• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.53-68
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• 2000

This study investigated differences between the ability of children and young adults to describe their experience. Forty 5-year-olds and 40 16-year-olds viewed 12 pictures(Azmitia, 1987) and responded to open-ended, closed and misleading questions. Responses were categorized by the SPSS WIN program into rate of correctness, incorrectness, unresponsiveness and "don't know". Data were analyzed by t-test. On open-ended questions, the rate of incorrectness by young adults was higher than that of children. On closed questions, children had a higher rate of incorrectness than young adults. On misleading questions, children showed a lower performance in the rate of correctness and "don't know" and the rate of incorrectness by children was higher than that of young adults.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.361-383
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• 2011

This study is on teaching about the areas of plane figures through open instruction, which aims to discover the pedagogical meanings and implications in the application of open methods to math classes by running the Math A & B classes regarding the areas of parallelogram, triangle, trapezoid and rhombus for fifth graders of elementary school through open instruction method and analyzing the educational process. This study led to the following results. First, it is most important to choose proper open-end questions for classes on open instruction methods. Teachers should focus on the roles of educational assistants and mediators in the communication among students. Second, teachers need to make lists of anticipated responses from students to lead them to discuss and focus on more valuable methods. Third, it is efficient to provide more individual tutoring sessions for the students of low educational level as the classes on open instruction methods are carried on. Fourth, students sometimes figured out more advanced solutions by justifying their solutions with explanations through discussions in the group sessions and regular classes. Fifth, most of students were found out to be much interested in the process of thinking and figuring out solutions through presentations and questions in classes and find it difficult to describe their thoughts.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.141-158
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• 2001

Criticism of today finds itself in an awkward situation, for it is now being transformed in the same way that literature and the arts were transformed by the avant-garde movements at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It is characterized predominantly by a break with harmony and with the values of realism. As such, it is driven by a post-modem ethos, an artistic, social, and cultural phenomenon that veers toward open, fragmentary, and indeterminate forms. In this paper, I examine today's most urgent social and cultural issues with reference to artistic production and criticism, in order to illuminate the true nature of criticism. The outstanding questions in the world of art criticism are given in five categories: the lack of critical reality in argumentative criticism; the problem of artistic and literary production in global capitalism; the artistic mind and its consciousness of socio-historical ideology; anxiety of the rise of cyberjournalistic criticism; and the question of subordination to western systems in the field of interpretation and criticism. For my analysis, I have tried to formulate a three-dimensional critique structure that will help us organize the relationships between the points of argument: 1) criticism as a creative force behind the artist; 2) criticism as critique of artistic production; and 3) criticism as critique of other critics. This multi-layered structure will be appropriate to our task of interpretation and evaluation, as the proposed complex structure of criticism will be able to embrace the diverse aspects of our problematic argument. In the final analysis, my argument resolves itself into a question of art, more specifically into a question of criticism as a protective device of art in an age threatened by globalization and cultural monopolization.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.47.1-47.1
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• 2015

The formation mechanism of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the center of galaxies remains an open fundamental question. Black holes (BHs) are believed to grow by accretion of gas or by merging with other BHs. Motivated by the observation of luminous quasar around redshift z ~ 7 with SMBH mass up to 109 solar mass, we follow the growth of the early assembly of SMBHs that trace the hierarchical evolution of dark matter halos derived from large cosmological simulations. The initial masses of BH seeds in the first halos were set up according to the BH mass - halo mass relation. We assume that mergers of host galaxies cause loss of angular momentum of gas and trigger episodes of gas accretion onto BHs for available durations and at the end of each episode of accretion, BHs merge immediately. We trace the evolution of BH masses for various scenarios for central gas properties in halos. We estimate the BH to halo mass ratio and BH mass function at each redshift.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.855-861
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• 2019

The geodesics on the round 2-sphere $S^2$ are all simple closed curves of equal length. In 1903 Otto Zoll introduced other Riemannian surfaces with the same property. After that, his name is attached to the Riemannian manifolds whose geodesics are all simple closed curves of the same length. The question that "whether or not the set of Zoll metrics on 2-sphere $S^2$ is connected?" is still an outstanding open problem in the theory of Zoll manifolds. In the present paper, continuing the work of D. Jane for the case of the Ricci flow, we show that a naive application of some famous geometric flows does not work to answer this problem. In fact, we identify an attribute of Zoll manifolds and prove that along the geometric flows this quantity no longer reflects a Zoll metric. At the end, we will establish an alternative proof of this fact.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.151-166
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• 1998

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of a practical problem-based instruction(PPBHEI) perceived by female and male high school students. One Group post-test only design was used in this quasiexperimental study. The experimental group of the study was 101(67 male and 34 female) second grade students of a high school in Kyung Kee Area. The Practical Problem-Based Home Economics Instruction had been conducted to the group during the 14th weeks of 1997 spring semester. Post-test including the two parts was conducted at the end of the semester. The instrument of the study was developed and used, based on the previous literature after testing validity and reliability by the researcher. The questionnaire was composed of open-ended question. The data of this study were analyzed by content analysis. The results were as follows: 1)both female and male respondents indicated PPBHEI helped to improve their friendships(93.1%), expression skills(69.3%), their thinking ability(82.1%), and problem soiving skills(76.2%); 2)both female and male respondents indicated that problems of PPBHEI were that a few students didn't like joining the class and classroom space was too small; and 3)half of students(52.3%) perceived the Practical Problem-Based Home Economics Instruction related to student achievement.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.173-179
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• 1998

