• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.1225-1229
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• 2007

비타민 $D_2$ 강화한 표고버섯(3%)과 해조칼슘을 첨가하여 비살균 제품이며 숙면에 속하는 냉면을 제조한 후, 편의식 개발을 목적으로 저장성을 예측하고자 하였다. $5^{\circ}C$에서 8일간 냉장저장하면서 미생물 및 관능적 품질 변화를 관찰한 결과, 냉면의 초기 세균 수는 2.54 log CFU/g 정도였으며, 냉장 조건에서 6일까지는 세균수가 5 log CFU/g 이하로서 식용에 적합하다고 판단되었다. 버섯냉면을 8일간 냉장저장 중에는 이취를 인식하지 못하였고 육안으로는 곰팡이 발생여부를 확인할 수 없었다. 표고버섯 첨가냉면을 총 8주 동안 냉동저장$(-18^{\circ}C)$하여 검사한 결과, 총세균수는 $770{\sim}160$ CFU/g 정도로 저장기간 중 유의적 차이를 보였으나 전 기간에 걸쳐 숙면의 저장가능 조건인 $1{\times}10^5$ CFU/g 이하로서 8주까지는 유통 및 저장 조건이 잘 유지된다면 미생물적 품질은 비교적 안전할 것으로 여겨진다. 윤기, 버섯 향, 쌉쌀한 맛, 씹힘성 및 탄력성의 관능특성은 8주간의 냉동저장 기간 동안 제조 직후와 비교할 때 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 이 결과는 미생물검사 결과와 함께 저장 안정성이 매우 큼을 시사하는 것으로 여겨진다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.725-732
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• 2015

본 연구는 상압과 가압방식으로 제조한 소뼈 용출액의 이화학 및 관능 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 일반성분, 콜라겐 유래 단백질, 콘드로이틴 황산, 유리 아미노산, 무기질 함량 및 색도를 비교하였다. 가공방식에 따른 소뼈 용출액의 고형분, 조단백, 조회분은 가열시간이 증가할수록 그 함량이 높았고, 동일 시간 동안 가열하였을 때 상압방식 용출액보다 가압방식 용출액에 더 많이 함유되어 있었다. 콜라겐 유래 단백질은 상압방식 용출액보다 가압방식 용출액에 더 많이 함유되어 있었다. 상압방식 용출액의 경우 콜라겐 유래 단백질 함량은 4시간 이상 가열할 때 증가하여 12시간 가열할 때 가장 높았고, 가압방식 용출액의 경우는 가열시간이 증가할수록 콜라겐 유래 단백질 함량이 증가하여 6시간이상 가열했을 때는 유의적 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 콘드로이틴 황산은 동일 시간을 가열하였을 때 상압방식 용출액보다 가압방식 용출액에 유의적으로 더 많이 함유되어 있었다(p<0.05). 동일 시간 동안 가열하였을 때 칼슘과 마그네슘은 상압방식 용출액에 유의적으로 더 많이 함유되어 있었고, 인, 소듐, 포타슘은 가압방식 용출액에서 더 많았다(p<0.05). 상압방식 용출액이 가압방식 용출액보다 $L^*$ 값이 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.05), $a^*$ 값과 $b^*$ 값은 전반적으로 가압방식 용출액이 높았다. 상압방식 용출액은 가열시간이 증가할수록 탁도가 높았지만, 가압방식 용출액은 가열시간에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며(p>0.05), 전반적으로 상압방식 용출액이 가압방식 용출액보다 탁도가 높았다. 관능적으로는 가압방식 용출액이 상압방식 용출액보다 갈색도, 투명도, 소 비린내, 소 비린 맛, 유황 냄새가 강하였는데, 이러한 특성은 가열시간이 증가할수록 더 강했다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 영양학적인 측면에서는 가압방식으로 제조한 소뼈 용출액이 우수하였지만, 관능적 측면에서는 전통적인 상압방식으로 제조하는 방법이 좋았다고 판단한다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.271-282
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• 1982

