• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to provide basic data regarding health care services for middle-aged men, via an analysis of the relationships among stress level, food habits and well-being-related attitudes with social-demographic characteristics and health-related factors. The main findings of this study were as follows. The average age of the participants was $48.7{\pm}5.2$. With regard to health status, 18.8% of the participants were diagnosed with digestive diseases within the past year. Stress levels were higher in the participants with lower levels of educational attainment. Furthermore, participants who had become divorced or lived separately from their families, participants who did not have their own houses, and participants who reported low marital satisfaction also had high levels of stress. Our food habits scores revealed meaningful differences among the study subjects, and were shown to vary with marital satisfaction, occupation, and residence type. In terms of both the importance and practice level of well-being-associated food habits, the most frequent response in this study was 'Consume home-made food rather than processed or ready-to-eat food' ($4.30{\pm}0.86$, $3.68{\pm}1.04$). In terms of importance level, the factors most relevant to well-being in terms of food habits were education level, marital satisfaction, residence type, self-assessed health status, smoking, drinking, regular exercises and leisure activities. With regard to practice levels, the degree to which subjects engaged in food habits targeted toward well-being differed meaningfully depending on marital status, marital satisfaction, residence type, family type, self-assessed health status, smoking, drinking, nutritional supplement intake, regular exercises and leisure activities. After analyzing the correlation among stress level, food habit score and the attitude towards well-being-related dietary habits (importance and practice level), we observed a meaningful relationship between the four factors at the level of p<0.001. According to the above result, continuous attention to health, including the appropriate control of smoking and drinking, as well as, stress management, via regular exercises and appropriate food habits is expected to exert a positive influence on the prevention of disease, and is also expected to improve quality of life. For all well-being-associated items, the importance level was shown to be higher than the practice level. Thus, in order to foster health-oriented food habits, we recommend that a new plan be designed, targeted toward ease of active practice for middle-aged men.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.3 s.37
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• pp.35-52
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• 2005

To assess the food habits, the nutrient intakes and diet quality of high school students living in Chuncheon area. a dietary survey using a questionnaire and 24hr recall method was conducted with 318 subjects. $30.8\%$ of the subjects often skipped breakfast and $28.0\%$ had snacks over once per day. Mean daily energy intake was $1740\pm712kca1\;with\;61.1\%$ of energy supplied by carbohydrate, $16.0\%$ by protein and $23.1\%$ by fat. As well as insufficiencies in calcium and iron intakes, the bioavailability of calcium and iron consumed is considered to be low because most of them came from plant origins. For calcium, iron and riboflavin, the proportions of subjects with intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA were all over $68\%$. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality was 0.79 for males and 0.78 for females. The indexes of nutritional quality(INQ) were over 1 for most nutrients except 3 nutrients: 0.67 of calcium, 0.82 of iron, 0.90 of riboflavin. Nutrient intake levels less than $75\%$ of RDA may be appropriate as a criteria for insufficiency of nutrient intakes. Based on these results, it is evident that some of high school students in Chuncheon area did not consume enough nutrients, especially calcium, iron and riboflavin.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.312-319
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• 2011

We investigated the eating habits and food preferences of middle school students to provide material for establishing dietary and nutritional education at the elementary level. We questioned 270 male and female students attending certain middle schools in the Daegu area about their eating habits and food preferences. Eating habits were found to be most regular for students in families where only one parent worked and irregular for students in families where both parents worked. There was a positive correlation between a higher level of academic education of the father and the frequency of consumption of instant foods. There was also a positive correlation between a higher level of academic education of the mother and the frequency of snack consumption. Male students had a higher preference for consuming animal foods than did female students. Students that lived in extended families tented to have a higher preference for vegetable foods. On the other hand, students that lived in nuclear families and students that lived in families where both parents worked preferred snacks more. Based on these results, parental employment and academic education level influences the eating habits and food preferences of middle school students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.340-348
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• 2012

This study was performed in order to investigate dietary habits, health related lifestyle and blood cadmium and lead levels in female college students. 80 college students (43 males and 37 females) participated in the survey questionnaires. Body weight and height, blood pressure, and body composition were measured. The systolic blood pressure of male and female students were $128.9{\pm}13.9$ and $109.8{\pm}12.0$, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure of male and female students were $77.1{\pm}10.3 $and $66.0{\pm}6.9$, respectively, showing that male students had significantly higher blood pressure than female students (P < 0.001). The BMI of male and female students were $23.4{\pm}3.3$ and $20.2{\pm}2.3$, respectively. Most male students were in the range of being overweight. The dietary habits score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students (P < 0.01).The blood cadmium level of male and female students were $0.54{\pm}0.23$ and $0.52{\pm}0.36$, respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female students. The blood lead level of male and female students were $1.09{\pm}0.49 $and $0.59{\pm}0.45$, respectively. The blood lead level of male students was significantly higher than that of female students (P < 0.001). The blood cadmium level of smokers and nonsmokers were $0.69{\pm}0.29 $and $0.49{\pm}0.29$ respectively (P < 0.05). The blood cadmium level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The blood lead level of smokers and nonsmokers were $1.09{\pm}0.43$ and $0.80{\pm}0.54$, respectively. The blood lead level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Therefore, proper nutritional education programs are required for college students in order to improve their dietary and health related living habits.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2017

