• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.652-664
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• 2008

In this study, a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan was developed for the sanitary mass production of commercial Korean rice cake products (Gaepidduk, Injulmi, and Julpyon). The microbiological properties of manufacturing flow were evaluated in order to develop the HACCP Plan. The moisture contents of the rice cakes ranged between 36.2${\sim}$55.3%, whereas the water activity of all samples ranged between 0.954${\sim}$1.0. Microorganisms testing was conducted during various phases of the product flow of Korean rice cake preparation, and included assessments of food equipment, work environment, and cooking employees on a small scale. During the manufacture of Injulmi, Julpyon and Gaepidduk, CCPs were purchasing & storage, steaming and cooling, molding, and holding in the A and B manufactories. At the critical limit of CCPs, storage was conducted below at $5^{\circ}C$ in soybean powder, oil, and paste with redbeans. The steaming process was conducted above at $99^{\circ}C$ for 40 min. Cooling and holding processes were conducted for 2 hours below at $15^{\circ}C$. The molding process included sanitary education for foodhandlers and training for operators. Thus, certain prerequisite programs had to be implemented prior to the implementation of the HACCP system. High levels of bacterial contamination were detected in the aprons worn to work by some employees. Additionally, periodic sanitary education for foodhandlers and training for operators or managers was required. Cross contamination by materials was expected at the place where materials were processed or stored.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.416-429
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 질병관리본부의 2017년 지역사회건강조사에 참여한 19세 이상의 한국 성인 228,310명을 대상으로, 식품의 충분한 공급과 다양성 확보를 기준으로 식품충분·다양군, 식품충분·비다양군, 식품불충분군으로 분류한 집단의 개인적 요인, 개인간 요인, 지역사회 요인에 차이가 있는지를 파악하고, 식품충분성 및 다양성과 관련된 개인간 요인과 지역사회 요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상자 중 식품충분·다양군은 65.3%, 식품충분·비다양군은 31.5%, 식품불충분군은 3.2%이었다. 식품충분·비다양군과 식품불충분군은 식품충분·다양군에 비해 여성, 65세 이상, 중졸 이하, 가구의 월평균 소득이 200만원 미만, 직업이 없거나 배우자 없는 경우, 소규모 지역 거주 등의 특성을 나타냈으며, 모든 건강행동과 건강상태에서 집단별 분포에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 건강행동 중 금연, 규칙적 운동, 적절한 수면 실천 비율은 식품충분·다양군이 가장 높았으나, 금주와 규칙적 아침식사 실천 비율은 식품불충분군이 가장 높았다. 고혈압, 당뇨, 이상지질혈증 및 관절염 비율은 식품충분·다양군에 비해 식품충분·비다양군과 식품불충분군이 높게 나타났으나, 과체중 이상은 식품 충분·다양군이 가장 높은 결과를 보였다. 또한 식품충분·비다양군은 규칙적인 아침식사를 제외한 모든 요인에서 식품 충분·다양군과 차이가 있었으며, 대중교통과 의료서비스를 제외한 모든 요인에서 식품불충분군과 차이가 있었다. 식품충분성 및 다양성과 관련된 개인간 요인과 지역사회 요인을 파악하기 위해 사회인구학적 요인, 개인간 요인, 지역사회 요인을 모두 고려하여 다변량로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 식품충분·다양군에 비해 식품충분·비다양군과 식품불충분군에서는 사회적 연결망이 미흡하고, 사회적 활동이 활발하지 않았으며, 안전한 환경, 생활환경, 의료서비스 등에 대하여 불만족하였다. 본 연구에서는 지역사회건강조사 또는 국민건강영양조사에서 식품안정군으로 분류되지만 다양성을 확보하지 못한 군을 분류하여 분석하였고, 그 결과 식품충분·비다양군은 식품불충분군 뿐 아니라 식품충분·다양군과도 개인적 요인, 개인간 요인, 지역사회 요인에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 이와 같이 사회인구학적 특성, 건강 행동, 건강상태 등의 개인적 요인과 사회적 연결망, 사회적 활동 등의 개인간 요인, 그리고 지역사회 환경 등이 식품충분성 및 다양성과 관련된 요인으로 규명되어, 식품불안정과 관련된 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 식품의 다양한 공급을 고려한 식품지원 정책과 더불어 사회적 연결망과 사회적 활동을 촉진시킬 수 있는 다양한 영양교육 프로그램 개발 등이 지역사회의 환경 개선 정책과 함께 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.29-42
