• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine effectively the sex of rabbit embryos using H-Y antiserum. H-Y antiserum was obtained from inbred SD strain female rat which was immunized by injection of testis cell of inbred SD strain male rate into its spleen. The titer of antiserum was identified by sperm cytotoxicity test and culture of rabbit embryos with antiserum. The developed or undeveloped embryos were separated by exposure the embryos to the antiserum with H-Y antibody. Developed embryo were transferred to the recipients and sex of offspring were examined. 1. In the sperm cytotoxicity test, the rate of dead sperm showed no difference between two antisera from spleen and testis cell as antigens. It is confirmed that H-Y antibody in antiserum was absorbed by H-Y antigen in male rat spleen cells. 2. When rabbit morulae were exposed to antiserum and complement, the rate of embryos developed or arrested was 51 and 49% respectively and the rate was closely same as natural sex ratio of 50:50%. 3. When rabbit morulae were cultured for 12h in the medium containing antiserum produced by antigen of testis cell, the rate of embryos developed or arrested was 48 and 52% respectively and the rate was closely same as natural sex ratio of 50:50%. 4. Eighty rabbit embryos which were not affected by H-Y antiserum were transferred to four recipients. Two recipients were pregnant and born 13 pups among which 2 (14%) were male and 11 (86%) were female. In conclusion, existence of H-Y antibody in the serum from female rat immunized by injecting testis cell from newborn male rat to the spleen of the female rat was confirmed. When rabbitmorulae were exposed to H-Y antiserum and complement, about a half of embryos were developed to blastocysts. When the rabbit embryos not affected by H-Y antiserum were transferred, the rate of female offspring was 86%. Therefore, it was identified that most of embryos which were not affected by H-Y antiserum were female.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1107-1112
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• 2009

The separation of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm is of use in many aspects of livestock maintenance. In this study, we sought to determine the difference in DNA content between X- and Y-bearing sperm, separate sperm into X- and Y-enriched pools, and assess the efficacy of sorting. Sperm collected from Duroc and miniature pigs were stained with 20.8 $\mu{M}$ Hoechst 33342 and analyzed using a high-speed cell sorter. Measurement of the fluorescence intensity of stained sperm nuclei revealed that the X-bearing sperm of Duroc and miniature pigs respectively contain 2.75% and 2.88% more DNA than Y-bearing sperm. In total, 50.18% of the sperm were assigned to the X-sorted sample and 49.82% was assigned to the Y-sorted sample for Duroc pigs. For miniature pigs, the Xsorted sample represented 50.19% of the population and the Y-sorted represented 49.81% of the population. Duplex PCR was used to evaluate accuracy of sorting. A fast and reliable method for porcine sexing was developed through amplification of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome gene (SRY). Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the conserved porcine SRY high motility group (HMG) box sequence motif. We found that the primer pair designed in this study was 1.46 times more specific than previously reported primers. Thus, this study shows that the present method can be applied in porcine breeding programs to facilitate manipulation of the sex ratio of offspring and to achieve precise sexing of porcine offspring by amplification of the HMG box of the SRY gene.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.552-568
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• 1992

Recent improvements in the standard of living, national income and medical care, and a decline in the infant death rate which have occurred related to economic growth and modernization, have led to a longer average life-span and a higher ratio of elderly people in the total population, Therefore, not only in the field of nursing science, but also in the field of many other discipline, issues concerning the elderly have been given increasing interest. A great deal of effort has been spent on increasing the quality of life for elderly people. This study was conducted to analyze the correlation between social support and quality of life. The sample consisted of III subjects residing at home and 107 subjects residing in institutions all of whom were over 65 years of age. The data collection period was from October 23, 1990 to January 26, 1991. Social support was measured using the Norbeck social Support Questionnaire developed by Norbeck, translated by Oh, Ka Sil and quality of life was measured using the QOL scale developed by No, You Ja. Data were analyzed using pereentages, t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There was a statistically signifivant difference in the level of social support between the two groups (t＝-8.83, p＜.001), The elderly at home reported a much higher level of social support. 2. There was a statistically significant difference in the level of QOL between the two groups (t＝-5.77, p＜.001) . The elderly at home reported a much more positive quality of life. 3. There was a positive correlation between social support and QOL for the elderly at home ard it was statistically significant (r＝.32, p＜.001). 4. There was a postitive collealtion between social support and QOL for the elderly in institutions and it was also statistically significant (r＝.19, p＜.05). 5. The relationship between the general characteristics of the elderly at home and the variables of social support and of QOL were as follows ; 1) according to sex(t＝10.57, p＜.01) and the number of offspring(F＝6.19, p＜.01), there was a statistically significant difference in social support. 2) according to amount of Pocket money, there was a statistically significant difference in QOL(F＝2.98, p＜.05). 6. The relationship between the general characteristics of the elderly in institutions and the two variables were as follows ; 1) according to sex(t＝6.24, p＜.05), the number of offspring(F＝6.16, p＜.001) and religion (F＝2.58, p＜.05), there was a statistically significant difference in social support. 2) according to religion, there was a statistically significant difference in QOL(F＝2.90, p＜.05). In conclusion, it can be said that social support is an important variable related to QOL in the elderly and that social support levels are higher for the elderly residing at home. Therefore, more specific and objective approaches and efforts are needed to effectively use resources to maintain the elderly at home and to enhance social support available to the elderly in institutions and thereby increase QOL regardless of residence.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2013

