• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 1981

To identify the changes in professional care patterns after the introduction of medical insurance in Korea, professional care in hospitals and clinics of two succeeding years were compared. The hospitals and clinics selected for this study were those which located in Seoul city. Hospitals were classified into 3 categories: university hospital, general hospital and hospital. The diseases selected for this study were acute appendicitis and normal delivery. They were selected because their disease courses are considered to be fairly stable. The variables used for this study were length of stay, total hospital costs, costs of each components of cares. The information used for this study was obtained from the official forms requested by the medical facilities to the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation. The two periods studied were 3 months of each year from March 1st to May 31st in 1979 and 1980, The total number of normal delivery studied was 289 in 1979, 301 in 1980 respectively and the acute appendicitis was 92 and 111 respectively. In order to compare the quantity of medical care between 2 study periods the insurance price scores of 1979 were converted to prices of 1980. For statistical test of difference between 2 periods T-test and Welch's test were used. The result of the study were briefly summarized in below. 1. No significant difference was observed in the average length of stay of both disease between two study periods in all types of hospitals. 2. No significant difference was observed in the average total hospital costs of both diseases in all types of hospital, but in the private clinic the average clinic costs was rather decreased significantly in 1980. 3. More cost decrease were seen than cost increase in 1980 in all types of facilities, More cost changes by items were seen in acute appendicitis than in normal delivery between two study periods. The total hospital costs can be devided into 2 portions: charges for drug and material and for physician. In normal delivery, costs for physician's charges was significantly decreased in almost all the hospitals and costs for drug and material were not changed significantly in all the hospitals in 1980. In the university hospitals, however, the costs for drug and material were increased significantly in 1980. The cost decrease for physician's charge were mainly due to the decrease in the costs of laboratory test, treatment and physical therapy. The increase in the costs for the drug and material in the university hospitals was mainly due to the increase in the cost for drugs for oral administration and injection. 4. The proportion of components of medical care in the hospital has not been changed significantly, however, the cost for injection in normal delivery was characteristically increased in 1980 in all hospitals studied. In general the proportion of the costs for drug and material was tended to increase and the costs for physician was tended to decrease in 1980. The increase in the costs for drug and material were considered to be due to increase in the cost for drugs for oral administration and injection. The decrease in the costs for physician were due to decrease in the costs of laboratory test, treatment and physical therapy. Above mentioned changes in hospital and clinic care patterns are considered to be mostly influenced by the review criteria set by the K.I.C. for the assessment of the fee request made by clinics and hospitals.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to enhance the oral bioavailability (BA) of zanamivir (ZMR) by increasing its intestinal permeability using permeation enhancers (PE). Four different classes of PEs (Labrasol$^{(R)}$, sodium cholate, sodium caprate, hydroxypropyl ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin) were investigated for their ability to enhance the permeation of ZMR across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The flux and $P_{app}$ of ZMR in the presence of sodium caprate (SC) was significantly higher than other PEs in comparison to control, and was selected for further investigation. All concentrations of SC (10-200 mM) demonstrated enhanced flux of ZMR in comparison to control. The highest flux (13 folds higher than control) was achieved for the formulation with highest SC concentration (200 mM). The relative BA of ZMR formulation containing SC (PO-SC) in plasma at a dose of 10 mg/kg following oral administration in rats was 317.65% in comparison to control formulation (PO-C). Besides, the $AUC_{0-24\;h}$ of ZMR in the lungs following oral administration of PO-SC was $125.22{\pm}27.25$ ng hr $ml^{-1}$ with a $C_{max}$ of $156.00{\pm}24.00$ ng/ml reached at $0.50{\pm}0.00$ h. But, there was no ZMR detected in the lungs following administration of control formulation (PO-C). The findings of this study indicated that the oral formulation PO-SC containing ZMR and SC was able to enhance the BA of ZMR in plasma to an appropriate amount that would make ZMR available in lungs at a concentration higher (>10 ng/ml) than the $IC_{50}$ concentration of influenza virus (0.64-7.9 ng/ml) to exert its therapeutic effect.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2008