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the contents that students want to learn the most on Home-Economics. Participants were 710 middle school students(359 boys and 351 girls) from 9 schools located in 4 cities and 5 counties in CholaBukDo. The results are as follows: 1. Of 32 contents on Family life, boys were interested in 'the puberty', 'pregnancy and the ethics on sex', 'social needs', 'the importance of family relationship', and 'adolescents' physical development'. On the other hand, girls were more intered in 'pregnancy' and 'the ethics on sex', 'the puberty', 'development of career consciousness' and 'career preparation', 'the adolescents' physiolosical and physical development', and 'the importance of family relationship'. 2. Of 37 contents of Managing home resource and Consumer life subarea, boys showed their interests on 'environmental problems', 'environmental conservation', 'environmental pollution', 'management of time and work', 'knowledge', 'management of their abilities'. And girls were more interested in 'environmental conservation', 'environmental pollution', 'environmental problems', 'adolescents life', and 'management of time and work'. 3. Of 49 contents on Dietary life, boys were more interested in 'puberty and the development', 'importance of nutriment', 'nutrition and health' and 'smoking and the health'. However, girls were more interested in 'smoking and health', 'puberty and the development', 'the importance of nutriment', 'nutrition and health', 'a realistic plan to reduce the food-based environmental pollution'. 4. Of 40 contents on Clothing life subarea, while boys were interested in 'the suitable cloths on oneself', 'clothing design', 'regulation of temparature', physical protection' 'merchandising for ready-made clothing'. On the other hand, girls were mostly interested in 'the suitable cloths on oneself', and next 'the clothing design', 'merchandising for ready-made clothes','physical protection', and 'the appropriate posture and physical adornment'. 5. Of 18 contents on Residence life subarea, teachers emphasized the importance of ventilation for adjusting the room environment and students were more interested in the effective use of the residing space. In general, those middle school students in Cheolabukdo showed the biggest interest on 'Clothing life', 'Residence life' the second, 'Eating life' the third, 'Human development and Family relationship' the fourth, and Management of family resource and Consuming life' was their fifth interest. Such result was consistent with Ⅱ-Rok Park's previous research(1997). Since the participants for this study were sampled form 9 schools located in CheolaBukDo, it is not suitable to apply the results nationwide. The restricted sampling must be considered and further studies are needed to make comparisons among areas.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 1985

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional status with the analysis of the factors which might influence on the prevalent condition of nutrients-intake. 373 persons who are above 60 years old in Chung-Gu, Seoul were surveyed from March 15 to March 30 in 1985. Results were as follows ; 1. General Characteristics 1) Male respondents among the entire respondents comprised 54.3% and female respondents comprised 45.7%. As for age, male and female respondents comprised 55.0% and 37.2% respectively. 2) As for the educational level of the respondents, illiteracy was 49.9% which was the highest. and those who graduated elementary school was 28.1% which was the second highest. And as for the comparison of the education of the male and female respondents, the educational level of male respondents was much higher than that of female respondents. 3) As for the final occupation of the respondents, those who were engaged in commerce comprised 30.8% which was the highest rate, and who were engaged in agriculture comprised 20.1% which was the second highest rate. And those who were engaged in labor comprised 12.3%. 