• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1996.11b
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• pp.9-9
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• 1996

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.1150-1194
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• 1996

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 1990

A balance study was conducted to determine the requirements of iron, copper, cobalt and manganese in crossbred calves. Six calves were fed milk average 10 percent of their body weight and were supplemented with 15 g mineral mixture daily. A balance trial was conducted at $2\frac{1}{2}$ months of age. The primary route of excretion was through digestive tract as 99.87, 80.99, 77.27 and 99.94 percent of Fe, Cu, Co and Mn were excreted through faeces. The requirements of Fe, Cu, Co and Mn were computed using the respective mineral balance data and were found to be 169.60, 7.20, 4.48 and 8.89 mg/kg respectively.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for energy are derived from total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of DRI for predicting the energy requirements of elementary school-age children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The present study involved 25 elementary school-age children aged between 9 and 11 years. TEE was assessed by the DLW method, and the results were compared with the TEE predicted by the DRI equations in order to evaluate accuracy. RESULTS: The subjects' TEE measured by the DLW method was $1,925.2{\pm}380.9kcal/day$ in boys and $1,930.0{\pm}279.4kcal/day$ in girls, whereas resting energy expenditure was $1,220.2{\pm}176.9kcal/day$ in boys and $1,245.9{\pm}171.3kcal/day$ for girls. The physical activity level was $1.58{\pm}0.20$ in boys and $1.55{\pm}0.13$ in girls. The mean bias between the predicted and measured TEE was 12.6% in boys and -1.6% in girls, and the percentage of accurate predictions was 28.6% and 63.6%, respectively. In boys, the equation resulted in underprediction of TEE among the subjects having low TEE values, whereas there was overprediction among subjects having high TEE values as shown by the Bland-Altman plot. On the contrary, this proportional bias was not observed in girls. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the DRI equation for energy could result in the overestimation of energy requirements in elementary school-age boys. In the case of girls, the equations could be accurate at the group level. However, the DRI appears to be invalid for individual girls, as more than one third of girls had their TEE inaccurately predicted. We recommend more studies for confirmation of these results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1624-1632
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• 2020

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NE_m) and weight gain (NE_g) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method. Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-day-old. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content. Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NE_m value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW^0.75/d, and the NE_g value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (K_f) and crude protein (K_p) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (K_g) and maintenance efficiency (K_m) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW^0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.652-663
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity level of Korean farmers to establish estimated energy requirements during the off-season. Subjects were 90 healthy males (n = 25) and females (n = 65). Body weight, height and body fat and muscles of subjects were measured. The prevalence of obesity among farmers was 56.7% according to the BMI. The farmers spent about 18 hours 7 minutes (75.5%) in sleeping and resting. The farmers spent about 19 hours 56 minutes (83.1%) out of 24 hours (one day) in "sedentary activities" and spent about 3 hours 56 minutes (16.4%) in "light activities". Physical activity level (PAL, activity coefficient) of female farmers was 1.42 which was not significantly higher than that (1.37) of male farmers. Estimated energy requirements (EER) for farmers who were different in age groups and gender were calculated. For example, the EERs for male and female farmers were 2190 kcal/day and 1712 kcal/day, respectively. The daily energy intakes of male and female farmers were 1803 kcal/day and 1610 kcal/day, respectively. The EER of male farmers was 2190 kcal/day which was significantly higher than that (1803 kcal/day) of the recommended daily energy intake of male farmers. The results of this study suggest that estimated EER of farmers should be modified according to seasonal workload and energy balance of farmers should be evaluated to prevent obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 1983

The estimation of the nutritional requirements at the national or population level has a great difficulty in calculating the cumulative effects of the several variables, i. e. age, sex, weight activity, etc., in order to adapt nutrient requirements to the condition of a country or to a population group. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group on nutrient requirements had proposed a simpler model, an average daily per capita nutritional requirements that will enable the different parameters to incorporated in a single calculation table. The average daily per caita nutritional requirements for Korean-1982 calculated by this proposed method are as follows : energy, 2,200 kcal ; protein, 70g : calcium, 0.72g ; iron, 14mg; vitamin A, 1,900 IU ; ascorbic acid, 50mg ; thiamin, 0.9mg ; riboflavin, 1.2mg ; niacin equivalent, 15mg. The average daily per capita nutritional requirements would be used to assess the adequacy of the national dietary intakes and provide basic information for the establishment of national food production and consumption policies and the planning of programmes aiming at an adequate and equitable distribution of food supplies. On a different levels, they would be used widely in the planning of diets for a specific population group, and also provide important reference information for the epidemiology study of nutritional deficiencies.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.529-539
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• 2023

The beef cattle industry in China has advanced remarkably since its reform and opening up; consequently, China has become the world's third-largest beef cattle producer. China is also one of the countries with the most substantial research input and output in the field of beef cattle feed and nutrition. The progress and innovation by China in the research field of beef cattle feed and nutrition have undoubtedly promoted the development of the domestic beef cattle industry. This review summarizes recent advances in feed resource development, nutrient requirements, and nutritional regulation of beef cattle in China. Limitations in current research and perspectives on future work are also discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.679-695
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• 2020

Evaluating amino acid requirements, specifically threonine requirements, in horses will enable better feed formulation and result in economic production, improved animal health, and reduced environmental pollution. However, the current knowledge of protein and amino acid requirements in horses is still limited. Because horses have a unique digestive system and consume a variety of feed ingredients, their protein digestibility may be affected than other species by different feed composition, and thus amino acid requirements are susceptible to vary between situations. Therefore, a careful evaluation of amino acid requirements with a proper method is needed for various conditions. This review will also provide comprehensive information that needs to be considered when designing an amino acid requirement study in horses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.561-573
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• 2000

Knowledge concerning the nutritional requirements and nutritional problems of fanned deer is limited. Nutritional recommendations must be based on data from domestic ruminants and fanned deer. An understanding of the biology and adaptative characteristics of wild deer is essential for sensible application of sheep and cattle nutritional principles. Nutritional requirements of deer are generally separated into five categories: energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and water. Research on deer nutrition has primarily focused on energy, protein and minerals (phosphorus and calcium). Changes in the nutritional requirements that occur with gestation, lactation, breeding and antler growth should be coordinated with seasonal changes in nutrient availability from forage plants. This paper describes aspects of current knowledge of energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and water requirements. Nutritional problems of. fanned deer are described with recommendations for prevention or control. A comparison of production efficiency of deer, lamb, beef cattle and dairy cattle is included.