Objective: The Purpose of the study was to investigate the bone morphogenic protein expression of rhBMP-2(recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2) as singnaling molecule and ${\beta}-TCP$(Tricalcium phosphate) as a bone substitute and carrier medium of rhBMP-2. Materials and Methods: 16 rabbits divided into 2 group of each 8 rabbit. Two standardized bone defect, round bilateral defect was made in the cranium of the 8 rabbit of first group, and was grafted with $150{\sim}500{\mu}m$ diameter ${\beta}-TCP$ 0.25g in one side, which was soaked with rhBMP-2, and autogenous bone was grafted on another side as a positive control. Second group of 8 rabbit, only ${\beta}-TCP$ was grafted with same size and same manner. After 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, specimen was taken for microscopic immunohiostochemical and histomorphometric analysis. Result: Grafting ${\beta}-TCP$ with rhBMP show the early formation of the bone regenerative factor (BMP-4) and more quantity of new bone formation than only use of ${\beta}-TCP$ (8,12 week), even show less new bone formation than autogenous bone. Conclusion : The experimental study result that ${\beta}-TCP$ graft combination with rhBMP-2 as a delivery system is an effective with osteoinductive capacity and biodegradable properties, so that provide clinical availibility of composite use in reconstruction of bony defect.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.717-724
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• 2005

The nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) can significantly increase the ability of proteins to induce immunological tolerance after oral administration, when it was conjugated to various proteins. Recombinant CTB offers great potential for treatment of autoimmune disease. Here we firstly investigated the feasibility of silkworm baculovirus expression vector system for the cost-effective production of CTB under the control of a strong polyhedrin promoter. Higher expression was achieved via introducing the partial non-coding and coding sequences (ATAAAT and ATGCCGAAT) of polyhedrin to the 5' end of the native CTB gene, with the maximal accumulation being approximately 54.4 mg/L of hemolymph. The silkworm bioreactor produced this protein vaccine as the glycoslated pentameric form, which retained the GM1-ganglioside binding affinity and the native antigenicity of CTB. Further studies revealed that mixing with silkworm-derived CTB increases the tolerogenic potential of insulin. In the nonconjugated form, an insulin : CTB ratio of 100 : 1 was optimal for the prominent reduction in pancreatic islet inflammation. The data presented here demonstrate that the silkworm bioreactor is an ideal production and delivery system for an oral protein vaccine designed to develop immunological tolerance against autoimmune diabetes and CTB functions as an effective mucosal adjuvant for oral tolerance induction.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 1997

Buccal absorption test of omeprazole in human was performed to determine the permeability of the drug molecule through oral mucous membrane. Oral mucosal adhesive tablets of omeprazole were prepared by compressing the omeprazole with a mixture of sodium alginate and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) as bioadhesive polymers, magnesium oxide (MgO) as a stabilizer and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na CMC) or cros-carmellose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol) as disintegrants. The bioadhesive force, stability in saliva and release characteristics of the tablets were evaluated. Omeprazole was absorbed about 23% in 15 min through human buccal mucous membrane. Furthermore, omeprazole was stable in saliva for more than 8 hrs when MgO was added to the tablet as the amount of 2.5 fold of omeprazole. The release rate of omeprazole was increased with increasing the amount of sodium alginate in the tablet. From these results, it is suggested that tablets composed of [omeprazole/HPMC/sodium alginate/MgO/Ac-Di-Sol and/or Na CMC (20/6/24/50/10) (mg/tablet)] are potential candidate for buccal drug delivery system.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.161-164
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• 2003