This study was carried out to examine a molecular marker system for parentage test in Jeju Black cattle (JBC). Based on the preliminarily studies, we finally selected for construction of a novel genetic marker system for molecular traceability, identity test, breed certification, and parentage test in JBC and its related industrial populations. The genetic marker system had eight MS markers, five indel markers, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; g.G299T and g.del310G) within MC1R gene which is critical to verify the breed specific genotypes for coat color of JBC differing from those of exotic black cattle breeds such as Holstein and Angus. The results showed lower level of a combined non-exclusion probability for second parent (NE-P2) of $4.1202{\times}10^{-4}$ than those previously recommended by International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) of $5.000{\times}10^{-4}$ for parentage, and a combined non-exclusion probability for sib identity (NE-SI) of $2.679{\times}10^{-5}$. Parentage analysis has been successfully identified the JBC offspring in the indigenous population and cattle farms used the certified AI semens for production using the JBC-derived offspring for commercial beef. This combined molecular marker system will be helpful to supply genetic information for parentage test and traceability and to develop the molecular breeding system for improvement of animal productivity in JBC population.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2015

During the storage of these two species in a large conservation tank, fertilized eggs were collected and the offspring were raised. During culturing of the offspring, individuals with mixed characteristics of these two species were observed, and 96 individuals were randomly tested using microsatellite markers applicable to both species. Among the 96 individuals, 15 individuals with mixed morphological characteristics were confirmed to be hybrids showing both of genotypes red seabream and blackhead seabream. Additionally, based on sequence analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mtDNA CO1), 81 showed 99% nucleotide sequence identity to that of black sea bream, and the remaining 15 individuals showed over 99% sequence identity to that of red seabream. So, hybrids were produced by female red seabream and male blackhead seabream. These results suggest that hybrids may form in nature between these two species if their habitats overlap due to the influence of humans or global climate change.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.341-350
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• 2016

Background: Prenatal exposure to infectious and/or inflammatory insults can increase the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorder such as bipolar disorder, autism, and schizophrenia later in life. We investigated whether Valeriana fauriei (VF) treatment alleviates prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits and social interaction impairment induced by maternal immune activation (MIA). Methods and Results: Pregnant mice were exposed to polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (5 mg/kg, viral infection mimic) on gestational day 9. The adolescent offspring received daily oral treatment with VF (100 mg/kg) and injections of clozapine (5 mg/kg) for 30 days starting on the postnatal day 35. The effects of VF extract treatment on behavioral activity impairment and protein expression were investigated using the PPI analysis, forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT), social interaction test (SIT), and immunohistochemistry. The MIA-induced offspring showed deficits in the PPI, FST, OFT, and SIT compared to their non MIA-induced counterparts. Treatment with the VF extract significantly recovered the sensorimotor gating deficits and partially recovered the aggressive behavior observed in the SIT. The VF extract also reversed the downregulation of protein expression induced by MIA in the medial prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: Our results provide initial evidence of the fact that the VF extract could reverse MIA-induced behavioral impairment and prevent neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various factors such as recipient parity, delivery season, offspring number, pregnancy period, delivery type, midwifery type and dystocia, on the viability of calves derived from embryos produced in vitro. There was no difference in the abnormality of calves among treatments ($0\~25\%$, respectively). The incidence of a disease was significantly higher in delivered by multiparous $(40\%)$ than nulliparous$(9.9\%)$, in eutocia than dystocia group, in delivered on spring $(20.4\%)$ and winter $(22.7\%)$ than summer$(4.3\%)$ and autumn $(0\%)$, in single offspring $(18.4\%)$ than twin offsprings $(6.7\%)$, and in eutocia group $(17\%)$ than dystocia $(2.7\%)$, respectively (p<0.05). The rate of mortality was significantly higher when transferred into mulliparous $(22.3\%)$ than multiparous$(0\%)$, when were delivered within 270 day $(53.3\%)$ than over 270 day $(14.3\~16.1\%)$, when were dystocia $(41.7\%)$ than eutocia$(14.1\%)$ group, when were induced delivery $(44.4\%)$ than self-delivery $(18.1\%)$, when were non-midwifery $(34\%)$ than midwifery$(10.8\%)$, and when delayed midwifery $(31.6\%)$ than earlier midwifery$(11.5\%)$, respectively (p<0.05). The present study suggested that the proper treatment of parturition may be increased the viability of calves derived from in vitro.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1995

