• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.264-270
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• 2001

In order to improve the quality of traditional kochujang, condiments like garlic and onion were added to kochujang and their effect on microbial characteristics, enzyme activities and taste components were investigated during fermentation. Viable cells of yeasts in the kochujang decreased with the increasing ratio of garlic. However, aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts did not show any remarkable differences in the garlic or onion added kochujang, they decreased slowly after $6{\sim}10$ weeks of fermentation. The activity of liquefying amylase in kochujang decreased slowly during $2{\sim}10$ weeks of fermentation, but that of saccharifying amylase increased remarkably at $14{\sim}18$ weeks. Amylase activities increased at the late period of fermentation in garlic or onion added kochujang. Protease activities of kochujang were strong in the middle of fermentation, but they decreased by addition of garlic or onion. The major free sugars in kochujang were glucose and fructose, and their contents increased as the ratio of garlic increased. The major organic acids in kochujang were succinic, malic and oxalic acid, and they also decreased by addition of garlic and onion. The contents of total free amino acids and amino nitrogen were the highest in 2% garlic added kochujang. The major free amino acid were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, alanine, leucine, isoleucine and arginine. Serine, glutamic acid, lysine and arginine contents in increased by adding garlic or onion.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.12 no.4 s.31
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• pp.225-235
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum conditions for the preparation of natto(unripe Chungkukjang) using Sowonkong(small soybeans) and Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11315. The changes in the contents of amino-type nitrogen, ammonia-type nitrogen, total acidity and total sugar, and those in the pH, browning materials and microbial growth were determined during fermentation and aging of natto(unripe Chungkukjang). The amounts of amino-type nitrogen and ammonia-type nitrogen were increased gradually during the fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours, but those of total acidity and total sugar were decreased. The pH was gradually alkalized, and more water soluble browning materials were produced during fermentation. The number of viable cells was the highest at the 36 hours of fermentation. The content of ammonia-type nitrogen was significantly decreased during aging at $4^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. In view of the results as above, it seems possible to conclude that the natto(unripe Chungkukjang) fermented by Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11315 at $40^{\circ}C$ for 36 hours and then aged at $4^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours was suitable for manufacturing natto(unripe Chungkukjang).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of milk mineral (MM) as the calcium source for the production of calcium-fortified yogurt. MM was composed of 83% minerals, 7.5% lactose, 3.3% protein, and < 1% fat. Calcium (Ca) content in MM was about 46%; calcium: phosphorous ratio was 1.28:1. The aqueous solubility of Ca increased with the decrease in pH; the solubility at pH 4 and 5 was 98% and 53%, respectively. Ca-fortified yogurt with up to 200 mg Ca/100 mL did not show significant differences in acid production and number of viable cells; however, the viscosity increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increase in Ca levels. Microstructure analysis of Ca-fortified yogurt using confocal scanning laser microscopy indicated that the protein network became denser with increasing fortification with MM. There was no significant difference in the sensory quality between the control and Ca-fortified yogurts. Therefore, MM could be used for the production of Ca-fortified yoghurt without compromising the quality characteristics of yogurt.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.138-148
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• 2024

The production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was optimized by serial fermentation of Dendropanax morbiferus extract (DME) using Bacillus subtilis HA and Lactobacillus plantarum KS2020. The 1st alkaline fermentation was performed on 60% DME including 2% glucose and 10% monosodium ʟ-glutamate (MSG) as a precursor. The 1^st fermented DME had 57 mg% tyrosine. Consequently, the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation for 5 days increased the tyrosine content of 106 mg%. The mucilage containing γ-PGA showed a high content of 3.50% on the first day of alkaline fermentation and then increased to 4.10% after 2 days. The precursor (MSG) remaining in the 1^st fermented DME was efficiently converted to GABA by the 2^nd lactic acid fermentation in the presence of 5% skim milk, 1.5% glucose and 0.5% yeast extract, resulting in the production of 18.29 mg/mL GABA. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria increased and indicated 9.49 log CFU/mL on the fermentation for 5 days, and the acidity of co-fermented DME indicated the highest value of 1.55%. Conclusively, the serial fermented DME has multi-functional ingredients containing γ-PGA, GABA, peptides and probiotics.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.703-712
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to supply basic material determine basic information regarding effective health promotion regimens for elderly women via a comparative survey of health status by aging age between elderly women (=70 y) and college women. The subject groups of elderly women (=70 y) and college women were selected and surveyed from March to October, 2008, in the Seoul area. The average age of the elderly women assessed in this study was $78.64{\pm}7.30$, the average height was $147.07{\pm}5.72$ cm, and the average weight was $50.47{\pm}7.44$ kg. As compared with college women, a higher percentage of elderly women ate breakfast regularly, but the elderly women also experienced difficulties in chewing due to dentures, and therefore ate their meals with large quantities of liquids, and usually ate their meals within 10 minutes. The majority of elderly women suffered from at least one disease, and the most common symptom reported was hypertension (25%). 52.2% of elderly women and 47.8% of college women reported that they exercised 1~2 times per week. They reported that their favorite exercise was light exercise, such as jogging and athletics (73.1%). As compared with college women, the smoking rate was lower among elderly women, but some of the elderly women were long-time smokers or alcoholics. The differences in red blood cells counts, Hb, hematocrit, and MCV of the between elderly women and college women were significant. In addition, but the MCH and MCHC were higher in elderly women compared with college women and the total cholesterol of elderly woman ($175.62{\pm}38.89$ mg/dL) was significantly lower compared with college woman ($186.13{\pm}28.19$ mg/dL). TG ($127.89{\pm}51.25$ mg/dL) and LDL-cholesterol ($120.51{\pm}32.88$ mg/dL) of elderly woman were significantly higher than TG ($79.71{\pm}40.9$ 6mg/dL) and LDL-cholesterol($103.78{\pm}22.94$ mg/dL) of college woman (p<0.05). The levels of HDL-cholesterol ($58.78{\pm}12.90$ mg/dL) in the college women was significantly higher than the HDLcholesterol levels ($48.17{\pm}13.79$ mg/dL) of the elderly women (p<0.05). Serum vitamin C levels in elderly women were significantly higher than those of college women (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference was detected between the two groups. Consequently, it can be concluded that the appropriate education programs for dietary habits and health promotion are necessary for a healthier life. Additionally, it is necessary for individuals to precisely determine precisely their own health status, and develop appropriate dietary programs for themselves.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1245-1252
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• 2016

