• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 1994

Background: The cell mediated immunity has an important role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. sIL-2R has been known as a sensitive marker of T lymphocyte activation Elevated serum levels of sIL-2R have been found in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and various granulomatous diseases. Elevated levels of sIL-2R have been also found in the serum and pleural fluid of the patients with tuberculosis. To evaluate the diagnostic value of sIL-2R in the differentiation of tuberculous pleurisy and nontuberculous pleurisy. We measured the level of sIL-2R in the sera and pleural fluids of 12 patients with tuberculous pleurisy and 32 patients with nontuberculous pleurisy. Method: Samples of pleural fluid and serum were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min to remove cell pellets. Soluble IL-2R was measured with a sandwitch enzyme immunoassay using the Cellfree(r) Interleukin-2 Receptor Test kit(T-cell science,Inc. Cambridge, MA). Results: The results obtained were as follows: 1) The sIL-2R level in pleural fluid of the patients with tuberculous pleurisy was higher than that of patients with nontuberculous pleurisy(P<0.005). 2) When the sIL-2R level above 5,000 u/ml in pleural fluid was used as the cut-off value to diagnose tuberculous pleurisy, it had a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 90.9%. 3) The sIL-2R level in the sera of the patients with tuberculous pleurisy was higher than that of patients with bacterial pleural effusions and normal control group(P<0.05) and there was no difference of levels compared with malignant pleural effusions and transudative pleural effusions(P>0.05). 4) In patients with tuberculous pleurisy, the mean concentration of sIL-2R in pleural fluid was higher than that in serum(P<0.005). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the measurement of elevated levels of pleural fluid sIL-2R in tuberculous pleurisy may be useful in the differential diagnosis between patients with tuberculous pleurisy and nontuberculous pleurisy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2009

Background: A forceps-biopsy is performed to acquire tissue from patients with an endobronchial carcinoma using a flexible bronchoscope. Recently, a cryo-biopsy has also been used to acquire tissue samples. Cryo-biopsy is the diagnostic application of extreme cold for the local destruction of abnormal living tissue. This technique is safe, with no radiation danger, no risk of electrical accidents, and a little risk of bleeding. This study compared a forceps-biopsy with a cryo-biopsy using a flexible bronchoscope, and examined the chemosensitivity and level of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in the specimens obtained from the cryo-biopsy. Methods: We present a prospective study of 30 consecutive patients who underwent a forceps-biopsy between January 2007 and October 2007 with a mean age of 62.1 years and a male:female ratio of 5 : 1. A flexible bronchoscope was inserted to the area of the abnormal lesions, and a cryo-probe was then applied through the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope. A temperature of approximately -h80 was delivered to the tumor site for 8 seconds. The cryo-biopsy was performed after destroying the tumor mass. Results: The mean size of the tissue from the forceps-biopsy and cryo-biopsy were 2.0${\pm}$1.2 mm and 6.0${\pm}$3.0 mm. A chemosensitivity test was performed on 5 specimens obtained using cryo-biopsy and the level of VEGF was examined in 2 specimens obtained from a cryo-biopsy. There were no side effects in either group. Conclusion: Cryo-biopsy using a flexible bronchoscope is a safe and effective technique for acquiring tissue samples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.722-728
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• 2012

Climate change affects all biological processes in terrestrial ecosystems including photosynthesis, plant growth and productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the growth of Quercus variabilis seedlings. One-year-old Q. variabilis seedlings were planted in control and warmed plots in April 2010. The air temperature of warmed plots was increased by $3^{\circ}C$ compared to control plots using the infrared lamp from November 2010. Shoot height and root collar diameter were measured in March 2011 and June 2012, respectively, and aboveground and belowground biomass were also measured in March 2011 and 2012, respectively. Shoot height and root collar diameter were significantly higher in warmed plots than in control plots, except for root collar diameter in March 2011. Increment (mm) of shoot height and root collar diameter were also higher in warmed plots ($529{\pm}30$, $5.6{\pm}0.5$) than in control plots ($464{\pm}28$, $4.5{\pm}0.4$). However, there were no significant differences between warmed and control plots except for root collar diameter. Increment (g/year) of total, aboveground and belowground biomass were higher in warmed plots ($36.88{\pm}6.52$, $11.91{\pm}3.44$, $24.97{\pm}3.73$) than in control plots ($30.59{\pm}5.51$, $8.73{\pm}1.66$, $21.86{\pm}3.88$), however, the differences were not statistically significant. Higher seedling growth and biomass of warmed plots might be related to the enhanced net photosynthetic rates in spring and the extended growing season.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.410-423
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• 1994