2. The State of Nutrients-intake The energy of the male respondents was 61.4% of RDA and the protein was nothing but 66.8% of RDA. Except vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ and niacin, calcium, iron, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C were lower than RDA (the range: $67.5%{\sim}97.3%$). The energy of the female respondents was 70.0% of RDA and the protein was 58.8% which were lower than RDA. Except vitamin A and vitamin $B_1$, calcium, iron, vitamin $B_2$ vitamin C, niacin were lower than RDA (the range: $68.2%{\sim}98.9%$). 3. The various factors related to nutrients-intake 1) The composition of family and the food environment those who were living with their spouses comprised 44.8% which was the highest rate, and those who were living with their son's family comprised 33.5% which was the second highest rate and those who were living with their doughter's family comprised only 4.6%. Those who were living alone comprised 16.4%. The correlation with nutrient intake didn't show a clear relation. 2) Socio-economic state Those who said that they lacked in living expense comprised 32.7% and those who said that they lacked in pocket-money comprised 23.9%, The female respondents outnumbered the male respondents in lacking living expense or pocket-money. In the correlation with socio-economic, there was no striking relation with education level. However, it was shown that little relation in energy, fat in male and also fat and iron in female. The living expense and the satisfaction in pocket-money had also little relation with energy fat and vitamin C in male. 3) Nutrition knowledge and food habit (a) The state of nutrition knowledge and food habit In nutrition knowledge, those who scored less than 60 points were 32.9%, and those who scored more than 90 points were 21.0%. In food habit, those who scored less than 60 points were 26.5% and those who scored more than 80 points were 45%. (b) The corelation with nutrition knowledge and food habit In case of female respondents, nutrition knowledge had a little relation with the intake of cabohydrate, iron, and vitamin C. And we couldn't see a distinct phenomenon in food habit.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.11-27
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• 2013

서울과 파주지역에 소재하는 남, 녀 고등학생 1587명(남 684명, 여 903명) 간식 섭취 실태에 대하여 조사하였다. 하루 중 간식 섭취횟수를 분석한 결과에서는 '1회'가 39.9%로 가장 높게 나타났고 좋아하는 간식종류는 '우유와 쿠키', '과일류' 등을 가장 선호하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 간식을 선택하는 이유를 분석한 결과에서는 '먹고 싶은 것'이 59.6%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 간식 후 식사 영향력에 대해서는 '간식과 전혀 상관없다(48.0%)'로 답변했다. 아버지 교육정도에 따라서는 '간식 섭취 1회와 3회'의 경우 '초등졸'에 비해 '중졸 이상'인 경우 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 용돈 중 식비지출금액에 따라서는 '5만 원 이하'나 '10만원(27.0%)' 경우 '우유와 쿠키'를 가장 좋아하는 것으로 나타났고 '7만원(25.4%)'이나 '10만 원 이상(22.0%)'의 경우 '과일'을 가장 좋아하는 것으로 나타나 차이를 보였다(p<0.05) 간식 선택이유와 일반사항 분석에서는 30-50대 어머니의 경우는 '먹고 싶은 것'이라고 나타낸 반면 51세 이상 어머니인 경우는 '그 날 기분에 따라'라는 결과가 높았다. 또한 어머니의 교육 수준이 '고졸이상'인 경우 '먹고 싶은 것'이라는 높은 답변이었다(p<0.05) 특히 간식 후 식사 영향력과의 차이 분석 결과에서는 35.5%의 고등학생이 어머니의 직업이 전문직인 경우 '식사를 대충 하는 경향이 있다'의 답변을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과에서 보면 고등학생들의 간식 식습관은 일반사항 중 가정환경에 영향을 받을 수 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 올바른 건강 간식 선택과 바람직한 간식 습관을 도와주기 위한 간식에 대한 지침이 필요하다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.943-954
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• 2014