As a research of inflammation inhibitory activity using natural resource, the inflammation inhibitory activity by purified active compound from Rhododendron mucronulatum flower was experimented. Rhododendron mucronulatum flower components were purified and separated with Sephadex LH-20 and MCI gel CHP-20 column chromatography, Purified compound was confirmed as myricetin by $^1H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$ and Fast atom bombardment (FAB)-Mass spectrum to have inhibition activity on inflammatory factors secreted by Raw 264.7 cells in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Myricetin inhibited nitric oxide (NO) expression in a concentration dependent manner, approximately 40% inhibition was observed at a concentration of $50{\mu}M$. The inhibition effect of myricetin on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression was 20% and 80%, respectively, at a concentration of $25{\mu}M$. Myricetin also inhibited expression of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ in a concentration dependent manner; a concentration of $50{\mu}M$, 70%, 80%, 80% and 95% inhibition was observed, respectively. Therefore myricetin isolated from Rhododendron mucronulatum flowers is expected to have an anti-inflammatory effect in Raw 264.7 cell induced by lipopolysaccharides. The results can be expected myricetin from Rhododendron mucronulatum flower to use as functional resource for anti-inflammatory activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.291-295
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a butanol (BuOH) fraction from an extract of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.) needles, on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in the liver membranes of rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups over a 45 days study period: the control group on a basic diet, and three experimental groups on three different dietary levels of the butanol fraction, specifically 25 mg (BuOH-25), 50 mg (BuOH-50), and 100 mg (BuOH-100) butanol fraction/kg body weight/day, thereby 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% of butanol extract of pine needles was added to basil diet respectively. At the end of the experimental period, body weights and food intakes were not different among the four groups. The results showed that cholesterol accumulation in the mitochondria and microsomes of liver cells was significantly inhibited in the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups: by 11.6% and 20.1% in the mitochondria of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, respectively; and by 10.5%, and 13.5% in the microsomes of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, respectively, compared with the control group. The levels of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) were significantly) lower in the liver mitochondria of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups (by 13.3% and 18.5%, respectively), while OH radicals were significantly lower in the microsomes or all three experimental groups (by 15.7% in the BuOH-25 group, 20.0% in the BuOH-50 group, and 20.6% in the BuOH-100group), compared with the control group. Superoxide radical (O$_2$) formation was also significantly inhibited in the liver cytosol of both BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups; the levels of these radicals were 8.0% lower for the BuOH-50 group and 11.1% lower for the BuOH-100 group, compared to the control group. Copper/Zinc - superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) activities were significantly increased (by 10.3% and 15.9%, respectively) in the liver cytosols of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, but Mn-SOD activities were almost identical in the three RuOH groups, compared with the control group. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were significantly increased in the three experimental groups (by 9.0% in the BuOH-25 group, 19.4% in the BuOH-50 group, and by 25.6% in the BuOH-100 group), compared with the control group. These results suggest that the butanol extract of pine needles may play an effective role in attenuating oxygen radicals and activating scavenger enzymes; consequently, aging may be very effectively modulated and/or inhibited.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.262-270
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• 2004

