• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2001

가축사육으로 인해 매년 막대한 가축분이 발생하고 있으며, 그 처리방안 또한 여러 가지로 모색되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나, 밭농사를 영위함으로 인해 질소비료를 대체할 수 있는 가축분(돈분, 계분)의 양을 소화능으로 계산해 보았으며, 그 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 우리나라의 가축분 발생량은 2000년도 기준으로 볼 때 년간 돈분 4,592,375톤, 계분 4,488,166톤이며, 이것을 질소 비료성분으로 환산할 경우, 돈분은 41,911톤, 계분 76,222톤의 질소비료성분에 해당하는 양이다. 2. 가축분 소화능이란 "토양에 가축분을 시용했을 때 토양자체가 역기능을 발휘하기 바로 직전까지의 최대소화량"이라고 정의 하였으며, 밭토양의 가축분 소화능계산 방법은 아래 식을 이용하여 계산하였다. 밭토양의 질소비료 대체 가축분 소화능(kg/10a) = 작물별 질소 표준시비량 / [(가축분중 T-N함량)${\times}$(가축분의 질소비효가용화율)] 3. 밭토양의 년간 질소비료 대체가능 가축분 소화능은 돈분 1,142.gkg/10a, 계분540.9 kg/10a으로 평가되었다. 4. 밭농사의 가축분 소화능의 작목별 기여도는 채소 > 과수 > 잡곡 > 맥류 > 서류 )> 두류 > 특작 > 초지 > 뽕밭 순이었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.240-245
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• 2009

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to determine the carotenoid composition of carrots during storage and cooking. Analyses were conducted immediately after harvest and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after harvest. During the course of the storage, the carotenoid levels generally decreased, and this decrease was found to be greater during the first week for $\beta$-carotene (all-trans-$\beta$-carotene) and lutein, and during the second week for $\alpha$-carotene. Additionally, the amount of the $\alpha-$ and $\beta$-carotenes in carrot leaves changed slightly within the first 2 weeks of harvest when stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Specifically, the level of lutein, the main component of carrot leaves, increased from 233.8$\pm$11.7 to $346.2\pm26.7{\mu}g$/g DW during the first 2 weeks. In addition, the change in carotenoid contents was observed during the home-processing of one Korean cultivar. Carrots fried in oil showed the highest amount of $\beta$-carotene ($164.3\pm6.6{\mu}g$/g DW) and $\alpha$-carotene ($50.1\pm0.4{\mu}g$/g DW), while carrots that were prepared by sauteing, pressure-cooking in water and microwaving had the second highest levels. The greatest loss of in carotenoids occurred in response to boiling in water containing 1% NaCl, braising and baking. The content of lutein increased slightly after boiling in water containing 1% NaCl ($9.3\pm0.4{\mu}g$/g DW), while a loss in lutein occurred after preparation using other home-processing methods. A cis-isomer of all-trans-$\beta$-carotene, 13-cis-$\beta$-carotene, was present in detectable amounts in all processed samples, but not in raw roots. Another isomer, 9-cis-$\beta$-carotene, was detected in carrots that were prepared by boiling, frying and pressure-cooking.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.56-68
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• 2014

마 분말을 첨가한 약과를 제조한 후, 관능평가와 기호도를 종합한 결과, 마 분말을 15% 첨가한 약과에서 가장 우수하게 평가되어 마 분말을 wheat flour 함량에 대한 15% 첨가하여 제조하였으며, 품질과 기호성, 기능성을 증대시키기 위하여 cinnamon powder와 peanut powder, coffee powder을 첨가하여 맛, 향, 색상, 조직감을 향상시켰다. 마 분말 15% 첨가약과의 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 명도(L)와 적색도(a)도 증가하였다. 황색도(b)는 마 분말 15% 첨가약과에서 저장 3일까지는 감소하였다가 저장 9일부터는 증가하였다. 경도와 점착성, 씹힙성은 마 분말 15% 첨가약과에서 우수하게 나타난 것은 마 분말 첨가로 인하여 부드러움성이 증가한 것으로 판단된다. 유지흡수율은 무첨가 약과에서 낮게 측정되었다. 마 분말 15% 첨가약과에서 평균 산가는 1.57, 과산화물가 19.04로 측정되어 한국식품공업협회(식품공전 2004)의 산가 기준치 3.0 이하, 과산화물가 기준치 40.0이하보다 낮게 측정되어 마가 첨가된 약과는 $30^{\circ}C$ 상온에서 최소 15일까지 안전하게 유통될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 마 분말 15% 첨가약과의 수분함량은 $12.55{\pm}0.08%$, 조회분은 $0.71{\pm}0.01%$, 조지방은 $6.11{\pm}0.06%$, 조단백질은 $15.97{\pm}1.40%$, 탄수화물은 $64.66{\pm}0.09%$로 분석되었다. 마 분말 약과는 인체의 건강을 증진할 수 있는 기능성이 추가되었고, 일반약과보다 산패의 진행이 늦으며, Puff Pastry 형태로 제조하기 때문에 식감성이 일반약과보다 좋을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.327-333
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• 1993

