• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.337-347
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• 2018

Weather causes much of the risk of agricultural activity. For efficient farming, we need to use weather information. Modern agriculture has been developed to create high added value through convergence with state-of-the-art Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This study deals with the quality control algorithms of weather monitoring equipment through Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) observational equipment for efficient cultivation of cabbage. Accurate weather observations are important. To achieve this goal, the Korea Meteorological Administration, for example, developed various quality control algorithms to determine regularity of the observation. The research data of this study were obtained from five USN stations, which were installed in Anbandegi and Gwinemi from 2015 to 2017. Quality control algorithms were developed for flat line check, temporal outliers check, time series consistency check and spatial outliers check. Finally, the quality control algorithms proposed in this study can also identify potential abnormal observations taking into account the temporal and spatial characteristics of weather data. It is expected to be useful for efficient management of highland cabbage production by providing quality-controlled weather data.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.36
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• pp.585-602
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• 2018

This article examines the academic world of Professor Sa jin-sil. This article is not a detailed and rigorous assessment of Prof. Sa's work. During my directly or indirectly meeting with Prof. Sa jin-sil, the writing was based on my experiences. This is why the theme of "participatory observation records" is attached. I was aware that this writing would become a customary and formal funeral speech. Because I thought Prof. Sa also did not want formal and customary writing. The initiation of the participatory observational records that I describe was the literature study of Prof. Sa. What I am about to say in the title of the table of "Known Performance and to Revalue." There I summarized my thoughts on what Prof. Sa contributed to the research of the literature study on traditional performance and my opinion of the justice of the assessment of her contributions. I have not recommitted again about contributions or achievements that have already been widely recognized. What I noticed here was what was to be revalued. I once again stressed the achievements that were not properly evaluated despite their importance and significance. In the ensuing discussion, I looked at Prof. Sa's entirely different academic side. I call the passage "an unexpected result against prejudice." The subjects covered were Prof. Sa's field-contextual studies. Prof. Sa is often referred to as a dramatical history or a traditional performing arts scholar who studies literature. Such an idea is so common that it is easy to overlook field-contextual research results, not literature-based. But I think this is prejudice. That is why the title of the table of contents has the words 'unexpected' and 'prejudice'. Here I actively emphasized and evaluated Professor Sa's achievements in field-contextual studies.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.300-312
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop an astronomical observing education program that enables high school students to inquire the distance of astronomical bodies based on the research methods (observing open clusters and exploring collected big data) using small telescopes and DSLR cameras. After analyzing the 2015 revised science curriculum, we developed science club activity materials and teacher-student learning contents suitable for high school earth science education. A panel of six teachers and researchers of earth science education and astronomy, participated in developing the educational materials. The validity of the program was verified through establishing the agreement among the panels after in-depth discussions and clarifications. The program, developed with 10 lessons in total, showed high satisfactory content validity (CVI, .89) and conformity of school class (Likert's 5 point scales, 4.17). The feedback of the panels and the Delphi analysis continued to improve the quality of the program. The pilot testing result with high school students (N=9) showed that the students' satisfaction rate was high as 4.48. Using the astronomical observational education program of this study is expected to contribute in improving the convergence educational activity, interest, curiosity, and inquiry ability of students in the universe and the astronomical bodies.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2019