Seasonal and diurnal changes of stomatal diffusive resistance(S.D.R.) and transpiration rate(T.R.) were investigated for determining the ecophysiological water relations of economic tree species subjected to chronic water stress or exogenous abscisic acid treatment. Four species of oaks including Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica. Q. acutissima, and Q. variabilis were used as the experimental materials and also Fraxinus rhynchophylla was studied together with oaks. Stomatal diffusive resistances were repeatedly measured on the containerized 1-0 year seedlings subjected to two kinds of soil moisture regime (wet and dry) in June, August, and September by LI-1600 Steady State Porometer of LI-Cor, Inc.. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) solutions of 0.5 mM and 0.05 mM in July and August, respectively, were absorbed into shoots cut from the containerized seedlings for determining their effects on stomatal behavior and transpiration. Most of measurements in stomatal diffusive resistance maintained about 5 s/cm in the morning after sunrise despite of different treatments. But the values fluctuated frequently to high level above 20 s/cm through the afternoon until sunset in the seedlings subjected to dry soil moisture regime. Despite of various treatments and environmental conditions, stomatal diffusive resistances of Q. variabilis were more stable than those of Q. serrata or Q. acutissima. Their values of F. rhynchophylla changed more irregularly in comparison with those of oak species. Exogenous abscisic acid absorbed into shoots cut from seedlings increased stomatal diffusive resistance obviously in most of the species studied. The stomatal responses to abscisic acid treatment were more sensitive in July especially in Q. serrata than in Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima. But the effects of ABA treatment were presented more remarkably in Q. acutissima in August. The responses to abscisic acid were not certain in F. rhynchophylla because of their various fluctuation patterns.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.627-633
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• 2008

This study was conducted to estimate volume growth rates for major Quercus species distributed in Korea, and based on the data collected from the 5th National Forest Inventory. Volume growth rates were estimated by each age class for each species, and their similarity or distinction was statistically analyzed. It was also intended to compare the resulted volume growth rates with the existing growth rates, and to develope a volume growth rate estimation model for the Quercus species. Six major Quercus species were considered in this study; Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata, and Quercus mongolica. Based on the data collected from the 5th National Forest Inventory, the diameter growth rates and the height growth rates were estimated for each species, and then the volume growth rates were estimated with the given diameter and height growth rates. To examine the distinction between species or age classes, statistical analyses such as ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test were applied. The results indicated that the volume growth rate was 10% in the age class II, 6% in the age class III, and lower in the subsequent classes. In addition, the volume growth rates of Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, and Quercus serrata were relatively high compared to those of Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata, and Quercus mongolica. According to their growth rates, the six Quercus species were classified into two groups; high-growth-rate group and low-growth-rate group. Statistical analysis conducted to examine the difference between and within the groups showed that there is no significant difference within groups, while significant between groups. Based on the results, volume growth rate estimation model were finally developed for each group. The classification of the Quercus species suggested in this study was not the same with that of existing volume growth estimation. Thus, it is necessary to improve the existing volume growth rate or its estimation system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.161-172
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to classify, evaluate and grade the existing highway tunnels to increase landscape and natural statistics keeping the structural safety about tunnel gates area and induce the ones that will be constructed in the future by drawing the improvements and restoring the techniques as an environment-friendly. To examine the types of tunnel gate area, total 54 tunnels were investigated by selecting Gyeongbu Expressway, Yeongdong Expressway, and Jungang Expressway. Tunnel entrances and exit ports were classified as a Wall-closed type and Protruding type, which is based on tunnel gate type. Vegetation Landscape types were classified as Multilayer-Same as the surrounding landscape_(MS), Multilayer-Difference of surrounding landscape_(MD), Single layer-Same as the surrounding landscape_(SS), Single layer-Difference of surrounding landscape_(SD), and a Desolate type which based on vegetation layers and environment-friendly. Potential vegetation recovery was identified based on the structural stability and revegetation potential of the tunnel. The factors include the structural stability of the slope height and slope gradient were selected. Revegetation potential was identified as a growth potential. This factor was used in the step to classify vegetation recovery potential of a tunnel. The result, which investigated the types of tunnel entrances and exit parts has found that the most typical in 33 places was a Wall closed type with 61.1% of the total ones. The case of vegetation landscape types was created but different from the ones surrounding it with 85.2% of the total ones. It is judged that the currently constructed vegetation of tunnel entrance and exit parts had put convenience on the safety and management before landscape consideration. In addition, tunnel entrance and exit parts with excellent potential for vegetation recovery were all Protruding type. In addition, it is judged that slope stability can easily obtain growth. Therefore, entrance and exist of the highway tunnels, which will be constructed in the future, should reflect location and the result of the natural and ecological survey in design by performing it in advance and their types, which minimize the damage area range, should be applied to the local characteristics suitably. In addition, the ecologically healthy tunnel construction should be done by introducing active vegetation recovery techniques based on its safety.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 1993