Growth rate, first reproductive age, life span and total offspring numbers were measured to study the effects of water temperature and salinity on the propagation of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. Three types of rotifer, Large (L), Small (S) and Thailand Small (TS)-types, were cultured in the $4\times4$ factorial culture conditions with four different salinities (5, 15, 25 and $35\%o$) at each of four different water temperatures (15, 20, 25 and $29^{\circ}C$). The results are as follows; Under the 4 different salinity gradients %$(5\%o,\;15\%o,\;25\%o,\;and\;35\%o)\;at\;29^{\circ}C$, the mean growth rates of L, Sand TS-type were 0.60, 0.84 and 0.96, respectively. The first reproductive age of three types rotifer appeared to be early at high water temperature. The total offspring numbers of the three types were higher at $25^{\circ}C\;and\;29^{\circ}C$, with the maximum value of 28.3 on the average at $29^{\circ}C$ for TS-type, and the minimum value at $15^{\circ}C$ for S-type. Life span decreased with high water temperature and increased with low water temperature. L-type and TS-type rotifer showed the longest life span of 13.5 days on the average at $15^{\circ}C$, and S-type showed shortest 6.2 days on the average at $29^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 1997

To improve the efficiency of production of cloned embryos and animals by nuclear transplantation in the rabbit, the effect of cell cycle of donor nuclei and type of recipient cytoplasm on the in vitro developmental potential and production efficiency of offspring was determined. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected from the mated does at 48h post-hCG injection and they were synchronized to G$_1$ phase of 32-cell stage. The oocytes collected at 14h post-hCG injection were freed from cumulus cells and then enucleated. One group of the enucleated cytoplasms was activated by electrical stimulation prior to injection of donor nucleus, and the other group was not pre-activated. The separated G$_1$phase blastomeres of 32-cell stage embryos were injected into the perivitelline space of recipient cytoplasms. After culture for 20h post-hCG injection, the nuclear transplant oocytes were electrofused and activated by electrical stimulation and the fused nuclear transplant embryos were co-cultured for 120h and the nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastocyst stage were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye and their blastomeres were counted. Some of the nuclear transplant embryos developed in vitro to 2- to 4-cell stage were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does. The electrofusion rate was similar between the types of donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms used. However, the nuclear transplant embryos using G$_1$ phase donor nuclei were developed to blastocyst at higher rate(60.3%) than those using S phase ones(24.7%). Also, when non-preactivated oocytes were used as recipient cytplasms, the develop-mental rates of nuclear transplant embryos to blastocysts were significantly(P< 0.05) higher(57.1%) than those using preactivated ones(20.8%). The cell counts of nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastosyst stage were increased signficantly(P<0.05) more in the non-preactivated recipient cytoplasm(163.7 cells), as compared whit the preactivated recipient cytoplasm(85.4 cells), A total of 49 nuclear transplant embryos were tranferrid into 5 recipient does, of which two offsprings were produced from a foster mother 31 days after embryo transfer. these results showed that the blastomeres of G1 phase and non-preactivated oocytes might be utillzed efficiently as donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms in the nuclear transplant procedure, thought the offspring production remained still low.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.1 s.72
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• pp.61-70
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• 1995

The genus Armillaria is important because they produce Gastrodia tubers. Seventy two isolates of Armillaria were obtained from fruit bodies grown on decayed wood in Korea. Twenty four isolates from Pinus koraiensis were identified as A. ostoyae. Two isolates from G. elata growing in the field were identified as A. mellea. Seven isolates from Acer ginnala and Quercus spp. were identified as A. tabescens. Thirty nine isolates were identified as A. gallica. Armillaria gallica was isolated from Quercus spp., Ainus japonica, Vitis amurensis and Prunus sargentii. Armillaria spp. isolates were divided into four groups based on the cultural characteristics. Group II (A. gallica KNU-A110) was better than the other groups for mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation. Isolate KNU-A110 proved to be good for production of G. elata tubers. This fungus forms mycelial fan in the plant tissue and rhizomorphs in contact with G. elata tubers. Gastrodia spp. was found in thirteen sites in Kangweon province in Korea. The plants were divided into three different kinds based on stem color. Plants with stems of brownish orange and greyish yellow were identified as G. elata, and those with greyish green colored stems were identified as G. gracilis. Gastrodia was collected mainly from humus soils rich in leaf debris, and slopes facing south from mid-May to mid-July. Once the new tubers are formed from the ancestry tuber, the ancestry tuber begins to decay. The offspring tuber, apparently gaining nutrients through rhizomorphs, begins to grow in length and slowly to enlarge. It takes three years for the offspring tuber to become ancestry tuber.