• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.245-250
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• 2019

In this paper, the notion of ${\gamma}$-operation on a supratopological space is introduced. We found that the ${\gamma}$-operation induces a supratopology (topology) containing a given supratopology. We also introduce the notions of (${\gamma}$, S)-continuous function and almost ${\Gamma}$-supracompact defined by ${\gamma}$-operation on a supratopological space and investigate some properties for such notions.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

As our global population grows each day, it is apparent that we must find new ways to provide space for habitation and the services necessary to support large urban areas. It is no longer advisable nor acceptable to continue to expand our cities on the surface, encroaching on valuable agricultural land and open space. We must also find ways to be more energy efficient in every aspect of our societies. Effective use of underground space can provide the space necessary to accommodate larger populations and the services necessary for their support in existing urban areas we can also find new ways to utilize underground facilities to improve urban efficiency and function. Underground technology has improved dramatically in the last two decades and continues to evolve to meet a great variety of applications. The confluence of available technology, economic feasibility, and greater acceptance of underground solutions with recognition of the need to change the ways we build and use out urban areas and their surrounding environment indicates that we are witnessing only the beginning of appropriate and innovative use of underground space future generations will indeed 'Think deep'.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 1993

In this paper, we introduce a concept of quasi $O_{z}$ -spaces which generalizes that of $O_{z}$ -spaces. Indeed, a completely regular space X is a quasi $O_{z}$ -space if for any regular closed set A in X, there is a zero-set Z in X with A = c $l_{x}$ (in $t_{x}$ (Z)). We then show that X is a quasi $O_{z}$ -space iff every open subset of X is $Z^{#}$-embedded and that X is a quasi $O_{z}$ -spaces are left fitting with respect to covering maps. Observing that a quasi $O_{z}$ -space is an extremally disconnected iff it is a cloz-space, the minimal extremally disconnected cover, basically disconnected cover, quasi F-cover, and cloz-cover of a quasi $O_{z}$ -space X are all equivalent. Finally it is shown that a compactification Y of a quasi $O_{z}$ -space X is again a quasi $O_{z}$ -space iff X is $Z^{#}$-embedded in Y. For the terminology, we refer to [6].[6].

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2002

This landscape design proposal was presented to a design competition for the KangWon Province Police Agency(KPA). The site, about 27,711 $m^2$, is located at 293-4 Udu-dong, Chunchun, KangWon-Do. Design objectives of the KPA were to build a symbolic place which fall community members with pride, to elevate an identity and status of the KPA by creating a landscape correspondent to the concept of the building design, to provide community residents with a space to enjoy cultural and social activities, and to make environment friendly space. The main concept was developed by one of characteristics of the traditional spatial structure of Korea known as an, 'Open and Closed spatial structure.'By re-interpreting the traditional spatial structure and applying it to the site, the design met the various desires of the KPA. The site is primarily segmented into 6 sub spaces; entrance space Podori plaza, symbolic court, police billeting area, sports area, and rear rest area. The entrance space, Podori plaza, and symbolic court on the south-west part of the site represent the publicity of the site as the concept of ″open space.″ On the contrary, considering the specialty of police affairs, the north-east part of the site, which contains the police billeting area and rest area, were designed to maintain security by using the concept of ″closed space.″ To express an identity of the KPA, 'Podori', a police mascot, the plaza was designed and is suppose to function as the hub of the community. In the front section of the plaza, a symmetrical planting pattern, centering the strong axis, was introduced to strengthen its symbolic meaning. Traditional window frames such as the pattern of 'Pisal-jige'and 'Umulsal-jige' were used for the paving system which is applied as the environment friendly design. Site facilities and furnitrue were placed at every important spot in order to connect various spaces organically. As these well-tied spaces properly shared their function, spatial sequence and management would be promoted. The entire space was designed to allow free access of handicapped people. This proposal is meant to create a new image of KangWon province and to enhance the way of inhabitants' think about their community.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.254-263
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• 2012

This study found out the change of spacial form of detached house in Korea on a 10-year basis from 1980s though analysis on the architecture of each period. For the subject houses of this study, the detached houses introduced repeatedly as excellent cases in technical journals for architecture were collected among those completed by architects who designed numerous houses and a survey was conducted on 18 detached houses of 18 architects among the in urban style houses in Seoul and suburban style houses in the suburbs of Seoul. Through this study, it could be found that, as the morphological application of traditional architecture was settled with spatial concept, the external spatial form of the detached houses in Korea after 1980s was changed to westernized form but the internal spacial form had been continuously changing suitable to our emotion by reflecting the living habit and taste with the traditional attitude to perceive and accept the nature. As for the change in the forms of interior space, vertical space with more than two floors became common. Front porch and stair hall, which were located at the center of a house and became an important spacial element that overlapped family's moving line, changed to open and bright space that used transparent glass and increased the space to contact the open air, reflecting our living habit and taste that preferred the feeling of internal openness. A Private space, main room, was more segmented and luxurious, and a public space, living room, secured the independency by getting close to symbolic yard. As for the change in the form of exterior space, the form of façade window has been changing in its location and size and brought free images due to the advancement of technology and material. The shape of roofs was borrowed from western style and a lot of geometrical forms that break away from the concept of angle rater and eaves are appearing.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.454-463
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• 2013