Methods for shoot proliferation via pulse treatment onto the microshoots of Quercus acutissima, and ex vitro root induction using peat plug systems of the microshoots of 4 oak trees were described. Pulsing solution was prepared by the addition of BA and/or BA plus zeatin onto the aqueous WPM and sterilized distilled water. Using the solution, pulsing time was adjusted at different levels(0. 1, 2, 5. 9, and 24 hours). Although the effect of pulsing solution prepared by the addition of cytokinins onto the sterilized distilled water was slightly lower in shoot proliferation rate, a little higher in shoot elongation was observed compared with that of aqueous WPM. One hour of pulse treatment revealed best in shoot proliferation and its elongation, whereas the increment of pulsing time slightly suppressed the response. In addition, prolonged pulse time resulted high frequency of hyperhydric shoot appearance. Single treatment of BA was better in shoot proliferation than that of BA combination with zeatin, whereas the latter treatment usually showed rapid and healthy shoot growth. For ex vitro root induction using peat plug systems, black oaks(Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis) revealed excellent rootability compared with white oaks(Q. serrata and Q. mongolica). Shoot-tip necrosis of white oaks eras one of the big problems for survival. In this study, we discribed the effect of pulse treatment, successful ex vitro rooting system by the incorporation of peat plug, and the possibilities for the overcoming the obstacles on micropropagation of oaks.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.401-408
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• 1985

In order to develop new types of product which can offer a sanitary and preservative duality, and convenience to consumers in marketing and cooking particularly in urban area, two processing methods of ready-to-cook food materials with dark fleshed fishes like sardine and mackerel were investigated. A method applied, in this work, is processing of ready-to-cook sardine meat "surimi" in which sardine meat is treated with alkaline solution to stabilize myofibrillar proteins, washed thoroughly with water to remove soluble components, and added with a proper amount of polyphosphate and sorbitol to enforce the functional property of meat such as water holding capasity, elasticity, and gel strength. The textural properties of fish meat paste made from the "surimi" meat were greatly dependent upon the stability of myofibrillar proteins and the elimination of water soluble components. The salt soluble proteins of sardine meat were so unstable in post-mortem stage that the gel forming ability was lost within 3 days at $5^{\circ}C$ storage and 2 to 3 weeks even at $-20^{\circ}C$ although the freshness was well kept for a week at $5^{\circ}C$ and several months of storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. A proper way of treatment to keep the proteins stable was that fish meat must be washed with $0.4\%$ sodium bicarbonate solution followed by 3 to 4 times washing with water. This resulted in removal of $80\%$ water soluble proteins and 50 to $60\%$ lipids. The addition of polyphosphate and sorbitol affected the stability of proteins during the storage of "surimi" meat. When phosphate and sorbitol were added in the ratio of $0.3\%:\;0.3\%,\;0.6\%:\;3\%,\;0.6\%:\;6\%,\;0:\,0.3\%\;and\;0.3\%:\;0$, the gel forming ability terminated in 35 days, 21 days, 14 days, 14 days, and 14 days of storage at $-30^{\circ}C$, respectively, while that of the control was 7 days. And it was also noteworthy that at least 8.0 mg/g of salt soluble protein nitrogen content was required for gel formation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2004