정어리 냉동고기풀의 최적 가공조건은 원료 정어리를 알칼리 염수수세한 후 정어리 육에 대해 분리 대두단백질 : 물 : 정제 정어리유(1:5:2.6)로 만든 유화커드를 20%, 솔비톨 4%, 설탕 4%, 중합인산염 0.2% 및 항산화제로서 에리소르빈산나트륨을 0.1% 첨가하여 고기갈이한 후 $-35^{\circ}C$에서 급속동결시켜 carbon box로 포장하여 동결저장한 제품이 가장 좋았다. 본 제품의 수분함량은 73.3%, 조단백질 15.0%, 조지방은 6.9%였으며, 생균수는 $1.6{\sim}1.8{\times}10^4/g$으로 동결저장 중 변화는 거의 없었다. 제품의 주요 구성지방산은 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 20:5 및 22:6 등으로 고도 불포화지방산이 47.7% 함유되어 있었다. 동결저장 중 120일 동안 제품의 물성, 지질산화 및 지방산의 변화 등을 측정한 결과, 유화커드와 에리소르빈산나트륨을 첨가함으로서 동결저장 중 단백질 변성, 지질의 산화 및 변색을 효율적으로 억제시킬 수 있었으며, 품질이 안정하게 유지되었다. 한편, 본 시제품과 명태 냉동고기풀을 혼합하여 가공한 어묵의 품질을 측정한 결과, 어묵의 품질에 큰 저하됨이 없이 명태 고기풀을 본 정어리 고기풀로 40%까지 대체할 수 있었으며 어육의 풍미를 갖는 연제품을 가공할 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.703-709
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• 1993

쌀가루의 압출 조리조건과 단순 열처리조건에 따른 쌀전분의 분자량 분포와 ${\alpha}-amylase$ 민감성 변화를 조사하였다. 압출조리는 단일축 압출성형기를 이용하였으며 원료의 수분함량 $17{\sim}29%$, 압출온도 $100{\sim}150^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 처리하였다. 단순 열처리는 원통형 ???L슐에 시료를 밀봉하여 $100{\sim}200^{\circ}C$ 유탕기내에서 일정시간 가열하였다. 이들 가열처리된 시료를 다시 ${\alpha}-amylase$를 처리하여 가수분해속도를 측정하였다. 쌀 전분 원료미분의 수분함량이 23% 이하일 때 압출조리시 수분용해도와 분자량 감소가 크게 일어났으며 이러한 변화는 extruder의 기계적 에너지 투입량(MEI)과 비례하였다. 한편 단순 열처리에서는 원료 수분함량이 높아짐에 따라 가열에 의한 분자량 감소가 감지되었으나 그 변화정도는 압출조리에 비교하여 저조하였다 열처리된 시료를 ${\alpha}-amylase$로 처리하였을 경우 수분함량 23% 이하에서 압출조리된 시료는 효소적 가수분해가 크게 일어나 대부분의 전분입자가 5백만 dalton 이하의 분자량을 가지게 되었으나 고수분 압출물과 단순 열처리에서는 효소처리에 의한 분자량 감소가 크게 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 분자량 변화 현상은 전분용액의 고유점도 변화에 의하여 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 쌀전분의 저분자화에 의한 수용성 증가 및 효소반응 민감성 증대는 단순 열처리보다는 압출조리에 의하여 크게 일어나며 이것도 extruder 내에서 가열과 동시에 가해지는 강한 압력과 층밀림에 의하여 전분입자의 변형이 크게 일어나는 것을 입증하는 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1437-1449
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• 2006

