. It suggests that the treatment of diseased teeth within the fracture line is mandatory for successful fracture healing.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2018

Metronidazole (MD), which is used as an antibiotic, is largely used as an oral and skin application agent, and has inhibiting effect on the production of the fungus causing malodor. However, the maximum drug inclusion concentration is 0.75% of skin ointment in commercially available. In this study, hydrogels containing high concentration of metronidazole were prepared by using radiation crosslinking technique based on biocompatible polymers, and release characteristics and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. This study was preliminary carried out to investigate whether it could be used effectively as antibacterial dressing materials.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2007

Occlusal stabilization appliance is one of the most common treatment option for management of temporomandibular disorders. It acts in oral cavity for several hours per day, and usually it will take at least 6 months to 2 years of total wearing periods to take a treatment goal. In the oral cavity, occlusal stabilization appliance, unintentional manner, is able to acts as a reservoir of bacteria and protect bacteria from saliva and oxygen. This condition is so favorable to many bacteria such as S. mutans and other anaerobes, usually have been reported as causative factors of dental caries, periodontal disease and oral malodor. In this study, we investigated anaerobic bacteria and S. mutans count before and after occlusal stabilization appliance use to evaluate the possible role of occlusal stabilization appliance as protector of these bacteria. Four men(average 27.5 years) wore maxillary occlusal stabilization appliance at each night(average 9 hours) for 5 days. we swabbed saliva-plaque mixed sample at 3 different site(maxillary left 2nd molar, maxillary left central incisor, mandibular left 2nd molar) before and after occlusal stabilization appliance use. Each samples were plated in (1) anaerobic blood agar medium, (2) selective S. mutans medium(MS-MUTV) and incubated in anaerobic chamber($CO^2$ 10%, $37^{\circ}C$) for 72 hours. Each bacterial colony forming unit(CFU) were counted with naked eyes. From obtained data, we can conclude as follows: 1. There was some changes about anaerobic bacteria and S. mutans count in oral cavity after occlusal stabilization appliance use. 2. The number of anaerobic bacteria was significantly increased at maxillary 2nd molar(P=0.003), maxillary central incisor(P=0.020) after occlusal stabilization appliance use compared with before. 3. Occlusal stabilization appliance use itself had indirect effect to increase the number of anaerobic bacteria at other uncovered opponent tooth site. 4. The number of S. mutans was significantly increased at maxillary 2nd molar(P=0.043), maxillary central incisor (P=0.049) after occlusal stabilization appliance use compared with before. 5. Occlusal stabilization appliance use itself had not any effect on the number of S. mutans at other uncovered opponent tooth site.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.137-150
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• 2007

Trees emit phytoncide into atmosphere to protect them from predation. Phytoncide from different trees has its own unique fragrance that is referred to as forest bath. Phytoncide, which is essential oil of trees, has microbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and deodorizing effect. The present study was performed to examine the effect of phytoncide on Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is one of the most important causative agents of periodontitis and halitosis. P. gingivalis 2561 was incubated with or without phytoncide extracted from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.; Japanese cypress) and then changes were observed in its cell viability, antibiotic sensitivity, morphology, and biochemical/molecular biological pattern. The results were as follows: 1. The phytoncide appeared to have a strong antibacterial effect on P. gingivalis. MIC of phytoncide for the bacterium was determined to be 0.008%. The antibacterial effect was attributed to bactericidal activity against P. gingivalis. It almost completely suppressed the bacterial cell viability (>99.9%) at the concentration of 0.01%, which is the MBC for the bacterium. 2. The phytoncide failed to enhance the bacterial susceptibility to ampicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin, and tetracycline but did increase the susceptibility to amoxicillin. 3. Numbers of electron dense granules, ghost cell, and vesicles increased with increasing concentration of the phytoncide, 4. RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of superoxide dismutase was increased in the bacterium incubated with the phytoncide. 5. No distinct difference in protein profile between the bacterium incubated with or without the phytoncide was observed as determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. Overall results suggest that the phytoncide is a strong antibacterial agent that has a bactericidal action against P. gingivalis. The phytoncide does not seem to affect much the profile of the major outer membrane proteins but interferes with antioxidant activity of the bacterium. Along with this, yet unknown mechanism may cause changes in cell morphology and eventually cell death.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of smoking among adolescents and their smoking-related oral health knowledge. The subjects in this study were the teens who were selected by convenience sampling from among the students who were in their first, second and third years in four different middle schools in the city of Iksan, North Jeolla Province. A self-administered survey was conducted from June 14 to July 12, 2011, and the answer sheets from 1,219 respondents were selected for analysis. The collected data were analyzed by the statistical package 12.0, and the findings of the study were as follows: 1. The smoker students accounted for 10.6 percent. The boys and girls who smoked respectively represented 16.0 and 5.4 percent. 2. As for the period of smoking, the largest group that accounted for 51.6 percent smoked for less than a year. Concerning the amount of daily smoking, the greatest group that accounted for 91.9 percent smoked less than 10 cigarettes. As to the motivation of smoking, the biggest group that represented 52.8 percent started to smoke out of curiosity. 3. Regarding smoking-related oral health knowledge, they got a mean of 0.85. Their scores in knowledge of oral malodor(0.95), oral cavity cancer(0.94) and periodontal diseases(0.93) were above the average, and their scores in knowledge of dental caries(0.70) and blunting of taste(0.77) were below the average. 4. The seventh graders got the best score of 5.28 in smoking-related oral health knowledge(p<0.01), and the students who were more satisfied with their life had a better oral health knowledge(p<0.05). 5. The senior students were more dependent on nicotine(p<0.01), and the number of smoking days(${\beta}=0.407$, p<0.001) and the period of smoking(${\beta}=0.235$, p<0.01) affected their nicotine dependence.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.449-459
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• 2004

