• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2003

Background : The resurgence of tuberculosis and the widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis have emphasized the importance of rapid and accurate diagnostic procedures. Recently, the oligonucleotide chip has proven to be a useful tool in the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to rapidly and accurately detect specific mutations in the rpoB, katG and rpsL genes associated with rifampin, isoniazid and streptomycin resistance in M. tuberculosis, respectively, using a single oligonucleotide chip. Method : For detection of drug-resistance, 7 wild-type and 13 mutant-type probes for rifampin, 2 wild-type and 3 mutant-type probes for isoniazid, and 2 wild-type and 2 mutant-type probes for streptomycin were designed and spotted onto glass slides. Fifty-five cultured samples of M. tuberculosis were amplified by PCR, and then underwent hybridization and scanning. Direct sequencing was done to verify the results from the oligonucleotide chip and to analyze the types of mutations. Result : Thirty-five cases out of 40 rifampin-resistant strains(~88%) had mutations in the rpoB gene. One case had a new mutation(D516F, GAC R TTC) and another known mutation together. Twenty cases out of 42 isoniazid-resistant strains(~50%) had mutations in the katG gene, while 7 cases out of 9 streptomycin-resistant strains(~78%) had mutations in the rpsL gene. From these results, the oligonucleotide chip was confirmed to be able to detect the most frequent mutations from the genes associated with rifampin, isoniazid and streptomycin resistance. The results proved that the drug-resistance detection probes were specific. When the results from the oligonucleotide chip and DNA sequencing were compared, the types of mutations were exactly matched. Conclusion : The diagnostic oligonucleotide chip with mutation specific probes for drug resistance is a very reliable and useful tool for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug resistance against rifampin, isoniazid and streptomycin in M. tuberculosis infections.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2013

Purpose: Recently, enterococcus spp. have become one of the most common nosocomial pathogens with increasing rates of multi-drug resistance. However, study on enterococcal urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children is very limited, especially community acquired UTIs. We studied the clinical characteristics of enterococcus spp. in community acquired UTIs and antibiotic resistance within our urban area. Methods: All children with first episode of community acquired UTIs due to enterococcus spp. and Echerichia coli who were admitted in Pusan National University Children's Hospital between January 2010 and January 2013 were included in our study. We retrospectively reviewed their medical records. Results: During the study period, 201 patients were identified to have first episode of community acquired UTIs. 154 cases were E.coli UTIs (76.6%) and 11 cases were enterococcal UTIs (5.5%) and all enterococcus spp. were Enterococcus feacalis. In enterococcal UTI group, voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG) was performed in 7/11 patients and demonstrated 4 vesicoureteral refluxes (VURs) with renal scar and 3 patients underwent corrective surgery. In E.coli UTI group, VCUG was performed in 121/154 patients and demonstrated 23 VURs and 11 patients underwent corrective surgery. Enterococcal group had significant high rate of underlying urinary abnormalities and surgical corrections compared with E. coli group. All enterococcus spp. were susceptible to ampicillin, vancomycin and linezolid, but all were resistant to tetracycline. They also showed 71.4% resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 20% resistance to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Community acquired enterococcal UTIs in children were rare within our urban area. However, they could be indicative of severe underlying urinary tract abnormalities.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.155-168
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• 2002

Purpose; Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multi-system involvement and renal damage is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Renal involvement is more common and severe in children than in adults. Therefore, renal biopsy plays a crucial role in planning effective therapy. In this study, we investigated the clinical and pathological findings of lupus nephritis in children to aid clinical care of the disease. Methods: The clinical and pathological data of 40 patients who were diagnosed as SLE with renal involvement in Shinchon Severance Hospital from Jan. 1990 to Sep. 2002 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The ratio of male to female patients was 1:3 and the median age at diagnosis was 12.1(2-18) years old. FANA(95.0%), anti-ds DNA antibody(87.5%), malar rash(80.0%) were the most common findings among the classification criteria by ARA. Microscopic hematuria with proteinuria(75.0%), nephrotic syndrome(55.0%), and microscopic hematuria alone(15.0%) were the most common renal presentations in the respective order at diagnosis. There were 27 cases with WHO class IV lupus nephritis confirmed by renal biopsy and 3 cases with pathological changes of WHO class type. Different treatment modalities were carried out : prednisolone only in 5 cases, prednisol-one+azat-hioprine in 9 cases, prednisolone+azathioprine+intravenous cyclophosphamide in 14 cases, prednisolone+cyclosporine A+intravenous cyclophosphamide in 12 cases, plasma exchange in 9 cases and intravenous gamma-globulin in 2 cases. The average follow-up period was $51.8{\pm}40.5$ months. During $51.8{\pm}40.5$ months. During follow-up, 4 patients expired. The risk factors associated with mortality were male, WHO class IV and acute renal failure at diagnosis. Conclusion: Renal involvement was noted in 63.5% of childhood SLE, and 67.5% of renal lesion was WHO class IV lupus nephritis which is known to be associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore aggressive treatment employing immunosuppressant during the early stages of disease could be helpful in improving long-term prognosis. But careful attention should be given to optimize the treatment due to unique problems associated with growth, psychosocial development and gonadal toxicity, especially in children.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2015