Thirty six pre-weaned Barbari kids at 4 months age were reared on four rations computed using coarse cereal grains and by-products of pulses and oil seeds with Crude Protein (CP) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) of 12 and 55% (Low protein Low energy); 12 and 60% (Low protein High energy); 14 and 55% (High protein Low energy); and 14 and 60% (High protein High energy), respectively. After 180 days on feed, male animals ($4{\times}5=20$) were slaughtered to study the effect of diet on carcass characteristics and meat quality. To asses the effect, if any, of such diet on product quality, meat balls were prepared and evaluated for quality changes when fresh as well as during storage ($-20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). Feeding a ration with CP12 and TDN 60% (LH) to kids produced animals with highest slaughter weight (20.3 kg) yielding higher carcass weight and dressing percentage, lean (65.6%) and fat (6.6%) contents with low bone and trim losses. Although total variety meat yield was markedly higher in HL, the non-carcass fat deposition was relatively higher in LH carcasses. The water activity ($a_w$) of fresh goat meat ranged from 0.994-0.995 and total cholesterol 72.8-90.5 mg/100 g meat. The pH was high in HL and HH meat resulting in decreased ($p{\leq}0.05$) extract release volume (ERV). Meat balls were prepared using meat obtained from goats fed different rations (treatments) and stored at $-20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. They were evaluated on day 0 and months 1, 2, 3, 4 for physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic changes. Overall moisture (%), $a_w$, TBA number and pH value were 67.9, 0.987, 0.17, 6.6 respectively and were not affected by treatments except pH that was significantly ($p{\leq}0.01$) lower on LH. As the storage period advanced moisture, pH, $a_w$ and TBA number increased irrespective of treatments. Feeding various diets had no marked effect on microbial load of meat balls but with increasing storage period Standard Plate Count (SPC) and psychrotrophs declined ($p{\leq}0.01$). Treatment LL and LH produced meat balls with better flavour.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.1211-1219
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• 2013

다식은 전분류를 기본으로 하여 다양한 성분 혼합이 가능한 한국의 전통 후식이다. 본 연구에서는 쌀 등의 전분을 위주로 다식을 제조한 후에 항산화능을 측정하고, 냉장 저장 중에서의 조직감 및 관능성 변화를 확인하였다. 쌀을 주 원료로 한 다식 중 라디칼 소거능과 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량, 철 이온 환원력은 미강유가 첨가된 현미홍삼미강유다식 시료가 현미홍삼다식이나 오미자 쌀 다식보다 높았고, 오미자 쌀 다식에 비해 흑임자다식과 콩다식이 라디칼 소거능과 환원력 활성이 높았다. 기계적 조직감은 저장기간 중 다양한 변화를 보였으나 일관된 패턴은 찾기 어려웠다. 훈련된 10명의 패널을 대상으로 실시한 관능적 특성 검사 및 기호도 검사 결과, 오미자 쌀 다식은 저장기간이 길어질수록 경도는 유의적으로 증가하였고, 수분 정도와 부드러운 정도는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 콩다식과 흑임자다식 시료는 수분 정도에서 비슷한 경향을 나타냈는데, 저장기간이 길수록 유의적으로 낮아졌다. 전반적 기호도와 텍스처 기호도 측정결과 오미자 쌀 다식과 콩다식 시료에서 유의적인 차이가 나타났으며, 저장기간이 길수록 기호도가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈고, 오미자 쌀 다식의 경우 다시 먹을 의향 또한 저장기간이 길어질수록 유의적으로 낮아졌다. 관능적 텍스처 특성과 기계적 텍스처 특성은 측정 항목에 따라 양과 음의 높은 상관관계가 있었다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.159-171
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• 2017

