• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.69-75
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• 2016

PURPOSES : In this study, we evaluated changes in the retroreflectivity and luminance of phosphorescent road line markings with changes in glass beads and line marking thickness. METHODS : The color of line markings affects their retroreflectivity. Using a chromaticity test, we conducted the analysis of whether phosphorescent road line markings adhered to the "KS M 6080" standard. Then, we measured the dry retroreflectivity and wet retroreflectivity for various glass bead refractive indices. We conducted wet retroreflectivity test using the EN 1436 standard as the basis. We also conducted luminance tests for different glass bead refractive indices and line marking thicknesses. RESULTS : 1. Phosphorescent road line markings specimens satisfied the "KS M 6080" standard. 2. In dry retroreflectivity test, phosphorescent road line markings sprayed with glass beads satisfied the national police agency standard ($240mcd/(m^2{\cdot}Lux)$). Wet retroreflectivity test results showed that except for one type of No.1 glass beads, phosphorescent road line markings specimens sprayed with glass beads of one type of No.3 and two types of No.1 satisfied the national police agency standard ($100mcd/(m^2{\cdot}Lux)$). 3. Phosphorescent road line markings had higher retroreflectivity than non-phosphorescent road line markings in the dry condition. 4. Phosphorescent road line markings sprayed with glass beads demonstrated improved luminance. Luminance increased with higher glass bead refractive index and with increased line marking thickness. However, when the thickness crossed a certain threshold, phosphorescence ceased to increase; this is a characteristic of the phosphorescence phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS : Visibility across short distances can be ensured when phosphorescent road line markings are sprayed with glass beads, because of the retroreflection phenomenon. It is also possible to ensure far visibility using phosphorescent road line markings.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.50-58
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• 2011

To utilize wind resources effectively around buildings in urban area, the magnitudes of wind velocity and turbulence intensity are important, which means the need of the information about the relationship between the magnitude of wind velocity and that of fluctuating wind velocity. In the paper, wind-tunnel experiments were performed to provide the information about Characteristic of Wind flow around buildings with the spanwise distance and the side ratio of buildings as variables. For a single building with the side ratios of one and two, the average velocity ratio was 1.4 and the velocity standard deviation ratio ranged from 1.4 to 2.6 at the height of 0.02m at the corner of the windward side, in which flow separation occurred. For twin buildings with the side ratios of one and two, the velocity ratio ranged from 2 to 2.5 as the spanwise distance varied at the height of 0.02m, and the velocity standard deviation ratio varied near 1.25. For twin buildings with the side ratios of one and two, the maximum velocity ratio was 1.75 at the height of 0.6m, and the maximum velocity standard deviation ratio was 2.1. It was also found from the results of CFD analysis and wind-tunnel experiments that for twin buildings with the side ratios of one and two, the difference between the velocity ratio of CFD analysis and that of wind-tunnel experiments at streamwise distances was near 0.75.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.241-255
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• 2012

Recently, smart home environments which provide complex services through smart appliances are becoming realized, due to the advances in connected devices and network technologies. Current smart home environments are mostly restricted, because of difficultly of integration of heterogeneous smart appliances. Therefore radical service integration is impracticable. In this paper, we analyze and implement Machine-to-Machine (M2M) standards which are established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) for integrating heterogeneous devices and services. Smart Home is one of the areas covered by ETSI M2M standards, however these standards are just standardized, so adaption and assessment in smart home are not proved yet. Therefore, this paper analyze ETSI M2M standards by focusing the data transport model and evaluate by selecting the most commonly used smart home scenarios and by implementing ETSI M2M standards compatible smart metering system. In some points ETSI M2M standards are not efficient because of its complexity of structure, however ETSI M2M provides sophisticated features for integrating M2M which are appropriate to adopt diverse smart home environments.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1202-1206
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• 2004