It is well known that long-term heavy ethanol intake causes alcoholic dementia, cerebellar degeneracy or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and aggravates the conditions of many other neuro-psychotic disorders. Recently it is indicated that protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in the action of ethanol and in the neuro-adaptational mechanisms under chronic ethanol exposure. In order to investigate the effect of ethanol on PKC isoforms levels within the range of not showing any cytotoxicity, B103 neuroblastoma cell line trans-formed from murine central nervous system was employed and western blot analysis was carried out by using PKC isoform-specific antibodies. The changes of PKC-$\alpha$, ${\gamma}$, $\varepsilon$ and ζ level in the range of ethanol concentration 50∼200 mM were examined at the exposure time 1, 2, 8, 18 and 24 hrs in both cytosolic and membrane fraction. A typical ethanol concentration inducing the PKC isozymes was 100 mM, and the transforming time ranges of PKC isozymes could be considered as two different parts to each PKC isoform such as initial (0∼2 hrs) and prolonged (8∼24 hrs) stages. PKC-${\gamma}$ and PKC-$\varepsilon$ were clearly induced during the prolonged stages in cytosol at 18 hrs, and membrane fraction at 8 hrs and 18 hrs, respectively. On the other hand the PKC-$\alpha$ and PKC-ζ isozymes were largely induced in the prolonged stages at 18 hrs and 24 hrs, where the PKC-$\alpha$ isozyme was induced in both cytosol and membrane fractions at 200 mM ethanol concentration while the PKC-ζ isozyme was induced only in the membrane fractions at 100,200 mM. At 200 mM ethanol concentration of 24 hrs incubation in the prolonged stage, the PKC-$\alpha$ was maximally induced by 150% of the control values whereas the PKC-${\gamma}$ was significantly decreased to 47% of the control values. These results suggest that 100∼200 mM ethanol may modulate the signal transduction and neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system through the regulation of PKC isozymes, and the action of these isoforms may act differently each other in the cell.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.739-744
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative activity and to identify the active components of hot-water extract of Paeoniajaponica (PJ), which was a main ingredient of a herb mixture preparation recently established as a potent candidate of radioprotector in our laboratory. The water extract was fractionated with CHCl$_3$, EtOAc and n-BuOH. The extract and its fractions showed very low activity in hydroxyl radical scavenging test. In lipid peroxidation test, the extract, EtOAc and water fractions showed moderate inhibition with the ratio above 50%. In DPPH radical scavenging test, the extract, EtOAc and water fraction showed high activity with the ratio above 80%, especially. EtOAc fraction scavenged the radicals as much as synthetic antioxidant (BHA), even at low concentration. It is suggested that mai or partition for antioxidative activity of Paeonia japonica was EtOAc fraction. Subsequently, two active compounds (PJE021-1 and JE024-1) from EtOAc fraction were isolated by using MCI gel and silica gel column chromatography The two compounds inhibited remarkedly the $H_2O$$_2$-induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, measured by single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). PJE021-1 protected the cells to almost negative control level, dose-dependently. PJE024-1 exhibited a potent inhibition with the ratio of 71% at even low concentration (0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). Finally, their chemical structures were identified as gallic acid (PJE021-1) and (＋)-catechin (PJE024-1), respectively, on the basis of the speculation of spectral and physical data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1626-1633
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• 2004

In recent, the roles of oleic acid, most abundant fatty acid in myelin, were investigated in relation to the brain functions. This study examined the effects of diets either with desirable ratios of $\omega$6/ $\omega$9 and P/M/S (mixed oil-fed group: MO) or with defficient in $\omega$3 series fatty acids (safflower oil-fed group: SO) on the oleic acid composition in RBC and brain synaptosomal, mitochondrial & microsomal phospholipids. The desirable fatty acid composition was computer-searched with different fats and oils to meet right ratios of both $\omega$6/ $\omega$3 and P/M/S. Diets were fed 3 weeks before conception and new-born pups were fed maternal milk from the same mothers and same diets until 9 wks of age. At 3 wks of age, the compositions of oleic acid in brain subcellular fractions and red blood cells were constantly remained whatever the composition of dietary fatty acids. But at 9 wks of age, the composition of oleic acid in synaptosome and mitochondria were significantly higher in MO group than SO group. The composition of oleic acid in milk was significantly higher in MO group than SO group, but in case of SO group, that of oleic acid was increased by 48%, in comparison with dietary fatty acid compositions. -9 desaturase index (18:0\longrightarrow8:1) of brain synaptosome was significantly higher in MO group than SO group at 3 and 9 weeks of ages, but that of brain microsome was higher in SO group than MO group at 9 wks of age. Taken together, the presences of oleic acid in the diet was important to maintain brain functions. The origins of oleic acid in brain may suggests two hypotheses; first, the central nervous system has priority for the uptake of oleic acid, and second the nervous system can synthesize all the oleic acid it needs, independently of its presence in the diet.