Upon changing architectural education system into 5-year program, the design studio in university should meet the requirement in order to acquire the accredition. This study investigates on student' perceptions and responses, according to the configuration(open, mixed, closed), to their studio environment. Results and suggestions are as follows for all types: First, there should be space for individual activities for the student: Second, excluding space for excluding space for the individual work, seperated area must be provided for co-operative work, such as making models; Third, a clear territorial distintion between the individual and the co-work space should be able to set by the students, using. for instance, movable partition or corridor; Fourth, however, in line with the types, a seperated lecture or seminar room in the open type, a device to prevent distraction such as noise in the mixed type, and more space for co-work in the closed type are also suggested.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.201-203
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• 2017

There exists strong evidence supporting the co-evolution of central supermassive black holes and their host galaxies; however it is still under debate how such a relation comes about and whether it is relevant for all or only a subset of galaxies. An important mechanism connecting AGN to their host galaxies is AGN feedback, potentially heating up or even expelling gas from galaxies. AGN feedback may hence be responsible for the eventual quenching of star formation and halting of galaxy growth. A rich multi-wavelength dataset ranging from the X-ray regime (Chandra), to far-IR (Herschel), and radio (WSRT) is available for the North Ecliptic Pole field, most notably surveyed by the AKARI infrared space telescope, covering a total area on the sky of 5.4 sq. degrees. We investigate the star formation properties and possible signatures of radio feedback mechanisms in the host galaxies of 237 radio sources below redshift z = 2 and at a radio 1.4 GHz flux density limit of 0.1 mJy. Using broadband SED modelling, the nuclear and host galaxy components of these sources are studied simultaneously as a function of their radio luminosity. Here we present results concerning the AGN content of the radio sources in this field, while also offering evidence showcasing a link between AGN activity and host galaxy star formation. In particular, we show results supporting a maintenance type of feedback from powerful radio-jets.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2020

This study derives the characteristics of the private external space planning in multi-family housing through the analysis of the good case built after 2000 in Europe. First, the cases were categorized into block or block perimeter, linear and point type to examine the relationship between the type of building in urban context and the location of private external space. By block or block perimeter and linear type, private external spaces are planned in the inner courtyards or open space between buildings used as common space for residents, inducing communications between neighbors. And the direction of private external space depends on the arrangement of the building mass in urban context. In the classification as point type, there are many cases, where private external spaces are arranged in all directions, connected almost all interior spaces. Second, based on the above results, the planned characteristics of the private external space are derived by dividing it into three categories: intermediated space between inside and outside, intermediate space between private and public /individual and collective space and the identity of the intermediate space. (1) In most cases, direction, size of enclosed area and location of private extern space is designed to fit the surrounding context, so residents can perceive as much of the assets of the surrounding environment as possible, and it can be used as an extended area of living space. In another cases, it is divided into various sub-areas to experience the spatial transition from inside to outside or vice versa. 2) The private external space, which is placed in a courtyard or in a collective open space, is partially enclosed and blocked, allowing interaction with the neighbors without pressure. Along the street, they are designed to allow residents to experience the vitality of the city and to be formative element of the facade, which could confidently reveal the lifestyle and taste of residents. 3) By some of point types, which facade is three-demensional layer as a habitable external space, the private external space is very flexible for use. This intermediate space is composed of diverse spaces for various needs, or it has generous size with positional conditions connected with all interior spaces to be used multi-functional.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.15-29
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• 1997

Open education started spontaneously in elementary school and accommodates positively as a result of educational reformation. Open education also contributes to the development of human nature. This developes a creative power and inhances independence according to a main task of school support for the 21st century. A premise of this study is how to fulfill a fresh and wide space field of learning which is an indispensable condition of open education. The study analysed the teachers' reactions to open education after classifying an atmosphere of reception, understanding concepts, and application. This examined the concept, basic principles, characteristics, teaching-learning activiters open education, and quality of learning. The method of research used was on the results from the percentages of questionnaires that were posted to the sample schools. Although the final outcome to open education can not be summarized, three preconclusions of open education are as follows; First an atmosphere of reception is spreading continuously day by day. Secondly, understanding the concept of open education is very important. Thirdly, go percent of all schools have experienced open education were applied to open education. Contrary to some affirmative reactions, there are some disadvantages to open education. incdule, poor educational environments, difficulty in managing schools, lack of repetition of old out-dated teaching skills. Finally in conclusion, we must learn to adapt to the new method of open education as our educational system for the 21st century can not simply rely upon the open education motto. Above all, we must support educational reform and enforce the development of education within the education act.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.4902-4932
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• 2016

The popularity of network virtualization has recently regained considerable momentum because of the emergence of OpenFlow technology. It is essentially decouples a data plane from a control plane and promotes hardware programmability. Subsequently, OpenFlow facilitates the implementation of network virtualization. This study aims to provide an overview of different approaches to create a virtual network using OpenFlow technology. The paper also presents the OpenFlow components to compare conventional network architecture with OpenFlow network architecture, particularly in terms of the virtualization. A thematic OpenFlow network virtualization taxonomy is devised to categorize network virtualization approaches. Several testbeds that support OpenFlow network virtualization are discussed with case studies to show the capabilities of OpenFlow virtualization. Moreover, the advantages of popular OpenFlow controllers that are designed to enhance network virtualization is compared and analyzed. Finally, we present key research challenges that mainly focus on security, scalability, reliability, isolation, and monitoring in the OpenFlow virtual environment. Numerous potential directions to tackle the problems related to OpenFlow network virtualization are likewise discussed.