본 연구는 충북지역 학교급식의 영양(교)사를 대상으로 영양(교)사의 직무만족도와 직무몰입 조직몰입을 조사함으로써 향후 학교급식의 질적 향상에 기초가 되는 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 조사대상 영양(교)사의 일반사항에 대해 살펴보면 연령은 30대가 경우가 39.7%, 40대 이상 35.0%였고, 대학교 졸업 이상이 86.9%였고, 경력은 1년 미만이 57.5%였고, 1~5년 미만이 24.39%였으며, 고용형태는 정규직이 51.9%로 나타났고, 학교형태는 초등학교가 52.8%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 고등학교가 24.3%, 중학교가 22.9% 순으로 나타났고 근무지역은 도시가 55.6%로 나타났다. 영양(교)사의 직무만족도를 분석하기 위해 46개의 속성을 직무자체, 임금(보수), 승진, 동료와의 관계, 감독, 근무환경, 업무 관련 정책, 전문성 신장의 8개 영역으로 구분 후 각 직무만족 및 영역의 점수를 조사한 결과 직무만족 영역별 점수는 직무 자체 영역은 평균 3.21점, 동료와의 관계 영역은 3.31점, 감독 영역은 3.21점, 근무환경 영역은 3.08점, 전문성신장 영역은 3.40점으로 8개 영역 중 5개 영역에서 3점대로 보통 수준이었으나, 임금 영역은 2.43점, 승진 영역은 2.00점, 업무 관련 정책 영역은 2.59점으로 나타났다. 영양(교)사의 직무 및 조직 몰입도를 분석하기 위해 17개 속성을 직무몰입, 조직몰입의 2개의 영역으로 구분 후 몰입도 영역별 결과 직무몰입이 3.53점으로 나타났으며, 조직몰입이 3.12점, 전체적인 몰입도가 3.29점으로 나타나 직무 및 조직 몰입도는 보통 수준을 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 직무만족도 요인과 직무 및 조직몰입도 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 직무만족도 관련 영역과 직무몰입도 관련 영역 간에는 양(+)의 방향으로 유의한 상관관계가 있었으며 각 변인들의 상관관계는 0.128~0.957로 나타났다. 8개의 영역으로 구성된 직무만족도에 관한 설문에서 직무 자체, 동료와의 관계, 감독, 근무환경, 전문성 신장의 5개 영역의 직무만족도는 3점대로 보통 수준이었으나, 임금, 승진, 업무 관련 정책영역은 2점대로 '만족하지 않는다'로 나타나 만족도가 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 고용형태와 학교유형에 따라 영양(교)사의 직무만족도는 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며(P<0.001) 비정규직보다 정규직이, 중학교와 고등학교보다 초등학교 집단의 만족도가 높게 나타났다. 직무몰입의 평균값은 3.53점, 조직몰입의 평균값은 3.12점, 전체적인 몰입도는 3.29점으로 나타나 직무 및 조직 몰입도는 보통 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 직무만족도 관련 영역과 직무몰입도 관련 영역간에는 양(+)의 방향으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 학교급식에서 동일한 업무를 하고 있는 영양(교)사들에게 있어 정규직과 비정규직의 임금이 3.20점과 1.60점으로 임금에 대한 직무만족의 격차가 매우 크고 영역별 직무만족에서도 임금에 대한 만족도가 낮았다. 임금과 몰입도의 상관관계에서는 유의적인 양적 상관관계로 나타나 임금에 대한 만족여부가 직무, 조직몰입에도 영향을 미치고 있었다. 이에 임금에 대한 비정규직 영양사들의 바람직한 급식의 실시와 효율적인 인력관리를 위하여 임금체제의 개선이 이루어져야 한다. 또한 영양교사는 초등학교에 많이 배치되어 있고 비정규직 영양사들은 중학교와 고등학교에 집중적으로 배치되어 있는 것이 1일 1배식과 2, 3배식의 차이로 나타나 동일한 업무를 더 많이 수행해야 하는 2, 3식에 대한 임금 개선 역시 필요하다. 영양교사는 부장교사, 장학사, 교감의 승진으로의 기본 자격 조건인 1급 정교사가 아니며 비정규직인 계약직 영양사 역시 승진에 대한 현재 마련된 기준이 없다. 정규직 영양교사와 비정규직 영양교사의 승진에 대한 직무만족도는 영역별 평가 중 가장 낮은 만족도를 나타내었고, 몰입도와의 상관관계에서 정적인 상관관계를 보여주어 승진에 대한 만족도가 몰입에 대한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으므로 이에 대한 개선을 위해 승진할 수 있는 체계적인 평정기준이 마련되어야 한다고 사료된다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.40-68
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• 2001

In this study, grade of subjective symptom appealed by laborer of Jeollabuk-do was evaluated using questionary regarding factor made effect on musculoskeletal disease and in addition, studied relationship with health promotion life style of them. Based on the result, relationship of general characteristics of musculoskeletal subjective symptom and life-style of the subjects was concluded as below. 1. General characteristics of study subjects were as following. Ratio of male was higher as 57.7% of male and 42.2% female and age distribution was 5.1% of 20s, 34.99% of 30s, 36.3% of 40s and 23.7% of 50s and therefore, $30{\sim}40$ aged groups showed highest ratio. Most subjects (74.9%) was married status and in case of education level, high-school graduate and dropout (23.3%) and over-college graduate (46.8%) showed highest distribution. $1{\sim}2$ Mil. KRW (29.5%) and $2{\sim}2.99$ Mil. KRW (21.2%) is the main income distribution and however there was high ratio of non-reply (29.0%). In case of employment period, $10{\sim}14$ years (15.3%) and over 15 years (29.6%) showed highest ratio and there were many non-reply (39.4%) and in addition, 67.6% replied as own house and 14.3% as lease on deposit base in question of residence type. 2. Subjects showed high ratio of subjective symptom appeal of 62.79% and many cases (50.23%) appealed 1 or 2 symptoms. Symptom by body region was 29.8% (waist), 27% (shoulder), 21.2% (knee), 15.5% (neck), 9.5% (ankle), 8.1% (wrist) and 5.0% (elbow) in order. In case of relationship with general characteristics, female comparing with male, non-residence of own house, subjects with lower education level and employment period of $10{\sim}14$ years showed higher appeal rate and kind of symptoms than others. Therefore, it was concluded that rate of musculoskeletal symptom appeal have close relationship with gender, level of living, education level, age and employment period. 