In recent times, many people have problems of nutritional imbalance; lack or surplus intake of a specific nutrient despite the variety of available foods. Accordingly, the interest in health and diet issues has increased leading to the emergence of various mobile applications. However, most mobile applications only record the user's diet history and show simple statistics and usually provide only general information for healthy diet. It is necessary for users interested in healthy eating to be provided recommendation services reflecting their food interest and providing customized information. Hence, we propose a menu recommendation method which includes calculating the recommended calorie amount based on the user's physical and activity profile to assign to each food group a substitution unit. In addition, our method also analyzes the user's food preferences using food intake history. Thus it satisfies recommended intake unit for each food group by exchanging the user's preferred foods. Also, the excellence of our proposed algorithm is demonstrated through the calculation of precision, recall, health index and the harmonic average of the 3 aforementioned measures. We compare it to another method which considers user's interest and recommended substitution unit. The proposed method provides menu recommendation reflecting interest and personalized health status by which user can improve and maintain a healthy dietary habit.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.521-530
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• 2009

This study was conducted to assess dietary pattern and dietary diversity of preschool children by investigating their food consumption. To accomplish this, dietary intake survey (24 hour-recall food diary) was administered to 508 children aged between 4 to 6 years old from 4 kindergartens in the Daegu area (415 were completed). By using CAN pro 3.0 for professionals, the dietary patterns and dietary diversity scores of each food group were examined by age and sex. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0, and $\chi^2$, t-test and Anova test, and Duncan's multiple range test used for verifying significance. For 4~5-year-old group, boys had significantly more fruit and meats than girls (p < 0.05), but girls had more dairy food than boys with no significance. For 6-year-old group, boys had significantly more foods, milk and dairy foods than girls (p<0.05), and also boys had more vegetables and fruit than girls with no significance. For DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), the score of 6-year-old group was significantly higher than that of younger children (p < 0.05) and the older the age was, the higher the score was. Dietary Pattern (GMVFD) was verified by 8 types, and the ratio of taking all five food groups (GMVFD = 11111) of the 6-year-old group was 48.8%. Children with older ages had more various foods than younger ones (p < 0.05). In addition, the ratio of taking less than the minimal intake of dairy foods of girls (48.1%) was higher than that of boys (41.3%). As results, unbalanced diet, overeating and not eating unbalanced diet were revealed as the problematic dietary habits among preschool children, and those habits may change positively with knowledge on nutrition grow on. Therefore, nutritional characteristics and importance of preschool children should be taught to parents and caregivers, and it must be practical and ready to use in cooking for these children to healthy dietary habits.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.65-86
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• 1990

Living conditions of the rural elderly were assessed in terms of clothing behavior, health and nutritional status, housing and envioronmental condition, and psychological adjustment. The subjects were eighty individuals over sixty residing in the rural community of Iksan-kun, Chollabukdo. The interview method using questionnaires, direct measurement, and observation was used for this study. Data were compared with those obtained from a previous study of the elderly residing in an urban area. Clothing behavior showed that the elderly residing in the rural community were more concerned about plain and conservative design of clothes than their urban counterparts. Special protective clothes for cropdusting with agricultural chemicals had not been prepared. The following urgent needs were pointed out: development and supply of agricultural chemical protective clothing and development and education of appropriate washing and clothing care methods. The health status of the elderly was generally good, but poor eating habits were found more frequently in the rural elderly than among the urban dwellers. Several dietary nutrient intakes were insufficient. Contrasting the urban elderly with the rural group, it was found that the urban group lacked sufficient vitamin A and vitamin C and the urban women had insufficient calorie whereas the rural group was deficient in protein, vitamin A, calorie, and fat. A significant relationship was found between dietary nutrient intake and health index, food habit points, self recognized health status, meal satisfaction, and economic status. Urgent needs of the development of a nutrition education program for the elderly were pointed out. Most of elderly residing in the surveyed rural communities were living alone or with their spouse only, therefore only one room was used among the three or four available rooms. Most of the rural elderly were living either in a traditional Korean house built with differing floor levels or in a modified Korean style house. Minimal modernization had been made for kitchen facilities such as sink and gas range or for heating facilities with the briquette boiler. However, sanitary space such as lavatory and bathroom had not been remodeled. A housing welfare program for rural communities should be implemented at the national level. The comparison of psychological characteristics of the rural elderly with their city counterparts revealed that the rural elderly have a more stable psychological status and optimistic attitude than those living in a city. However, it was found that most of the elderly did not have any future plan. Community programs for the elderly including hobbies or leisure activities or education programs to generate close interpersonal relationships with their children should be developed and provided.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.111-126
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary habits and nutrient intakes of school-aged children participating in extracurricular classes, to with regards to class schedule. Three-hundred and two students from Seoul were selected and classified into two groups. One group attended extracurricular classes less than 12.43 hours per week, which was determined as the average number of hours per week(AELT, n=147). The other group attended extracurricular classes more than 12.43 hours per week(AEMT, n=155). The average student age in both the AELT and AEMT groups was 11.9 years, respectively. In terms of height and weight, there were no significant differences between the two groups. AELT received significantly more hours of sleep than AEMT(p<0.01), and there were significantly more responses with regard to lack of sleep in the AEMT group than in the AELT group(p<0.05). In a survey on 17 clinical symptoms regarding health, the AEMT group had significantly higher response rates than the AELT group in the following sections: no appetite (p<0.001), dizziness(p<0.001), headache(p<0.01), tiredness(p<0.01), cold symptoms(p<0.05), and sore eyes(p<0.05). Meal time irregularity was significantly higher than AEMT than in AELT(p<0.05). Approximately 50% of the subjects were picky eaters, and 40% and 20% skipped breakfast or dinner, respectively. The average energy intakes for AELT and AEMT were 2122.2 kcal and 2061.5 kcal, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. AEMT consumed significantly lower quantities of protein, animal fat, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, and phosphorus(each p<0.05) as compared to the AELT group. Beverage intake was significantly higher in AEMT than AELT(p<0.05). The number of hours in extracurricular classes showed a significant negative correlation with the intakes of protein, animal protein, animal fat, vitamin $B_6$, folate, calcium, plant calcium and phosphorus(each p<0.05). The number of hours in extracurricular classes also showed a significant negative correlation with soy foods intake(p<0.05). These results suggest that continuous and systematic nutritional education should be performed in order to prevent and improve the unbalanced diets and problematic of dietary habits that may result in students due to attendance in extracurricular classes.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.608-617
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• 2006

