• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2012

This research collected work drilling report of TBM method site developed by WRITH company to TBM equipment company in Germany and analyzed work operating productivity. Based the data analyzed TBM operating productivity, This research derived and presented excavation speed(m/day) by TBM diameter (2.6m, 3.0m, 3.5m, 5.0m, 8.0m) and rock. Also, based on the excavation speed(m/day) by TBM diameter, This research estimated a day direct construction cost and total direct construction costs by applying a direct construction cost which spent on per 1m. Based on hard rock 40.0%, soft rock 30.0%, usually rock 20%, weathered rock 10.0%, TBM boring velocity, m per cost, total construction period shall estimate the construction cost and the construction period by the effective use by diameter when future applying TBM method to the basic planning stages and in the preliminary design phase.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.82-91
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of initial pH, current density, and electrolysis time on process performance in terms of decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from disperse dyebath wastewater (DDW) by mono-polar parallel laboratory scale electrocoagulation (EC) process. COD reduction of 51.3% and decolorization of 92.8% were obtained with operating cost of 0.19 €/㎥ treated wastewater for Al-Al electrode pair, while 90.5% of decolorization and 49.2% of COD reduction were obtained with operating cost of 0.20 €/㎥ treated wastewater for an Fe-Fe electrode pair. The amount of sludge production were highly related to type of the electrode materials. At the optimum conditions, the amount of sludge produced were 0.18 kg/㎥ and 0.28 kg/㎥ for Al-Al and Fe-Fe electrode pairs, respectively. High decolorization can be explained by the hydrophobic nature of the disperse dye, while limited COD removal was observed due to the high dissolved organic matter of the DDW based on auxiliary chemicals. Energy, electrode, and chemical consumptions and sludge handling were considered as major cost items to find a cost-effective and sustainable solution for EC. The contribution of each cost items on operating cost were determined as 10.0%, 51.1%, 30.5% and 8.4% for Al-Al, and they were also determined as 9.0%, 38.0%, 40.5% and 12.5% for Fe-Fe, respectively. COD reduction and decolorization were fitted to first-order kinetic rule.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.272-281
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• 1988

The problem of optimal transmission system planning is to find the most economical locations and time of transmission line construction under the various constraints such as available rights-of-way, finances, the technical characteristics of power system, and the reliability criterion of power supply, and so on. In this paper the constraint of right-of-way is represented as a finite set of available rights-of-way. And the constructed for a unit period. The electrical constraints are represented in terms of line overload and steady state stability margin. And the reliability criterion is dealt with the suppression of failure cost and with single-contingency analysis. In general, the transmission planning problem requires integer solutions and its objective function is nonlinear. In this paper the objective function is defined as a sum of the present values of construction cost and the minimum operating cost of power system. The latter is represented as a sum of generation cost and failure cost considering the change of yearly load, economic dispatch, and the line contingency. For the calculation of operating cost linear programming is adopted on the base of DC load flow calculation, and for the optimization of main objective function nonlinear Branch-and-Bound algorithm is used. Finally, for improving the efficiency of B & B algorithm a new sensitivity analysis algorithm is proposed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.102-110
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• 2014

It is a time to change the investment system for performances of co-producing according to development of the environment of performing arts in Korea. If we keep producing performances through the conventional method of the investment, we soon fall behind because production costs will increase by extension of the performance period. Investment companies generally require to the production company the investment principal guarantee as a condition for a investment. Producing companies have been producing performance with only ticket revenue and money of investment companies without their own money. Those two unreasonable things have raised a risk. So first of all, it is necessary to account marginal cost instead of average cost to decide more exactly open-running of performance. Second, it is necessary to change total cost as an investment parameter to production cost to avoid the unreasonable demands, such as a principal guarantee to production company. Therefore, we have to accept the budget planning of the United States to account the marginal cost and the production cost.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.77-87
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• 2015

Vendor Managed Inventory(VMI) is a distribution channel system where the inventory at the retailer is monitored and managed by the manufacturer or vendor. By pushing the decision making responsibility further up the supply chain and centralizing the replenishment decision, the vendor can help the entire supply chain be more competitive. The purpose of this research is to explore the factors influencing the adoption of VMI by Korean manufacturers. This research proposes the IT readiness, operating cost, and information sharing as antecedents of burden for VMI, and collected the survey responses from the small-to-medium manufacturers. The statistical results indicate that only the operating cost has a significant impact on the adoption of VMI. However it has also been found that the IT readiness and information sharing have a significant effect on the operating cost. Thus indirectly influence the adoption of VMI. As a conclusion, the academic and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2008