To investigate the observational environment, sky line and skyview factor (SVF) are calculated using a digital elevation model (DEM; 10 m spatial resolution) and 3 dimensional (3D) sky image at radiation site, Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU). Solar radiation is calculated using GWNU solar radiation model with and without the sky line and the SVF retrieved from the 3D sky image and DEM. When compared with the maximum sky line elevation from Skyview, the result from 3D camera is higher by $3^{\circ}$ and that from DEM is lower by $7^{\circ}$. The SVF calculated from 3D camera, DEM and Skyview is 0.991, 0.998, and 0.993, respectively. When the solar path is analyzed using astronomical solar map with time, the sky line by 3D camera shield the direct solar radiation up to $14^{\circ}$ with solar altitude at winter solstice. The solar radiation is calculated with minutely, and monthly and annual accumulated using the GWNU model. During the summer and winter solstice, the GWNU radiation site is shielded from direct solar radiation by the west mountain 40 and 60 minutes before sunset, respectively. The monthly difference between plane and real surface is up to $29.18M\;m^{-2}$ with 3D camera in November, while that with DEM is $4.87M\;m^{-2}$ in January. The difference in the annual accumulated solar radiation is $208.50M\;m^{-2}$ (2.65%) and $47.96M\;m^{-2}$ (0.63%) with direct solar radiation and $30.93M\;m^{-2}$ (0.58%) and $3.84M\;m^{-2}$ (0.07%) with global solar radiation, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2018

Purpose: The Korean government approved selected nonprescription drugs (Over-The-Counter drug; OTC drug) to be distributed in convenience stores from 15. Nov. 2012. This study examined the changes in the incidence and the clinical outcome of acute pharmaceutical drug poisoning after the deregulation of OTC drug sales. Methods: This study analyzed the data of Emergency Department based Injury In-depth Injury Surveillance (EDIIS), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 2011 to 2014. The following items were examined: age, gender, intention, alcohol association, pharmaceutical drugs resulting acute poisoning, the clinical outcomes in emergency department, and the admission rate of intensive care unit (ICU). This is a retrospective cross section observational study. Results: A total of 10,162 patients were subject to pharmaceutical drug poisoning. Acute poisoning by acetaminophen and other drugs were 1,015 (10.0%) and 9,147 (90.0%) patients, respectively. After the deregulation of OTC drug sales, acute poisoning by other drugs increased from 4,385 to 4,762 patients but acute poisoning by acetaminophen decreased from 538 to 477 patients (p<0.05). The rate of admission of acetaminophen poisoning increased from 36.1% (194/538) to 46.8% (223/477). The admission rate to the ICU by acetaminophen poisoning increased from 4.6% (25/538) to 11.3% (54/477) after the deregulation of OTC drug sales (p<0.05). Conclusion: Since the deregulation of OTC drugs sales, pharmaceutical drug poisoning has increased but acetaminophen poisoning has decreased. The rate of hospitalization and ICU admission by pharmaceutical drug poisoning with or without acetaminophen has also increased.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2019

Background: Understanding the burden of disease is important to establish cost-effective treatment strategies and to allocate healthcare resources appropriately. However, little reliable information is available regarding the overall economic burden imposed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Korea. Methods: This study is a multicenter observational research on the COPD burden in Korea. Total COPD costs were comprised of three categories: direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs. For direct medical costs, institutional investigation was performed at 13 medical facilities mainly based on the claims data. For direct non-medical and indirect costs, site-based surveys were administered to the COPD patients during routine visits. Total costs were estimated using the COPD population defined in the recent report. Results: The estimated total costs were approximately 1,245 million US dollar (1,408 billion Korean won). Direct medical costs comprised approximately 20% of the total estimated costs. Of these, formal medical costs held more than 80%. As direct non-medical costs, nursing costs made up the largest percentage (39%) of the total estimated costs. Costs for COPD-related loss of productivity formed four fifths of indirect costs, and accounted for up to 33% of the total costs. Conclusion: This study shows for the first time the direct and indirect costs of COPD in Korea. The total costs were enormous, and the costs of nursing and lost productivity comprised approximately 70% of total costs. The results provide insight for an effective allocation of healthcare resources and to inform establishment of strategies to reduce national burden of COPD.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.430-436
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not the d-dimer level indicating hyperfibrinolysis could be a predictor of early poor outcome (massive transfusion, death within 24 hours) associated with trauma-induced coagulopathy in blunt trauma without significant brain injury. Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study using 516 blunt trauma patients without significant brain injury. The poor outcome group, including patients receiving massive transfusion and those who died within 24 hours, consisted of 33 patients (6.4%). The variables were compared between the poor outcome group and good outcome group, and logistic regression analysis was performed using statistically significant variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the poor outcome prediction ability of the initial d-dimer level. Results: The poor outcome group showed more serious anatomical, physiological, and laboratory data than the good outcome group. In the ROC curve analysis for evaluation of the poor outcome prediction of the d-dimer level, the area under the curve value was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.90) while the cut-off value was 27.35 mg/L. In the logistic regression analysis, the high d-dimer level was shown to be an independent predictor of poor outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 14.87; 95% CI, 2.96-74.67). Conclusion: The high d-dimer level (>27.35 mg/L) can be used as a predictor for the poor outcome of patients with blunt trauma without significant brain injury.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.493-499
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• 2018