This study compared the food habits and attitudes towards dietary life culture in types of feeding management, gender and grade. The subjects were 352 elementary school students who lived in Seocheon, Chungnam. The independently managed school students were better than jointly managed school students in food habits (p<0.05). In skipping school meals, upper grade students were skipped more than lower grade students (p<0.05). In rate of eating school meals, boys were faster than girls (p<0.001). The independently managed school students and the jointly managed school students were different on distasteful food. Boys disliked vegetables and girls disliked cereals and beans (p<0.05). Upper grade students ate more well-balanced meals than lower grade students (p<0.05). As for the question 'what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided through school meals', they responded. the highest percent of students, 'I will try once or twice'. And the response 'I have them for health' was higher independently in managed school students than the jointly managed school students (p<0.05), girls than boy (p<0.05), and the lower grades than the upper grades (p<0.05). As for the question 'what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided, after the guide for school meals was performed', the response, 'I will make an effort to have it' accounted for the highest percents, and there were differences in lower grade students who were high percents than upper grade students (p<0.01). As for the recognition for unbalanced diets, most of the students recognized that it is a 'bad habit'; the girl students accounted for more percentage than boys (p<0.05). The criterion of food choice were different in gender and grade (p<0.01). As for the factor of influences for the food habits formation, lower grade students were 'school education' and upper grade students were 'parents' (p<0.05). Thus, the systematic guide for proper intakes of nutrition should be performed. Also, the time when students can be educated by an expert of nutritional education, which is connected with school meals and students can grow healthily.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.525-535
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nutritional education for juveniles' desirable vegetable intake by analyzing their vegetable intake, dietary habit and nutrient intakes according to gender of middle school students in Chungnam. The average age of the subjects was 15.0, height was 162.5 cm, weight was 53.5 kg and their average BMI was $20.1kg/m^2$. The frequency of eating supper in girls was lower than that in boys. Many respondents answered that a meal-time was 10~20 minutes. Without gender difference, more than 90% respondents thought that vegetables were good for health. As for the preference of vegetable, subjects responded, "I am in the middle", "I like them", "I dislike them", "I like them very much", and "I dislike them very much" in order, without gender difference. The frequent eaten leaf vegetable was Chinese cabbage, the frequent eaten fruit vegetable was cucumber, and the frequent eaten root vegetable was radish. The favorite leaf vegetable was lettuce, the favorite fruit vegetable was corn, and the favorite root vegetable was sweet potato. The preference degrees of taro and ginger were very low. The reasons why they liked a vegetable were that it was delicious and they ate it at home often. In addition, the reason why they disliked vegetables was that they are untasty in flavor or texture and it showed that many students had a prejudice that vegetables were untasty. The intakes of plant protein, dietary fiber, ash and INQs of dietary fiber, calcium, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E in the group with high preference of vegetables were significantly higher than those of low preference group. The study results indicate that intake frequency and preference of root vegetables in juveniles are low and the major reasons of these results are taste and eating experience of vegetables. In addition, the intake amounts of dietary fiber and folate are poor in the subjects with low preference of vegetables. Therefore, families and schools should make efforts that juveniles can recognize the importance of vegetable intake and select various vegetables properly through the development of cooking methods and systematic nutrition education.