In proton therapy, verification of proton dose distribution is important to treat cancer precisely and to enhance patients' safety. To verify proton dose distribution, in a previous study, our team incorporated a vertically-aligned one-dimensional array detection system. We measured 2D prompt-gamma distribution moving the developed detection system in the longitudinal direction and verified similarity between 2D prompt-gamma distribution and 2D proton dose distribution. In the present, we have developed two-dimension prompt-gamma measurement system consisted of a 2D parallel-hole collimator, 2D array-type NaI(Tl) scintillators, and multi-anode PMT (MA-PMT) to measure 2D prompt-gamma distribution in real time. The developed measurement system was tested with $^{22}Na$ (0.511 and 1.275 MeV) and $^{137}Cs$ (0.662 MeV) gamma sources, and the energy resolutions of 0.511, 0.662 and 1.275 MeV were $10.9%{\pm}0.23p%$, $9.8%{\pm}0.18p%$ and $6.4%{\pm}0.24p%$, respectively. Further, the energy resolution of the high gamma energy (3.416 MeV) of double escape peak from Am-Be source was $11.4%{\pm}3.6p%$. To estimate the performance of the developed measurement system, we measured 2D prompt-gamma distribution generated by PMMA phantom irradiated with 45 MeV proton beam of 0.5 nA. As a result of comparing a EBT film result, 2D prompt-gamma distribution measured for $9{\times}10^9$ protons is similar to 2D proton dose distribution. In addition, the 45 MeV estimated beam range by profile distribution of 2D prompt gamma distribution was $17.0{\pm}0.4mm$ and was intimately related with the proton beam range of 17.4 mm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.118-127
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• 2013

In this study, Seongbuk-dong historical & cultural resources of the surrounding landscape were analyzed by the visual characteristics of the landscape adjective analysis. Research was investigate to the relationship between visual characteristics and preferences and Research in the following way. Selected historical and cultural resources in the surrounding area are located in Seongbuk-dong 30 slices the survey was conducted. Landscape preference factors to identify the scale of 16 adjectives and then factor analysis was conducted. Lastly, Analysis of variance and regression analysis were conducted in order to determine the impact of the last image factors on visual preferences. Firstly, The results can be summarized as follows. Officer for 30 pictures appear in Seongbuk-dong in the historical and cultural resources, and distributed around the target preference for the 16 adjectives analysis yielded an average result of overall preference were analyzed and that is a 3.72 average. In these photos, VP8, VP9, VP10, VP12, VP15; 4.5 points more than one order higher. The reason is limit of altitude by the Seoul landscape plan for the historical and cultural resources around. It also judged important reason that history and Culture are in harmony with the surrounding cultural property in the conservation area. Secondly, Important factors are factor 1(aesthetic factors), factor 2(cultural factors), factor 3(physical factors) and three factors could be identified. Results of the analysis of variance and regression analysis about factors for visual preference and image shows value of psychological factor is most significant to explain for nearby history &cultural resources of Seongbuk-dong of scenery around. As a result, the state can not view historical and cultural resources for analysis will be located in a residential area near the historical and cultural resources for aesthetic factors. Third, the negative side of the argument is a residential area which is not arranged surrounding landscape maintenance of historical and cultural resources has emerged. Historical and cultural resources in harmony with the phenomena of the physical, cultural, and aesthetic characteristics of the three areas is a positive factor in the high incidence. Factors from that are expressed in this study by analyzing multi-dimensional analysis to derive a factor to be considered important in the management of historical and cultural resources, landscape around is required.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2000