A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/ MS) method for the determination of lithospermic acid B (LSB) in rat serum was developed. LSB and internal standard, 7-hydroxy-3-phenyl-chromen-4-one (HPC) were extracted from rat serum with methyl-tert-butyl ether at acidic pH and analyzed on a Luna $C_8$ column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-ammonium formate (10 mM, pH 6.5) (50:50, v/v). The analytes were detected using a negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple- reaction-monitoring mode. The standard curve was linear $(r^2 = 0.997)$ over the concentration range of 10.0-500 ng/mL. The coefficient of variation and relative error for intra- and interassay at three QC levels were 1.1~6.2% and -10.3~-2.7%, respectively. The recovery of LSB from serum sample ranged from 73.2 to 79.5%, with that of HPC (internal standard) being 75.1 %. The lower limit of quantification for LSB was 10 ng/mL using 50 ${\mu}L$ of serum sample.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.3-11
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• 2016

In the environment of Internet of Things (IoT), IoT devices are limited by physical components such as power supply and memory, and also limited to their network performance in bandwidth, wireless channel, throughput, payload, etc. Despite these limitations, resources of IoT devices are shared with other IoT devices. Especially, remote management of the information of devices and patients are very important for the IoT healthcare service, moreover, providing the interoperability between the healthcare device and healthcare platform is essential. To meet these requirements, format of the message and the expressions for the data information and data transmission need to comply with suitable international standards for the IoT environment. However, the ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD (Personal Healthcare Device) standards, the existing international standards for the transmission of health informatics, does not consider the IoT environment, and therefore it is difficult to be applied for the IoT healthcare service. For this matter, we have designed and implemented the IoT healthcare system by applying the oneM2M, standards for the Internet of Things, and ISO/IEEE 11073 DIM (Domain Information Model), standards for the transmission of health informatics. For the implementation, the OM2M platform, which is based on the oneM2M standards, has been used. To evaluate the efficiency of transfer syntaxes between the healthcare device and OM2M platform, we have implemented comparative performance evaluation between HTTP and CoAP, and also between XML and JSON by comparing the packet size and number of packets in one transaction.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based method for supporting resource management of IoT software platforms in a multi-modal sensing scenario. We assume that an IoT device installed with a oneM2M-compatible software platform is connected with various sensors such as PIR, sound, dust, ambient light, ultrasonic, accelerometer, through different embedded system interfaces such as general purpose input output (GPIO), I2C, SPI, USB. Based on a collected dataset including CPU usage and user-defined priority, a machine learning model is trained to estimate the level of nice value required to adjust according to the resource usage patterns. The proposed method is validated by comparing with a rule-based control strategy, showing its practical capability in a multi-modal sensing scenario of IoT devices.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.483-496
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• 2008

Qualified ground control points (GCPs) are required to construct a digital elevation model (DEM) from a pushbroom stereo pair. An inverse geolocation algorithm for extracting GCPs from ERS SAR data and the SRTM DEM was recently developed. However, not all GCPs established by this method are accurate enough for direct application to the geometric correction of pushbroom images such as SPOT, IRS, etc, and thus a method for selecting and removing inaccurate points from the sets of GCPs is needed. In this study, we propose a method for evaluating GCP accuracy and winnowing sets of GCPs through orientation modeling of pushbroom image and validate performance of this method using SPOT stereo pair of Daejon City. It has been found that the statistical distribution of GCP positional errors is approximately Gaussian without bias, and that the residual errors estimated by orientation modeling have a linear relationship with the positional errors. Inaccurate GCPs have large positional errors and can be iteratively eliminated by thresholding the residual errors. Forty-one GCPs were initially extracted for the test, with mean the positional error values of 25.6m, 2.5m and -6.1m in the X-, Y- and Z-directions, respectively, and standard deviations of 62.4m, 37.6m and 15.0m. Twenty-one GCPs were eliminated by the proposed method, resulting in the standard deviations of the positional errors of the 20 final GCPs being reduced to 13.9m, 8.5m and 7.5m in the X-, Y- and Z-directions, respectively. Orientation modeling of the SPOT stereo pair was performed using the 20 GCPs, and the model was checked against 15 map-based points. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the model were 10.4m, 7.1m and 12.1m in X-, Y- and Z-directions, respectively. A SPOT DEM with a 20m ground resolution was successfully constructed using a automatic matching procedure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.544-547
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• 1987

