• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2008

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Crataegi Fructus Pharmacopuncture(CFP) on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, lipolysis in rat epididymal adipocytes and histological changes in porcine adipose tissue. Methods Inhibiton of preadipocyte differentiation and/or stimulation of lipolysis play important roles in reducing obesity. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic reagents by incubating for 3days in the absence or presence of CFP ranging from 0.01 to 1mg/mL. The effect of CFP on adipogenesis was examined by measuring GPDH activity and by Oil Red O staining. Mature adipocytes from rat epididymal fat pad was incubated with CFP ranging from 0.01 to 1mg/mL for 3 hrs. The effect of CFP on lipolysis was examined by measuring free glycerol released. Fat tissue from pig skin was injected with CFP ranging from 0.1 to 10mg/mL to examine the effect of CFP on histological changes under light microscopy. Results The following results were obtained from present study on adipogenesis of preadipocytes, lipolysis of adipocytes and histological changes in fat tissue. 1. Crataegi Fructus Pharmacopuncture inhibited adipogenic differentiation at the concentration of 1.0mg/mL. 2. Crataegi Fructus Pharmacopuncture decreased the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH) at the concentration of 0.1mg/mL. 3. Crataegi Fructus Pharmacopuncture ok. lipolysis at the concentration of 0.1mg/ml. 4. Crataegi Fructus Pharmacopuncture ranging 0.1 to 10mg/mL failed to exert lysis of cell membrane in porcine fat tissue. Conclusions These results suggest that Crataegi Fructus Pharmacopuncture at relatively high concentration inhibited adipogenesis and increased lipolysis of adipocytes. However, Crataegi Fructus Pharmacopuncture didn't exert any effect on lysis of cell membrane in fat tissue.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2006

Peripheral insulin resistance in obese/type II diabetes animals results from an impairment of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Insulin stimulate the translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular location to the plasma membrane. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) is implicated in mediation of fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicle with the plasma membrane. Present study investigated regulatory effects of Rhodiola sachalinensis administration and exercise training on the expression of GLUT4 protein and SNAREs protein in skeletal muscles of obese Zucker rats. Experimental animals were randomly assigned into one of five groups ; lean control(LN), obese control(OB), exercise-treated(EXE), Rhodiola sachalinensis-treated(Rho), combine of Rho & EXE (Rho-EXE). All animals of exercise training (EXE, Rho-EXE) performed treadmill running for 8 weeks, and animals of Rho groups (Rho, Rho-EXE) were dosed daily by gastric gavage during the same period. After experiment, blood were taken for analyses of glucose, insulin, and lipids levels. Mitochondrial oxidative enzyme (citrate synthase, CS ; $\beta$-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, $\beta$-HAD) activity were analysed. Skeletal muscles were dissected out for analyses of proteins (GLUT4, VAMP2, syntaxin4, SNAP23). Results are as follows. Exercise and/or Rhodiola sachalinensis administration significantly reduced body weight and improved blood lipids (TG, FFA), and increased insulin sensitivity. Endurance exercise significantly increased the activity of mitochondrial enzymes and the expression of GLUT4 protein, however, administration of Rhodiola sachalinensis did not affect them. The effect of exercise and/or Rhodiola sachalinensis administration on the expression of SNARE proteins was unclear. Our study suggested that improvement insulin sensitivity by exercise and/or Rhodiola sachalinensis administration in obese Zucker rats is independent of expression of SNARE proteins.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.186-194
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• 2017

A brain-enriched secreting signal peptide, NELL2, has been suggested to play multiple roles in the development, survival, and activity of neurons in mammal. We investigated here a possible involvement of central NELL2 in regulating feeding behavior and metabolism. In situ hybridization and an immunohistochemical approach were used to determine expression of NELL2 as well as its colocalization with proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat hypothalamus. To investigate the effect of NELL2 on feeding behavior, 2 nmole of antisense NELL2 oligodeoxynucleotide was administered into the lateral ventricle of adult male rat brains for 6 consecutive days, and changes in daily body weight, food, and water intake were monitored. Metabolic state-dependent NELL2 expression in the hypothalamus was tested in vivo using a fasting model. NELL2 was noticeably expressed in the hypothalamic nuclei controlling feeding behavior. Furthermore, all arcuatic POMC and NPY positive neurons produced NELL2. The NELL2 gene expression in the hypothalamus was up-regulated by fasting. However, NELL2 did not affect POMC and NPY gene expression in the hypothalamus. A blockade of NELL2 production in the hypothalamus led to a reduction in daily food intake, followed by a loss in body weight without a change in daily water intake in normal diet condition. NELL2 did not affect short-term hunger dependent appetite behavior. Our data suggests that hypothalamic NELL2 is associated with appetite behavior, and thus central NELL2 could be a new therapeutic target for obesity.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2017