Background : Usually fever subsides within one week in over 90% of pulmonary tuberculosis (TBp) patients after the start of short-course anti-tuberculosis therapy, but occasionally it persists over two weeks after treatment. When the fever persists, drug resistance, combined infection, or drug fever, and so on, are considered as an etiology and, in some cases, drugs are changed. But inadvertent discontinuation of a short-course regimen inevitably will extend the duration of treatment, and the treatment completion may be delayed. This study was performed to investigate the causes of prolonged fever (PF) and to identify the predictors of PF in drug-susceptible TBp patients in Korea. Method : Five hundred-ninety-eight patients, who were admitted to Asan Medical Center from January 1996 to March 1999, diagnosed with TBp and prescribed short-course, anti-tuberculosis treatment, were reviewed. PF was defined as having fever over two weeks despite treatment. The causes of PF were analyzed. Drug-sus-ceptible TBp patients who presented no causes for PF, except turberculosis itself, were selected(n=22), and they were compared with those who had no fever at diagnosis (n=22) and those who had fever at diagnosis, which had subsided within two weeks after treatment (n=22). Clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters were compared among the three groups. Results : Twenty-eight (4.8%) of 598 patients showed PF over two weeks despite short-course treatment. The causes of PF were drug fever (n=2), multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (n=3), disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection (n=1), and drug-susceptible tuberculosis itself (n=22). The patients with PF had more risk factors for tuberculosis, long duration of symptoms before treatment, night sweats, weight long, numerous acid fast bacilli on sputum smear, anemia, hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia, over three lung cavity numbers and extensive infiltration, indicating that they had prolonged and extensive lung diseases. Conclusion : The main cause of PF in TBp despite short-course regimen seems to be drug-susceptible but extensive disease in Korea. Any changes to the drug regiment provided for TBp patients with prolonged fever despite treatment should be carefully considered.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.3 s.61
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• pp.321-331
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• 2000

Multiple 15-hue tests were designed and implemented on a PC in the study so as to quickly and quantitatively evaluate color vision acuity. Difficulty of the test was control)ed by the value of CDBACC (color difference between adjacent color chips) calculated using a CIELAB formula. The multiple 15-hue tests consist of eight of the hue tests (test 3-10) and three of the basic color (red, green, blue) tests (test 11-13). The 15 colors used for the hue tests were specified by the 15 color coordinates that were located at a constant distance (d = 2. 3. 5. 7, 10, 20, 30. 40) from white reference in the CIE chromaticity coordinate system and were separated by a constant color difference (CDBACC = 0.75, 1.1, 1.8. 2.5. 3.5. 7.5. 11, 14) from the adjacent chips. The color coordinates for the 15 chips for the basic color tests were the same as those of the 15 points spaced equally by a constant color difference (6.87 for the green color test. 7.27 for the red color test, 7.86 for the blue color test) from the white reference along the axis of red, green and blue. Thirty normal subjects who were not color blind were taken to undergo the multiple 15-hue tests. It was observed that most of the subjects correctly arranged color chips for the tests with CDBACC greater than 5, whereas no one correctly answered for those with CDBACC less than 2. Rapid changes in the number of the subjects correctly arranged took place when CDBACC of the tests was between 2 and 4.5. In the basic color tests, unlike the hue tests having similar values of CDBACC, it was seen that the subjects arranged color chips even less correctly. It was found that JNCD (just noticeable color difference) - a measure of color vision acuity was about 3 in average for the subjects. The JNCD was chosen as the value of the CDBACC of the test for which about $50\%$ of the subjects failed to successfully arrange color chips. ERCCA (error rate of color chips arrangement) for the test with CDBACC the same as the JNCD was shown to be about $20\%$. It is expected that the multi 15-hue tests implemented on a PC in the study will be an economical tool to quickly and quantitatively evaluate color vision acuity and, accordingly, the tests can be used for early diagnosis to massive potential patients suffering from diseases (ex. diabetes, glaucoma) which may induce changes in color vision acuity.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.190-211
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• 2019

In March 2015, The Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan implemented a project called "Japan Heritage," which aims to promote the unique narratives of cultural properties of the region by branding the locality for revitalization in preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics. This bottom-up approach of cultural policy has been called a "Cool Japan Strategy of Cultural Heritage" in the 21st century, which effectively incorporates local cultural heritage and tourism. However, although a total of 67 Japan Heritage projects have been designated as of December 2018, almost none has been introduced in the academic forum in Korea. On the basis of this background and a lack of academic awareness in Korea on Japan's recent cultural policies, this research aims to focus on the three cases of Gunma Prefecture implemented in local, global, and glocal aspects. To specify, the cases are the "Gunma Silk Heritage" project, implemented in 2011, the "Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites" project that was included on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014, and "The Best Wife in the World - Silk Story of Gunma," case certified as the first project of "Japan Heritage" launched in 2015. Based on the questionnaire method conducted with the World Heritage Registration Promotion Division in Gunma Prefectural Government, as well as a literature view, the research revealed that the consecutive implementation of a series of cultural heritage projects in Gunma is not coincidental, but rather a strategy aiming to create a synergism where each project complements the others. Moreover, this paper demonstrates that Gunma Prefecture has been utilizing the local silk industry as a tangible and intangible cultural resource in multi-layered heritage projects, resulting in a "spiral synergy effect" and a "chain of the recognition process." In conclusion, it illustrates the recent trend of utilizing cultural heritage in the context of the Cool Japan strategy, which seeks to move away from the administration of maintaining the status quo cultural heritage protection to a proactive one with greater potential growth. This research may thus provide meaningful insight into the utilization of domestic historical and cultural resources as well as related policy-making, in that it will ultimately promote the chain effect of linking the multiple heritage policies and projects at the local, global, and glocal levels.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.37
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• pp.157-186
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• 2018