Pulmonary vein wedge angiography was applied to two patients of 2 years old TOF with PFO. Left pulmonary artery was not visualized by standard right ventriculogram and catheter was not entered into main pulmonary artery. Through PFO and left atrium, pulmonary vein wedge angiography at left lower pulmonary vein was done. The ipsilateral pulmonary artery & its trees in both cases and the contralateral pulmonary artery in one case were well visualized. Dangerous complication, such as massive bronchoconstriction due to extravasation of contrast material into the bronchus, was not developed. Mild coughing was occurred, but well tolerable in both cases. We recommended a dose of 0.8 mL/Kg of contrast material at a rate of 2 to 3 mL/sec and 1 to 2 mL/Kg of flush solution at the same rate by the hand, and routine use of pulmonary vein wedge angiography in cyanotic patients whose pulmonary artery was not visualized by the standard angiography.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.43-48
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• 2006

This paper aims to suggest ways of institutionally improving standards that must be applied when installing Water Reclamation/Reuse (WRR) system based on efficiency analysis. Currently, the standard for WRR system establishment requires that the system should treat more than 10% of used water in the building of over $60,000m^2$ in total area of all floors, but our research has found that it would be more effective to change the standard to $150-m^3-per-day$ reclaimed water or the total area of all floors of $30,000m^2$ ($50,000m^2$ in the case of an office building). In other words, what this paper suggests is not a one-size-fits-all standard based on the total area of all floors, but a reasonable and flexible standard that takes into account efficiency and a unit water usage according to a building's purpose. Furthermore, this paper recommends a new WRR standard that can be applied to large-scale land development for housinglots, like the New Town. The recommendation is based on the economic analysis that the WRR system will ensure efficiency only if the amount of reclaimed water is over 4,000 tons per day, which corresponds to 4 millions square meters of housinglots. Regarding the size of the established facility, this paper suggests changing the standard, which is now set at over 10% of water usage, to what is relative to the total amount of use of reclaimed water in order to ensure efficiency and promote use of reclaimed water. In addition, this paper proposes that governmental support should be offered not only to facility owners, who are recipients at present, but also to facility builders. By doing so, those who donate a facility to the government, central or local, after building it, can be provided with substantial aid. Therefore, the application of the institutional improvement suggested in this paper is expected to create environment-friendly living conditions and boost the quality of life by encouraging people to secure water resources efficiently in buildings, and in a wider range, in cities.

• Hip & pelvis
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes with use of short-curved stems versus standard-length single wedged stems over a minimum follow-up period of five years. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of primary total hip arthroplasties performed using the Fitmore^® stem (127 hips, 122 patients) and the M/L taper^® stem (195 hips, 187 patients) between October 2012 and June 2014 was conducted. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were obtained for evaluation over a minimum follow-up period of five years. Results: In both the Fitmore^® and M/L taper^® groups, the mean Harris hip score improved from 52.4 and 48.9 preoperatively to 93.3 and 94.5 at the final follow-up, respectively (P=0.980). The mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores also improved from 73.3 and 76.8 preoperatively to 22.9 and 25.6 at the final follow-up, respectively (P=0.465). Fifteen hips (Fitmore^®: 14 hips; M/L taper^®: one hip, P<0.001) developed intraoperative cracks and were treated simultaneously with cerclage wiring. Radiography showed a radiolucent line in 24 hips in the Fitmore^® group and 12 hips in the M/L taper^® group (P=0.125). Cortical hypertrophy was detected in 29 hips (Fitmore^® group: 28 hips; M/L taper^® group: one hip, P<0.001). Conclusion: Similarly favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes were achieved with use of both short-curved stems and standard-length single wedged stems. However, higher cortical hypertrophy and a higher rate of femoral crack were observed with use of Fitmore^® stems.