Bacterial byproducts and volatile sulfur compounds(VSC) have been found to be the leading intra-oral agents, specifically, the byproducts of gram negative anaerobic bacteria have been implicated as primary factors of halitosis in patients presenting with periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between periodontal treatment and the subsequent reduction in the level of halitosis. Forty-three subjects presenting with periodontal disease were examined before periodontal treatment, one week after treatment, one month after treatment, and finally, two months after treatment, using a portable sulfide monitoring $Halimeter^{(R)}$ to measure the VSC concentrations at the prescribed intervals. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed at the one week, one month, and two month post-op intervals relative to the pre-op measurement. (p<0.05) 2. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed in subjects after completion of flap operations. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed at the one and two month post-flap operation measurement relative to the VSC concentration at one week (p<0.05), but no significant differences between the one month and two month VSC concentrations were found. (p<0.05) 3. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed in subjects after completion of subgingival curettage (p<0,05). Significant decreases were found between the one week and one month measurements and between the one month and two month measurements, but significant differences were not observed between the one week and two month measurements. (p<0.05) The results of this study show significant decreases in VSC concentration in test subjects after periodontal treatment. It can be inferred from the results above, that periodontal disease is a significant contributing factor of halitosis, and that treatment of periodontal disease can been an effective means of reducing VSC concentration in patients presenting with halitosis concurrent with periodontal disease.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

연구 목적 : 구취의 주된 화학적 요소는 휘발성 황 화합물 (VSCs)들이다. 이들은 치태, 설태, 타액과 혈액, 상피세포의 혐기성 그람 음성 세균에 의한 단백분해 변성으로 만들어 진다. 또한 구취는 치주질환과 타액내의 세균의 증가를 야기하는 불량한 구강 위생상태에서 기인한다고 보고되고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 VSCs를 측정함으로 구취에 대한 비외과적 치주 치료의 영향을 평가하고, 타액내의 세균 수를 측정함으로써 VSCs와의 상관관계를 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 연구 대상 및 방법 : 중등도의 만성치주염을 가지는 23명의 참가자들이 대조군과 실험군으로 분류되었다. 대조군은 구강위생교육 (치간청결기구와 혀세정 포함)만을 시행하였고 실험군은 구강위생교육과 함께 24시간 내에 전악 치석제거술과 치근활택술을 시행하였다. 치료 전과 치료 4주 후에 VSCs 농도를 $Halimeter^{(R)}$(Interscan Corp., CA, USA)를 사용하여 측정하였고 타액 시료는 혐기성과 호기성 조건에서 배양되었다. 결과 : 4주 후에 두 군 모두에서 휘발성 황화합물의 농도가 유의하게 감소하였고, 실험군에서의 감소량이 통계적으로 유의하게 더 크게 나타났다. 타액 내 세균의 배양에서 총세균수에 대한 혐기성 세균의 비율이 실험군에서만 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 그러나 세균의 비율과 휘발성 황화합물의 농도와의 상관관계는 낮게 나타났다. 즉 구취의 감소는 타액 요인 보다는 치주치료에 의한 다른 복합적인 인자의 작용에 의한 것으로 추론할 수 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 중등도의 치주염환자에서 구강위생교육만으로도 구취의 주요 화학적 요인인 휘발성 황화합물의 농도를 감소시킬 수 있으나 비외과적 치주치료를 동반하였을 때 더욱 큰 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 해석된다. 그러나 실험 참가자의 수가 적었고 장기간의 분석이 이루어지지 않았으므로 앞으로 더 많은 연구가 구취에 대한 치주치료의 영향을 이해하기 위해서 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2010

Objective: The aim of this prospective, case-controlled study was to assess the difference of the amount of tongue coating between halitosis and non-halitosis patients using a digital tongue diagnosis system (DTDS). Methods: Sixty-five patients complaining of oral malodor were recruited for the study. The level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the oral cavity of the patients was measured by a portable gas chromatography. All patients were then divided into two groups, the halitosis group ($H_2S{\geq}1.5ng$/10ml, or $CH_3SH{\geq}0.5ng$/10ml) and the non-halitosis group ($H_2S$<1.5ng/10ml and $CH_3SH$<0.5ng/10ml), according to the VSC level criteria published by Tonzetich. Tongue images of the two groups were acquired and analyzed by DTDS, followed by the analysis of the tongue coating scores. Results: The tongue coating scores of the halitosis group were significantly higher than of the non-halitosis group (P=0.033). Furthermore, the difference of the posterior tongue coating between the two groups was more significant (P=0.000). Conclusions: Halitosis patients were shown to have a thicker tongue coating than those in the non-halitosis group. Moreover, the posterior dorsum of the tongue should be observed more cautiously when dealing with halitosis patients. Also, the progress and state of the patient's symptom of halitosis as diagnosed objectively by the portable gas chromatography could also possibly be analyzed instead by the DTDS tongue coating score.