3. In case of severe pain of upper body except waist and ankle, it was appealed in both or right side and it means that upper body pain is originated from right side and right region pain is transited to both region pain. In addition, there was 39.41% of non-reply to existence of right-left region pain and therefore, it was evaluated that, in may cases, there was no awareness of their own symptom condition even on subjective symptom. 4. Degree of pain was, as pain over middle level, evaluated as 2.79 on full mark of 4.0 and in order of waist (2.97), ankle (2.83), knee (2.82), wrist (2.82), neck (2.79), shoulder (2.70) and elbow (2.62). In addition, 71.97% appealed $2{\sim}3$ cases for the latest 1 week. Owing to subjective symptom, 54.95% drop into hospital or pharmacy, 10.32% made temporary retirement or absence, 7.99% transferred into more comfortable duty and $39.4{\sim}54%$ experienced one or more managing mentioned above. 5. Fulfillment of health promotion life style of subjects was evaluated on full mark of 4.0 and total score was 2.63. Average mark of each area was personal relationship (3.05), self-realization (2.92), stress management (2.63), health control (2.48), physical exercise (2.19) and nutrition management (2.19) and personal relationship was highest and physical exercise and nutrition management were lowest. As general characteristics influencing health promotion life style, gender, residence style and employment period showed significant difference. Male showed higher mark than female and showed higher mark in order of own house, others, lease on deposit base, monthly rent. Subjects with longer employment period showed higher mark with significant difference. 6. Accounting of factor influencing each area of health promotion life style, self-realization showed significance in marriage status, income, residence style and education level and health control in age, residence style and employment period. Physical exercise showed significant difference in gender, age, residence style and employment period and nutrition in gender, age, residence style and employment period. Stress management showed significant difference in residence style and employment period and however not in personal relationship. 7. Health promotion life style relating with existence and kind of pain showed significant difference in all area except personal relationship area. In absence of pain, there was statistically significant high score in all area even in total health promotion life style and all area. Accounting of kind of pain, cases of $1{\sim}2$ kinds of pain and $5{\sim}6$ kinds of pain showed relatively high score and it was lower than mark of subject stated absence of pain. 8. Subjects appeal symptom were classified by symptom region and difference of total and each areas were evaluated. General area (p=0.002), self-realization (p=0.012), health management (p=0.023), physical exercise (p=0.028), nutrition management (p=0.028) and stress control (p=0.001) showed statistically significant difference and not in personal relationship area. Especially, elbow, shoulder and neck area marked high and group appealed pain of knee, arm and elbow, foot and ankle marked low. Based on those results, subjective symptom should be accounted seriously in diagnosis of occupational musculoskeletal disease of laborer and among subjective symptom, general characteristics of gender, age, condition of living, education level and employment period make effect. Generally subject appeal symptom marked lower than subject without symptom appeal and it means that life management of subject appealing musculoskeletal pain make important role in management and treatment of occupational musculoskeletal disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.653-674