The browning development, mainly through the Maillard reaction, occurring in the dried fish meat products during storage causes reduction of the nutritional value due to the loss of the essential amino acid such as available lysine as well as off -flavor resulting in the deterioration of the food quality thus shortening the shelflife. In the work, the changes in the amount of available lysine, extractable nitrogenous compounds (nonprotein-N, amino-N, trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine, and free lysine) and development of browning were measured to assess the relationship between the shelflife and the quality loss in dried filefish under the steady state conditions (35,45, and $55^{\circ}C;a_{w}'s$ of 0.44 0.52, 0.65 and 0.75 at each temperature) and fluctuating temperature condition of $35/55^{\circ}C$ will. alternating 7 day periods at each water activity. The results indicated that the amount of available lysine and extractable nitrogenous compounds except TMA decreased rapidly with increasing temperatures and water activities while the rate of available lysine and extractable nitrogenous compounds must be involved in the initial stage of brown pigment formation. The available lysine loss of the dried filefish products stored under the fluctuating temperature conditions was greater than that stored under its fixed mean temperature, $45^{\circ}C$. The activation energies for lysine loss obtained from the Arrhenius plot ranged 6.9 to 4.4 Kcal/mol and $Q_{10}$ values at $40^{\circ}C$ were 1.4 to 1.2. The values for browning were 15.7 to 14.4 Kcal/mol and 2.2 to 2.0 respectively. Shelf-life, defined as the time to reach 0.15 O. D./g solid or the limit of off-color deterioration by browning reaction, was extented longer than the halflife of Iysine loss, actually corresponding $75\%$ loss of available lysine. This suggested that the halflife of lysine loss might not be adequate to assess the shelf-life of the food system with high potential of protein, nonproteinous nitrogen compounds, and lipids.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 돼지 비선호 부위인 뒷다리살을 주로 이용하여 비어슁켄을 제조하여 5와 $10^{\circ}C$에서 각각 냉장 저장하며 품질 특성의 변화와 저장 수명을 조사하였다. 비어슁켄에서 총균수의 변화를 살펴보면 저장 0일째 2.0 $log_{10}CFU/cm^2$ 미만이었고 저장기간이 연장될수록 증가하였으나 저장 35일 후에도 5와 $10^{\circ}C$ 시료에서 각각 4.86과 5.13 $log_{10}CFU/cm^2$ 수준으로 높아졌다. pH는 저장기간이 연장될수록 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. TBA와 VBN값은 저장기간이 연장될수록 증가하는 경향을 보였고 $5^{\circ}C$에서 보다는 $10^{\circ}C$에서 더욱 두드러지게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과 5와 $10^{\circ}C$에서 비어슁켄은 저장 28 일째까지 상품성을 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 상기 결과를 종합해 볼 때 $5^{\circ}C$인 경우에 저장 35일까지 물리$\cdot$화학적 및 미생물학적으로는 유통 가능하지만 관능학적으로는 상품성의 기준이 되는 3.0이하의 평가를 받았으므로 비어슁켄의 최소 유통기한은 5와 $10^{\circ}C$에서 28일로 예상된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2012

To increase antioxidative activity and minimize off-flavor of Chungkukjang, Seoliate as main ingredient and green tea as minor ingredient were selected. The protective efffect of green tea for Chungkukjang was evaluated under in vitro. Seolitae Chungkukjang added with green tea (SCG) was prepared on the basis of the protective effect of green tea from oxidative stress. Green tea showed the strong protective effect against nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion ($O_2{^-}$) radicals. The SCG perparation method was as follows. Seolitae was cleaned and washed, soaked in 1.5-fold water ($15^{\circ}C$) of Seolitae weight for 48 hr. Seolitae was steamed about 40 min by autoclave and then cooled about $40^{\circ}C$. Bacillus subtilis was inoculated and 5.0-fold green tea of weight was added, and then it was fermented for 60 hr at $40^{\circ}C$. According to the preparation method, Seolitae Chungkukjang (SC) and Seolitae Chungkukjang added with green tea 5.0% (SCG5.0) were prepared. Among the Chungkukjang groups SCG5.0 exerted more effective scavenging activity of NO than SC. In addition, SC added with green tea 5.0% showed high $O_2{^-}$ scavenging effect. These results suggest the antioxidative potential against free radical-induced oxidative damage of SCG.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate antioxidant effects of oriental herbs in the pork meat Wanja(0.5${\times}$5 cm, 20 g) baked at 180$^{\circ}C$ for 5 min and reheated 30 see in microwave oven after storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. The moderate amount of freeze dried powder of oriental herbs included in Wanja were 1.0% in CN(Cinnamomum lureitri Nees), 0.5% in AS(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Seed), and in AN(Angelica gigas Nakai), respectively. In sensory evaluation, the Wanja added with AS was the most preferred significantly. The Wanja without oriental herbs was the least preferred because of its the highest level in off-flavor. During storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ in the refrigerator for 10 days, the Wanja without oriental herbs was increased rapidly in acid value after 6 days, but the Wanja made with 1.0% CN powder was increased after 8 days, and with 0.5% AS and 0.5% AN were after 10 days. The Peroxide value of Wanja without oriental herbs was increased to unedible level after 8 days. But those of Wanjas made with CN, with AS, and with AN were increased to low level enough to eat till 10 days. The result in peroxide value between of Wanjas with and without oriental herbs was the same tendency in TBA value.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2011