Objective: This study aimed to identify the effects of serum potassium and lactate on neurologic outcomes in out-of-hospital post-cardiac arrest adult patients. Methods: This study was a single center, retrospective observational study. We recruited out-of-hospital post-cardiac arrest adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit from 2011 to 2017. Primary outcome was good neurologic outcome at discharge. To evaluate the prognostic impact of serum potassium and lactate, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 57 patients were included in this study. The number of patients with good neurologic outcome was 19 (33.3%). In the univariate analysis, good neurologic outcome patients showed a higher smoking rate, shorter pre-hospital transportation time, higher rate of percutaneous coronary intervention, and lower severity score (all P<0.05). The good neurologic outcome patients also presented higher pH, lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and lower potassium regarding laboratory findings on the first hospital day (all P<0.05). In the multivariate analysis, the independent factors favoring good neurologic outcome were pre-hospital transportation time (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.97; P=0.019) and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the first hospital day (aOR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99; P=0.034). Conclusion: Serum potassium and lactate were not significantly associated with good neurologic outcome in out-of-hospital post-cardiac arrest adult patients. The prognostic factors for good neurologic outcome were pre-hospital transportation time and initial partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.459-465
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• 2018

Background: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) shows a very good prognosis, but older patients have a higher recurrence rate and those show poor prognosis than younger patients. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of thyroid cancer patients who experienced recurrence in old age according to the treatment strategy used. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Among DTC patients with no evidence of disease after initial treatment, we enrolled 86 patients who experienced recurrence at an age >65 years from 1994 to 2012. Sixty-nine patients had local recurrence and 17 patients showed distant metastasis. Results: The mean age of patients at recurrence was 72 years. Patients were followed up for a median of 4.1 years after recurrence. Sixty-three of the 69 patients with local recurrence received additional treatment, while the other six received conservative care. The cancer-specific mortality rate was 15.5% in the local recurrence group. Airway problems were the main cause of death in patients who did not receive further treatment for local recurrence. Among the 17 patients with distant metastasis, 10 underwent specific treatment for metastasis and seven received only supportive management. Seven of those 17 patients died, and the cancer-specific mortality rate was 35% in the distant metastasis group. Conclusion: The overall cancer-specific mortality rate was 20% in DTC patients in whom recurrence was first detected at an age >65 years. Mortality due to uncontrolled local disease occurred frequently in patients who did not receive definitive management for recurrence.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.624-635
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• 2018

Objective: This study examined whether emergency department (ED) crowding influences the timing of the initial assessment and treatment in severe trauma patients, as well as their mortality rates. Methods: This retrospective, observational study was conducted between January 2015 and October 2016, and included adult severe trauma patients who presented to the ED. The emergency department occupancy rate (EDOR) was used to measure ED crowding. The patients were divided into four groups using the EDOR quartile. The timeliness of the initial assessment and treatment in the four groups as well as the mortality rates were compared. Results: This study investigated 307 patients. The timing of the first computed tomography (CT) and laboratory test order, CT and laboratory test result acquisition, first transfusion, and patient transfer from the ED to the operating room were similar in the four groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis did not show a significant difference in mortality between the groups. Conclusion: ED crowding was not associated with delays in the initial assessment and treatment of severe trauma patients, or in their mortality rates.