Oral drug delivery system using pectin gel was developed for colon-targeting of peptide drug. BSA(bovine serum albumin)-loaded pectin and pectin-alginate beads were prepared for drug release properties in vitro. Morphological studies by electron microscopy indicated that pectin and pectin-alginate beads were spherical in shape and approximately 1.0 mm. In order to find the suitable beads, effects of cross-linking agents (calcium chloride or zinc acetate) and drying temperature of beads were investigated. Drug release decreased with concentration of cross-linking agents and drying temperature. For colonic drug delivery from pectin and pectin-alginate beads, pectin degradable enzymes were added at 5 hrs from the beginning of drug release. After addition of enzymes, drug release was suddenly increased against free enzymes. Therefore, pectin and pectin-alginate beads can be promised as useful drug release carriers for colon-targeted delivery.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.580-583
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to prepare a hydrogels composed of alginate blended with a carboxymethyl scleroglucan (CMSC) and evaluate the feasibility of the hydrogels as a drug delivery system for a protein. The main advantage of the alginate/CMSC hydrogels is to improve a restricted drug release from alginate hydrogels. The CMSC was chemically synthesized with chloroacetic acid and confirmed using a FT-IR. The alginate/CMSC hydrogels were prepared at distinct compositions by crosslinking with calcium ions. The swelling ratios of these hydrogels increased significantly with increasing the content of CMSC. At pH 7.4, the swelling ratios of the hydrogels increased remarkably as compared to those at pH 1.2. In ovalbumin (OVA) release test, the amount of OVA released from the hydrogels showed higher as compared to those released at pH 1.2. In addition, the release of OVA was improved with increasing the content of CMSC. Thus, the alginate/CMSC hydrogels may be used as a potential system for oral delivery of protein drugs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.272-274
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• 2015

Success of communication at sea is directly linked with clear and complete delivery and receipt of the target message between interlocutors. It can be said that speakers' effective delivery of their intended message and listeners' precise decoding and accurate understanding are the keys to successful maritime communication. From this perspective, the scope of maritime English education and training needs to be reconceptualized and expanded into the area of communication itself, beyond the simple acquisition of, and familiarization with, IMO Standard Maritime Communication Phrases (SMCP). Therefore, in order to make learners' acquisition of marine communication knowledge more feasible, and the knowledge learned more practically applicable, training on effective and clear oral delivery should be also considered within the frame of maritime English education. Thus, critical training elements to realize this goal need to be suggested as guidelines. In this presentation, the theoretical background on this will be introduced in terms of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and Lingua Franca Core (LFC), which are the current mainstream forms of English communication in the international business context. Based on this, six key training elements will be discussed; that is, speech rate, word groups, pauses, nuclear stresses, consonants (including consonant clusters), and vowels (specifically long and short vowels). Finally, the practical pedagogical methods of each element, and its actual application into a real ESP classroom, will be suggested.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.516-521
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• 2005

Drug delivery to the lymphatic system may be important in terms of the treatment with lymphatic involvement, such as tumor metastases and immunization. Especially, drug transport via the intestinal lymphatics after oral administration has been attracted lots of interests. The purpose of this study was to prepare cyclosporin A (CSA)-loaded liposomes, with different characteristics, and evaluate their mucoadhesivity. Three liposome preparations were formulated: cationic stearylamine liposomes (SA-Lip), anionic phosphatidylserine liposomes (PS-Lip), Polymer (chitosan)-coated liposomes (CS-Lip), and characterized. The liposome preparations were found to be spherical in shape, with PS-Lip being the smallest. The liposome preparations exhibited entrapment efficiencies in the order: PS-Lip $(52.5{\pm}2.9%)$ > SA-Lip $(48.8{\pm}3.3%)$ > CS-Lip $(41.7{\pm}4.2%)$. Finally, mucoadhesive tests were carried out using rat intestine, with SA-Lip (67%) showing the best adhesive rate of the three preparations (PS-Lip: 56%, CS-Lip: 61%). These results suggest that a positive charge on the surface of drug carriers may be an important factor for the intestinal drug delivery.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2010

A common method for treating oral mucosal diseases is taking medication by oral administration. The oral administration is the method of least resistance. Because large part of drugs is degraded by liver, it is necessary to take more drugs getting to appropriate level in blood stream. And there are so many side effects when patients take drugs by oral administration. In so many cases, the patients who suffer from oral mucosal problems have the other general diseases simultaneously. Willingly or not, some patients can't take the medicine by oral administration. Number of topical drugs for oral mucosal disease is less than that for skin diseases because the environment of oral mucosa prevents activity of medicine. In this paper, research on effects of topical type medication for treating oral mucosal diseases is conducted through investigating currently used medications and their effects. In addition, effects of dissolved oral medications with appropriate solvent are demonstrated if this medication is useful for patients clinically.