Ulsan Soeburi song was reenacted in the 1980s based on the testimony and songs of late Choi Jae man (1987 death), the last blacksmith of the iron production plant at Dalcheon dong, Ulsan in August 1981. The purpose of this study is to analyze Soeburi song from the musical perspective based on 13 kinds of data including video in 1981, and confirm the changing patterns in the tradition process. The derived results are summarized as follows. In the results of examining Soeburi Song data in 2017, the percussion instruments consist of kkwaenggwari 2 (leading small gong 1, follow small gong 1), jing 2 (large gong 2), buk 4 (drum 4), janggu 4 (double headed drum 4), taepyongso 1 (Korean shawm 1), and Jangdan (rhythm) consists of five such as Jilgut, Jajinmori, Dadeuraegi, Deotbaegi, Jajin Deotbaegi. The vocal songs are sung accompanied by the Deotbaegi Jajin Deotbaegi (beat) of quarter small triplet time, or without accompaniment. The scale is mostly Mi La do's third note or Mi La do re's fourth note, and the range does not exceed one octave. All the cadence tones are the same as La. From the results of observing Soeburi song performance until today after the excavation in 1981, it is found that there are four major changes. First, the composition of the music is differentiated into 'long Jajin (slow fast)', and , , and are added. Second, the singing method is based on 'single cantor + multi post singers' since 1980's reenactment, and a single post singer was also specified from time to time. In addition, , which was performed in 2013, became the foundation of . Third, a melodic change of was observed. All beat structures are quarter small triplet time, but the speed gets slow, Mi La do's three notes are skeletonized to be corrected with high re and low sol, and then the characteristics of Menari tori (the mode appeared in the eastern province of the Korean peninsula) are to be clear. Lastly, the four percussion instruments such as kkwaenggwari, jing, janggu, and buk are frequently used, and depending on the performance, sogo (hand drum), taepyongso, yoryeong (bell) are also added. Jangdan played Jajinmori, Dadeuraegi, Deotbaegi and Jajin Deotbaegi from the beginning, and thereafter, the Jilgut Jangdan was added. Through these results as above, it is confirmed that at the time of the first excavation, a simple form of such as has been changed into a male labor song, the purpose of which has changed, and that the playability has become stronger and changed into a performing arts.

• Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.100.1-100.13
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• 2018

Objective: To investigate survival outcomes in endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) patients with single vs. multiple positive pelvic lymph nodes. Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of all consecutive patients with histologically proven International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIC1 EEC who underwent primary surgical treatment between 2004 and 2014 at seven Italian gynecologic oncology referral centers. Patients with pre- or intra-operative evidence of extra-uterine disease (including the presence of bulky nodes) and patients with stage IIIC2 disease were excluded, in order to obtain a homogeneous population. Results: Overall 140 patients met the inclusion criteria. The presence of >1 metastatic pelvic node was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence and mortality, compared to only 1 metastatic node, at both univariate (recurrence: hazard ratio [HR]=2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2-3.99; p=0.01; mortality: HR=2.8; 95% CI=1.24-6.29; p=0.01) and multivariable analysis (recurrence: HR=1.91; 95% CI=1.02-3.56; p=0.04; mortality: HR=2.62; 95% CI=1.13-6.05; p=0.02) and it was the only independent predictor of prognosis in this subset of patients. Disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were significantly longer in patients with only 1 metastatic node compared to those with more than 1 metastatic node (p=0.008 and 0.009, respectively). Conclusion: The presence of multiple metastatic nodes in stage IIIC1 EEC represents an independent predictor of worse survival, compared to only one positive node. Our data suggest that EEC patients may be categorized according to the number of positive nodes.