As use of construction equipment has been increasing continuingly, the proportion of equipment expense to the total construction cost has become higher. However, there is a difference between the equipment expenses section in 'Poom-Sam' and practical data, because 'Poom-sam' does not consider non-working days due to weather conditions, legal holidays and management conditions. Therefore, 'Poom-Sam' does not present a reasonable standard for estimating construction equipment expenses. In this study, to estimate realistic construction equipment operating hours, firstly, construction equipment was classified according to work, and weather conditions, in which each work could not be executed, were established. Then, weather data on Seoul and Busan($2004{\sim}2006$) and legal holidays were analyzed to suggest annual standard operating hours. The annual standard operating hours of earthmoving & excavating, compaction, and drilling equipment was estimated to be 1,430 hours, and lifting equipment, concrete paving equipment, asphalt paving equipment, concrete equipment, and crushing & conveying equipment were estimated to be 2,124 hours, 1,156hours, 1,188hours, 1,688hours, and 2,152hours respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2017

This study is to analyze differences in gross income between only forestry and agroforestry. In addition, cost structure and management performance on poultry farming was surveyed. The study sites were three forestry households located in Chungju, Kyungsan and Hwacheon. The method of its management performance were conducted by interview. And, survey items of the performance were operating expenses items and gross income items in 2015. As a result of study, gross income of Chungju business model was 25,608,000 won. The operating cost was 20,217,571 won so that the net income was 5,390,429 won. In case of Gyeongsan, gross income was 33,950,000 won and the operating cost was 18,655,714 won. Thus, the net income was 15,494,286 won. Hwacheon business model showed that gross income was 31,850,000 won, the operating cost was 13,143,000 won. Thus, the net income was 18,707,000 won. And, break-even point of sale volume, which meets cost, was 617 chicken in Chungju, 125 chicken in Gyeongsan, and 63 chicken in Hwacheon. In terms of selling cost-per-production ratio, Chungju business model was 79%, Kyungsan was 55% and Hwacheon was 41%. The results of this study indicates that margin ratio per chicken was 21% in Chungju, 45% in Kyungsan and 59% in Hwacheon. On Agroforestry, increasing rate for gross income was evaluated by 16% in Chungju, 18% in Gyeongsan and 11% Hwacheon.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.215-224
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• 2022

This study tried to examine the effect of cost asymmetry on food service companies and what characteristics affect such cost behavior. This study analyses cost behavior for cost of good sold, selling, general and administrative cost over the 2019-2020 period. Also, the rate of change in activity level was measured using change in sales. This study measures the behavior of cost using the research model of [1]. As a result of the analysis, it was found that food service companies exhibited cost asymmetric behavior as their sales level decreased. In addition, the cost asymmetric behavior has been strengthened since the corona virus, and the shorter the operating cycle. Lastly, the shorter the inventory holding period and the collection period of accounts receivable, which are components of the operating cycle, more strengthen asymmetric behavior of costs. These results seem to be meaningful in examining the cost structure and factors that may affect the structure for food service industry. This has approached the cost aspect of the situation faced by service food companies due to COVID-19, and it can be suggested that this pandemic can lead to cost reduction due to a decrease in corporate sales.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.37-78
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze the operating expenses and to estimate the standard child-care service cost in family childcare centers. The subjects were 442 family childcare centers in Korea and the data were analyzed with descriptive statistics by using SPSS 18.0 programs. The main results were as follows. Firstly, as the result of operating expenses analyses of family childcare centers, monthly average staff wages were 5,120,000 won and average general operating costs per month were 5,114,170 won. Therefore, monthly average operating costs of family childcare centers were totally 10,234,170 won. Secondly, the four standard child care service costs were calculated on the basis of the directors holding an additional teacher's position concurrently, whether the additional cooking staff were employed or not, and the type of lunch/snack materials.

• Proceedings of the Society of Korea Industrial and System Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.189-194
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• 2002

As a environment of SCM is issued recently, many enterprises are concerned about inventory control for an efficiency of operation and reliablity. The goal of them is to match up to improving of facilities and redoing of inventory cost. To put an efficiency in the operation rate of facilites, A moderate provision of spare parts for that would come into a matter. This study designs two-echelon spare parts distribution system and sees over the relationship between operating rate and inventories of spare parts. and then it determines fitting inventories and investment cost considering an operating rate.