This work was conducted to provide the reference data of radioactivity in the foodstuffs at a radiological emergency situation in Jeju Island The sampled foodstuffs were agricultural (31), livestock (6), marine (12) and forest products (4), and processed foods (3) consumed by Jeju Islanders. $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$ activities were determined by HPGe r-ray spectromety. The activity ranges of $^{137}Cs$ was ${\sim}650\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the agricultural products, ${\sim}131\;mBq/kg$. fresh in the livestock, ${\sim}834\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the forest, ${\sim}253\;mBq/kg$ fresh in the marine and $32.0{\sim}483\;mBq/kg$. fresh in the processed foods (tea). In case of $^{40}K$ the activity was $16.6{\sim}542\;Bq/kg$. fresh in the agricultural products, $39.1{\sim}294\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the livestock, $85.5{\sim}116\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the forest, $50.1{\sim}657\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the marine, and $33.6{\sim}1,065\;Bq/kg$ fresh in the processed foods (tea). The highest activity of $^{137}Cs$, 834mBq/kg fresh was observed in oak mushroom and $^{40}K$ 1,065 Bq/kg fresh in coffee. Annual effective doses of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$ by intake of foodstuffs per capita were the following order; agricultural products (66,543 nSv) > livestock products (19,311 nSv) > processed foods (6,648 nSv) > marine products (6,579 nSv) > forest products (860 nSv). Therefore, total annual effective dose was summed 99,941 nSv which is quite low level comparing to the annual effective dose by external exposure, 2,400,000 nSv. The data obtained in this study can be useful for monitoring whether the foodstuffs are contaminated or not at an emergency radiation accident, and showed that the foodstuffs consumed in Jeju are safe in terms of annual effective dose of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{40}K$

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2007

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary botanicals (herbs and plant extracts) on the performance, nutrient metabolizability, small intestinal microflora, IgG level and blood parameters in broiler chickens. In Exp. 1, 1,000 (500 each sex) broiler chicks($Ross^{(R)}$) were divided into 20 groups of 50 chickens each(25 birds each sex). Four groups were assigned to each of five dietary treatments:control and diets containing antibiotics($Avillamix^{(R)}$, avillamycin-premix), Herb M(Herb $mix^{(R)}$), Plant extract B(BIOSTRONG $510^{(R)}$) and Plant extract A($APEX^{(R)}$). In Exp. 2, 240(120 each sex) broiler chicks($Ross^{(R)}$) were devided into six treatment groups:control and diets containing antibiotics($Avillamix^{(R)}$, avillamycin-premix), Plant extract D($Digestarom^{(R)}$), Plant extract P($Phellozyme^{(R)}$), Plant extract G($Galicin^{(R)}$) and Plant extract C(CRINA $POULTRY^{(R)}$). Each treatment consisted of four replicates of 10 birds each. In both experiments, birds had free access to diets and water for 5 wk on floor pens(Exp. 1) and cages(Exp. 2). In Exp.1, production index of groups fed diets supplemented with herbs and plant extracts was slightly higher than the control and those fed Herb M was highest. In Exp. 2, groups fed diets supplemented with herbs and plant extracts consumed more feed than the control during the period between 4 and 5 wk(P<0.05). Feed conversion(feed/gain) was lower in antibiotics group than other groups. The values of RBC, Hb and HCT were higher(P<0.05) in chicken fed diets supplemented with the additives than in the control in Exp. 1. BA value was lower(P<0.05) in groups fed diets supplemented with the additives than in the control in Exp. 2. Serum IgG were higher(P<0.05) in groups fed diets supplemented with the additives than in the control in both experiments. The cfu of intestinal microflora and metabolizability of nutrients were not significantly different among treatments in both experiments. It was concluded that the botanical supplements can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in broiler diets.