Arctigenin is the main active ingredient of Fructus Arctii, which has been reported with a variety of therapeutic activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, and anti-obesity effects. In this study, a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of arctigenin in rat plasma. The assay utilized a simple protein precipitation with methanol and the mobile phase consisted of 100% methanol and water containing 0.1% formic acid (65:35 v/v). Arctigenin and the internal standard (psoralen) were monitored using a positive electrospray turbo ionspray mode with multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z $373.2{\rightarrow}136.9$ and m/z $187.2{\rightarrow}130.9$, respectively, and total chromatographic run time was within 5 min. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of arctigenin was 5 ng/mL in the rat plasma. The intra- and inter-day accuracy of arctigenin at LLOQ and matrix-matched quality control samples ranged 97.4 - 104.8% and 97.2 - 102.0%, respectively. The intra-day precision was within 4.80% and the inter-day precision was within 5.92%. Application of the present method was demonstrated through a pharmacokinetic study after intravenous and oral administration of arctigenin in male Sprague Dawley rats.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.303-311
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• 1986

비만치료식 개발을 위한 기초연구로서, 해조류, 특히 미역, 다시마 등 갈조류에 $20{\sim}30\%$ 함유하고 있는 알긴산의 비만에 미치는 영향을 이미 연구되어있는 agar, cellulose, CMC, chitin, lignin 등의 식물섬유의 비만억제작용과 비교하기 위하여 margarine으로 비만을 유도시킨 흰쥐를 사용, 이들 식물섬유들의 비만억제작용에 미치는 영향을 비교, 검토하여 몇 가지 유의성있는 결과를 얻었다. 이들 식물섬유첨가($10\%$)의 비만억제효과를 체중증가량으로 보면 lignin이 가장 효과적이었고 (P<0.001). 그다음이 Na-alginate 였으며(P<0.01), 사료효율로 보면 lignin이 가장 효과적이었고, 그 다음이 CMC, Na-alginate의 순이었다(P<0.001). 간장과 부역환 및 난소 주위의 지방조직에 있어서 지방축적억제효과는 lignin이 가장 효과적이었고, 그 다음이 Na-alginate, cellulose, CMC의 순이었다(P<0.001). 또 Lee index에 의한 비만억제효과를 비교하여 보면 Na-alginate>lignin>CMC>chitin>cellulose의 순이었으며(P<0.001), 간장의 지질함양 분석에 의한 지방축적억제효과를 비교하여 보면 agar>CMC>cellulose>Na-alginate>chitin>lignin의 순으로 효과적임을 알 수 있었다(P<0.001). 식물섬유 첨가에 의한 혈청 glucose 감소효과는CMC가 가장 효과적이었고, 그 다음이 Na-alginate, lignin의 순이었으며(P<0.001), 혈청 cholesterol 저하작용은 Na-alginate가 가장 효과적이었고 그 다음이 lignin, cellulose의 순이었으며 그밖에 chitin을 제외한 대부분이 효과가 있었다. 또한 lipase 활성의 상승작용을 보면 Na-alginate가 가장 효과적이었고 그 다음이 chitin이었다. 따라서 lignin은 목질소로서 나무의 목질부의 주성분이기 때문에 실제 식품으로서 섭취가 쉽지 않기 때문에 미역, 다시마 등 갈조류의 $20-30\%$ 함유하고 있는 알긴산이 비만의 예방과 치료에 가장 효과적인 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1421-1429
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 유산균과 다시마가 항비만과 장내 미생물에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 8주령의 수컷 흰쥐를 1 cage 당 3 마리씩 4반복하여 처리군 당 12마리를 사용하였으며, 대조구 기초사료에 고지방사료 처리구는 10% lard를 첨가하고, 여기에 5% 유산균($5{\times}10^8cfu$, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium lactis) 첨가구, 5% 유산균과 10% 다시마를 혼합 첨가한 처리구로 구분하였다. 고지방사료 처리군에 비해 유산균 처리군과 다시마와 유산균 혼합 처리군은 체중과 일당 증체량의 감소를 나타내었다. 장내미생물을 pyrosequncing 방법으로 확인한 결과, 고지방사료 처리군에 비해 유산균 처리군과 다시마와 유산균 혼합 처리군은 Firmicutes 비율이 감소하고, Bacteroidetes의 비율이 증가하였으며, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) 비율은 감소하였다. 또한 이 두 처리군은 Firmicutes 문에 속하는 비만 관련 미생물 Roseburia, Mollicute, Erysipelotrichi, Oscillibacter가 감소하였고, 반면에 Bacteroidetes 문에 속하는 항비만 관련 미생물 Prevotella, Alistipes, Bacteroides는 증가하였다. 분변 내 단쇄지방산(short chain fatty acid; SCFA) 은 다시마와 유산균을 섭취한 처리군에서 butyric acid 함량이 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로, 다시마와 유산균의 혼합 처리는 항비만 효과를 나타내며 장내 미생물 변화를 유도하고 장내 대사 물질인 butyric acid의 함량을 높이는 것을 시사한다.