A successful oil well drilling depends largely on a good mud Program. During drilling, mud provides sufficient hydrostatic pressure, removes drill cuttings and cools drill bits. Mud additives are always required to provide sufficient hydrostatic pressure to ensure borehole stability. Barium Sulphate ($BaSO_4$) also known as barite is the prevalent weighting material but there is needed to develop local materials to augment the use of Barite. The present search is concerned on the early Carboniferous succession exposed in Um Bogma Formation, west central Sinai, Egypt as a new weighting agent in drilling fluids. The increases in the cost of drilling fluids and a shortage of using barite have introduced the locale dolomite as alternative weighting materials. The rheological properties of mud drilling samples weighted by local dolomite samples are being examined and investigated to know its potential to be used as a weighting material in drilling mud. Two mud samples were prepared which comprised of fresh water, caustic soda, bentonite and the weighting material. The weighting materials are added to achieve the required density. The first sample: Water-based mud with commercial barite of density between 10.00 lb/gm and 18.00 lb/gm. The second sample: Water-based mud with dolomite of density between 10.00 lb/gm and 18.00 lb/gm. These samples were analyzed and the density, rheological properties, aging of barite and dolomite and solid contents were investigated. At 10.00 lb/gm, the yield point of dolomite was $20.00lb/100ft^2$ and barite $22.00lb/100ft^2$ while the 10 second gel strength of dolomite was $30.00lb/100ft^2$ and $22.00lb/100ft^2$ for barite. Similarly, little difference was observed in plastic and apparent viscosities. At 10.00 lb/gm, the plastic and apparent viscosities of dolomite were 8.00 cp and 20.00 cp while barite was 8.00 cp and 24.00 cp. The result show that dolomite mud sample gave a little higher yield point and gel strength than barite mud sample. Therefore, dolomite has the potential to be used as weighting material in drilling mud in place of barite thereby enhancing the local content initiative of the government. When dolomite is sourced locally and used it will reduce overall mud and drilling costs.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.24-39
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional and feeding value of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) as local vegetable protein ingredients for poultry feeding. In the first experiment, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical compositions and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA) contents. According to the chemical analysis, RPSOM contained 22.50％ of crude protein, 4.75％ of ether extract, 27.70％ of crude fiber, 0.34 mg／g of capsaicin and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters (ISA-Brown) were 1.73 kcal／g and 1.63 kcal／g on dry matter basis, respectively. The average TAAA value of 16 amino acids measured by the force－feeding technique was 81.70％. These values were used for formulating experimental diets containing various levels of RPSOM for broiler chicks and laying hens. Two feeding trials were made to investigate the effects of dietary incorporation of RPSOM into chicken feed performances of broiler chicks and laying hens. In the broiler feeding (Exp. 2), a total of two hundred twenty-five, 4 wk old male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM. The birds were fed ad libitum the diets for 3 wk and feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion rate were determined. At the end of the feeding, the blood levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol, and the body and fatty acid compositions of leg muscle were measured. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, body composition, serum levels of GOT, GGT and BUN among the treatments. However, blood cholesterol level was lower (P＜0.05) in 10% RPSOM diet group than those in the other. The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of linoleic acid (P＜0.05) in leg muscle compared to that of control group. The results indicate that RPSOM can be used for broiler feed up to 10% without any significant negative effects on broiler performance. In the layer feeding (Exp. 3), the effects of dietary RPSOM on the performances of laying hen were investigated by feeding ninety 45 wk old laying hens (ISA-Brown) with experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM for 4 wk (30 birds per treatment). Measurements were made on egg production rate, egg weight, feed intake, Haugh unit, egg shell strength which was higher (P＜0.05) in layers fed 10% RPSOM diet compared to those fed 0 and 5% RPSOM diets. Thus, it can be concluded that RPSOM can be included into laying hen feed up to 10% without any harmful effects.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.88-94
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• 2016

The study was carried out to examine the anti-obesity effects of 40% ethanol extract from green tea seed (GS) and quantitative determination of caffeine as its major compound. The specificity was satisfied with retention time and UV spectrum by analysis of caffeine using HPLC and comparison with standard compound. It showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation (R²) of 0.9974. The amount of caffeine in GS was about 4.649 mg/g (0.465%) in the three times analysis, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 0.452% by the validated method. The anti-obesity effects of GS were evaluated by using Oil Red O staining in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and body weight, visceral fat and lipid profiles in high fat diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6 obese mice. Our results indicated that treatment with GS dose-dependently decreased lipid accumulation contents (p<0.001). Moreover, after oral administration for 30 days feeding with HFD-induced obses mice, GS (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) produced a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol (TC), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and visceral fat. Thus, the result of this study indicate that the GS may be a useful resource for the management of obesity.