To overcome obstacles and to attain the goals of practical training for the students in the department of physical therapy it is necessary to effective an effective system for practical training. And to develop a good System it is essential to monitor the response of the students in practical training of physical therapy and to gather fundamental data. The author made up a questionnaire to the students in the department of physical therapy after the end of practical training course. The questionnaire consisted of 13 questionnaire for the general characterisitcs of the students, 19 questions for the degree of satisfaction (4 for the environment of practical training, 4 for the environment of practical training, 4 for the content 3 for the time assignment and 4 for the evaluation) and one open question. As results the students were satisfied with the practicality and fresh experience. But they were relatively unsatisfied with the environment of the practical training and the number and sincerity of the trainers. Especially they were dissatisfied with the correspondence with the objectives of education, conection with the lecture, communication with the trainers, time assignment and evaluation. As a Part of efforts to formulate an effective system fer practical training it is necessary to estabilish concrete goals and detail check lists to guide both trainers and students.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.4-23
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• 2020

This study examines the universal meaning of the roof-end tile, our cultural property, and especially focuses on an ontological interpretation of the "Smile of Silla" roof-end tile. In addition, the problem of good and evil read here is considered in connection with the universal problem of philosophy. The issue of good and evil is a theme in philosophy, theology, religion, and culture that will endure throughout human history in both the East and the West. Augustine and Schelling inquired deeply into the source of evil and obtained an answer to this question based on their methods, but their answer is not universal or absolute, or an answer that applies to everyone. This is because the issue of good and evil possesses both a direct relationship with every human being and a characteristic that will remain unresolved. That is to say, the metaphysical question regarding the source of evil will always be one that is open. Nietzsche, however, repudiated the morals handed down through Socrates and Christianity, and urged that we reside "beyond good and evil." This brief review argues that good and evil exists in the form of a being in itself, whether it is within our grasp or not, and reveals that good and evil is more "this-worldly" than it is "other-worldly". The roof-end tiles with facial markings passed on to us also presuppose that evil is in full force in this world and exerts its influence. This review taps into several folk methods for coping with the existence of an invincible evil that surpasses human capability and contemplates the extraordinary and creative ideas of the Silla people through their "Smile of Silla" roof-end tiles with facial markings that were used to counter evil.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2005

Anaerobic decomposition is one of the most common processes in nature and has been extensively used in waste and wastewater treatment for several centuries. New applications and system modifications continue to be adapted making the process either more effective, less expensive, or suited to the particular waste in question and the operation to which it is to be applied. Animal manure is a highly biodegradable organic material and will naturally undergo anaerobic fermentation, resulting in release of noxious odors, such as in manure storage pits. Depending on the presence or absence of oxygen in the manure, biological treatment process may be either aerobic or anaerobic. Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria carry on fermentative metabolisms to break down the complex organic substances into simpler organic acids and then convert them to ultimately formed methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic biological systems for animal manure treatment include anaerobic lagoons and anaerobic digesters. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principal end products of controlled anaerobic digestion. These two gases are collectively called biogas. The biogas contains $60\~70\%$ methane and can be used directly as a fuel for heating or electrical power generation. Trace amounts of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide ($100\~300\;ppm$) are always present in the biogas stream. Anaerobic lagoons have found widespread application in the treatment of animal manure because of their low initial costs, ease of operation and convenience of loading by gravity flow from the animal buildings. The main disadvantage is the release of odors from the open surfaces of the lagoons, especially during the spring warm-up or if the lagoons are overloaded. However, if the lagoons are covered and gases are collected, the odor problems can be solved and the methane collected can be used as a fuel. Anaerobic digesters are air-tight, enclosed vessels and are used to digest manure in a well-controlled environment, thus resulting in higher digestion rates and smaller space requirements than anaerobic lagoons. Anaerobic digesters are usually heated and mixed to maximize treatment efficiency and biogas production. The objective of this work was to review a current anaerobic biological treatment of animal manure for effective new technologies in the future.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.183-198
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• 2011

With the recent development of IT technology, the existing contents have been digitalized through various distribution channels. Accordingly, a lot of studies have been done in order to figure out the distribution and features of digital contents, In these studies, however, categorical characteristics of digital contents were not considered ; most of the previous researchers saw digital contents as only a single item or focused on some contents within particular part such as movie, music, etc. So, this study divides digital contents into movies, music and texts. I was going to study which factors affect Customer Satisfaction in relation with the kind of contents. With SERVQUAL as independent variables, which affect the Customer satisfaction, I used five factors :Design Quality, Information Quality, Security Quality, Communication Quality and Transaction Quality. As for the detailed items, I corrected them with Open-End Question and Pre Survey Research, which are more fit into the features of digital contents. This research conducted Principle Component Analysis, Reliability Test, Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis. I verified that each factor of Service Qualities has a positive effect on Customer Satisfaction. Moreover, the factors of the effect are different according to the kind of digital contents. This paper was added Exploratory Study to find the best distribute channel. For the study, I search the possible distribute channel in each digital contents and their characteristic.