• Plant Resources
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.216-221
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• 2004

The present study examined the effects of Schizandra chinensis extract on the serum lipid composition and the antioxidant of rats in which obesity was induced through high fat diet. Fifty male Sprague-Dawely rats weighing 163.91$\pm$4.17g on the average were adjusted to basic diet and laboratory environment and were fed with high fat diet freely for 6 weeks to induce obesity. Forty rats, the final weight of which was 400g, were selected and were divided into a control group(C), treated groups(T I ; body weight of 100mg/kg, TII ; 150mg/kg and TIII ; 200mg/kg), 10 heads of similar weight for each, and test breeding was performed for 4 weeks. During the test breeding, all treated groups were fed with basic diet and difference in intake among the treated groups were maintained to be less than 5%. According to the result, the quantity of Triglyceride in serum was lower in all of the groups treated with Schizandra chinensis than the control group, but the difference was not significant except the treated group of 200mg (P>0.05). The quantity of Total cholesterol in serum was significantly lower in all the groups treated with Schizandra chinensis than in the control group (P<0.05) but differences according to the quantity of Schizandra chinensis applied were not observed. The quantity of HDL-cholesterol was not significantly different among all the groups including the control group (P<0.05) and no regular tendency of change in the quantity was observed according to the quantity of Schizandra chinensis applied. The quantity of LDL-cholesterol was lower in all the groups treated with Schizandra chinensis, but the treated group of 100mg was not significantly different from the control group. The quantity of TBARS in serum was lower in all the groups treated with Schizandra chinensis than in the control group (P<0.05), but no regular tendency of change in the quantity was observed according to the quantity of Schizandra chinensis applied. The quantity of liver TBARS was not significantly different among all the treated groups (P>0.05). The levels of glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and catalase activity were higher in all the groups treated with Schizandra chinensis treated group than in the control group (P<0.05), and the treated group of 200mg showed the highest activity among the treated groups.

• 셀메드
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.7.1-7.8
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• 2014

Metabolic effects of ten daily doses of standardized extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves (AP) rich in andrographolide were evaluated in a rat model of type-2 diabetes and in diet induced obese rats. AP was administered per-orally as suspension in 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days. Blood glucose, insulin and lipid profile of rats were measured by using enzyme kits. In addition, effects of such treatments on anti-oxidant enzymes activity and histopathological changes in various organs of diabetic rats were assessed. AP treatments reversed body weight losses and increased plasma insulin level in diabetic rats. The anti-oxidant enzymes activity became normal and histopathological changes observed in pancreas, liver, kidney and spleen of diabetic animals were less severe in extract treated groups. On the other hand, hyperinsulinemia and increased body weight gains observed in high fat or fructose fed rats were less severe in the extract treated groups. These observations revealed therapeutic potentials of the extract for treatments of diabesity associated metabolic disorders, and suggest that the effects of the extract on insulin homeostasis depend on the metabolic status of animals. Activation of cytoprotective mechanisms could be involved in its mode of action.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.336-343
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the single-dose toxicity and the safety of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts. Methods: Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Doses of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts were set at 0.25 mL (low-dose), 0.5 mL (medium-dose) and 1.0 mL (high-dose) for the test groups. A dose of 1.0 mL of normal saline solution was set for the control group. During 14 days, general symptoms, mortalities, and changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of all rats were observed. Results: No death was observed in all test groups. Any abnormal symptom was not observed in all of the groups. No significant changes in weight between the control group and the test groups were observed. In addition, no significant differences in the hematology signs, the blood biochemistry levels and the histopathological signs related to the Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts injection were observed. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture at doses of 1.0 mL or less may be consider safe and non-toxic. So, it can be used for therapy of obesity sufficiently. But further studies on this subject must be performed to confirm and verify this conclusion.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary grape skin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in rats fed high fat diet. The Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either control (5% fat) diet or high fat (25% fat) diet which was based on AIN-93 diet for 2 weeks, and then they were grouped as control group (C), control + 5% grape skin group (CS), high-fat group (HF), high fat + 5% grape skin group (HFS) with 10 rats each and fed corresponding diets for 4 weeks. The hepatic thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) were increased in high fat group as compared with control group, but reduced by grape skin. The serum total antioxidant status, and activities of hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and glucose-6-phosphatase were increased by supplementation of grape skin. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher in CS group than in C group. Grape skin feeding tended to increase the concentration of total glutathione, especially in control group. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione was lower in high fat groups than in control groups. The ratio was increased by dietary supplementation of grape skin in control group. These results suggest that dietary supplementation of grape skin would be effective on protection of oxidative damage by lipid peroxidation through improvement of antioxidant defense system in rats fed high fat diet as well as rats with low fat diet.