The present review was aimed to assess the feasibility of increasing the slaughter weight (SW) of finishing pigs. Growth performance, including ADG, ADFI and gain:feed, does not change significantly with increasing SW between 110 and $135{\pm}5kg$ in lean-genotype pigs, whereas in non-lean pigs, ADG and gain:feed decrease with increasing SW within the similar range of BW. Backfat thickness (BFT) and marbling of the carcass, which are greater in barrows than in gilts, increase with the increase of SW. The SW could be increased by using a low-energy diet and thereby reducing the rate of fat deposition per weight gain. The yield of the belly increases with the increase of SW, which may be economically significant in Korea. However, yields of some other primal cuts do not change so much as to affect the carcass value. The redness and fat content of the muscle increase slightly with the increase of SW whereas moisture content is minimally influenced by SW. Muscular protein content rarely changes, but sometimes increases slightly, with increasing SW. Other physicochemical characteristics, including lightness, pH, drip loss, and cooking loss of the muscle, are barely influenced by SW. Marbling of fresh loin and ham increases with increasing SW. Sensory characteristics of fresh loin, ham, and belly, including color, aroma, off-flavor, drip, and acceptability, are not influenced significantly by SW. The eating quality of cooked pork also has almost no relation to SW. In conclusion, it is thought that the current SW for moderately lean barrows and gilts can be raised up to 125 and 135 kg, respectively, with BFT at these weights predicted to be approximately 24 mm near the last rib, without compromising the meat quality.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2009

Cheongkukjang is a traditional fermented soybean food in Korea that is used in the manufacture of functional foods. This study was conducted to assess vitamin contents and sensory qualities of powdered Cheongkukjang dried by oven drying, far-infrared drying and freeze drying. Vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_6$, E, niacin and pantothenic acid were detected using all drying methods. However, vitamin D was not detected in the oven drying samples, and was most prevalent($82.47{\mu}g$/100 g) in the far-infrared drying samples. The sensory characteristics included color, off flavor, salty taste, bitter taste, sweet taste, roasted taste and after-taste. Oven drying and freeze drying samples exhibited highest and lowest color scores(5.62 and 2.0, respectively). Oven drying samples also exhibited the highest roasted taste score(4.76), although not significantly different from far-infrared drying samples(4.0, p<0.05), while the score of freeze drying samples(2.38) was significantly different from the other methods(p<0.05). It is concluded that freeze drying is most suitable.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2014

Nanopowdered chitosan (NPC) has high biological activities, such as blood cholesterol lowering effect and antidiabetic activity. This study is carried out to determine the effects of nano-powdered chitosan-added Maribo cheese (NCMC) for the physicochemical properties and sensory analysis during its ripening at $14^{\circ}C$ for 6 mon. From the results, the moisture and fat levels are not significantly influenced from the addition of chitosan (p>0.05), but ash contents increased with increasing chitosan concentrations and the protein contents decreased with increasing chitosan concentrations. In the short-chain fatty acids analysis during the ripening, the total production is initially 13.79 ppm in 0.2% NCMC and 13.81 ppm in control, and their levels have steadily increased to 59.94 and 53.11 ppm, respectively. For the color levels, the $L^*$ values decreased, while the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values significantly increased during ripening for all samples (p<0.05). In texture analysis, the hardness and gumminess of NCMC significantly decreased as compared to the control during ripening (p<0.05), while the cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness were not significantly different among the treatments (p>0.05). In sensory analysis, the butyric off-flavor and bitterness increased slightly with increasing concentrations of NCMC during ripening. The overall acceptability of 0.2% NCMC held the highest score amongst the samples during the ripening. From the results obtained, the 0.2% NCMC was preferred during the ripening and observed the possibility of functional cheese.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.215-219
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• 2010

The applicability of electronic nose was tested to detect lipid peroxidation in chickens and to measure antioxidant effect of astaxanthin in chicken carcasses. Two sources of astaxanthin were fed to 62-wk-old spent laying hens to improve meat quality: natural astaxanthin (NA) from the red yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma, and synthetic astaxanthin (SA) from chemical synthesis. One hundred forty four ISA Brown laying hens were used in a 6-wk feeding trial. Three treatments consisted of the basal diet (control), SA (100 mg astaxanthin/kg basal diet) and NA (50 mg astaxanthin/kg basal diet). The astaxanthin levels of SA and NA were set to give a similar degree of skin pigmentation. After 6-wk feeding of astaxanthin, the skins from NA and SA were discriminated from the control by electronic nose. However, electronic nose failed to distinguish between SA and NA skins after 6-wk feeding. The astaxanthin level differences between skins of SA and NA were not remarkable during the 6-wk trial. The lipid peroxide formation in skin was significantly decreased by SA but not by NA. The antioxidation effect of SA was detected by electronic nose because SA skin was discriminated from others. NA was a better pigmentation agent than SA, but the reverse was true in antioxidation. Electronic nose is applicable for detecting astaxanthin in chicken, and meat off-flavor caused by lipid peroxidation during storage.