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• 1995

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary patterns of university female students according to their residence type. As for subjects, one hundred and twenty students of Kongju national university were chosen as a total. They were devided into three groups ; those who live in family home, or university dormitory, or self-boarding house. In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day food records and questionnaire. The result was that mean daily intakes of calcium and iron were lower than RDAs in all groups. According to residence type, subjects of family home and self-boarding seemed to have more serious problem in the nutrients mentioned above considering the proportions of less than 2/3 of RDAs. Especially, iron status was poorer than any other nutrients in the aspects of this proportion and food source. Iron was taken largely from vegetable foods which were recognized as a source of low bioavailability of iron. The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 22, 29, 30 and 19. Thus, it proved that breakfast tended to be more negligent than any other meals, and that snack was an important means to give nutrients for subjects. This meal pattern might be one of the factor for the decrease of the dietary quality. Processed foods were founded to be an important source for providing nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients intake were 30.6, 29.5 and 46.2. However, other nutrient intakes from processed foods such as vitamin and mineral were small. And processed foods which give nutrients were mainly cereal products like ra myon, bread, and milk and milk products. Consequently, processed foods seemed to be selected as a combinient substitute food which supply calorie to fill their hunger. According to the living type, dormitory students had them more frequently than any other groups. Food habit score was within the category of poor or fair. Particularly, the score of self-boarding students was the lowest of groups(p<0.05). The major dietary problems were small or overating, missing meal and irregular eating. The degree of these problems was a little different among groups(P<0.01). Nineteen kinds of food were consumed per day, and family home and self-boarding students had foods less variously than dormitory students(P<0.05). Proportions of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner were 20.8, 12.5 and 8.3%. Accordingly, breakfast was missed more often than any other meals. And self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than any other groups. As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium and iron, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that breakfast should be regarded more importantly, and that processed foods should be taken considering nutritional balance. In view of residence type, subjects of family home or self-boarding had more dietary problems than dormitory subjects. Thus, these results suggest that university female students might have low ability of meal management, and dietary patterns were different by their residence type. Therefore, nutrition education for them should be carried out with respect to dewelling environment.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.258-265
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• 2024

Purpose: To date, there is no region-specific guideline for pediatric endoscopy training. This study aimed to illustrate the current status of pediatric endoscopy training in Asia-Pacific region and identify opportunities for improvement. Methods: A cross-sectional survey, using a standardized electronic questionnaire, was conducted among medical schools in the Asia-Pacific region in January 2024. Results: A total of 57 medical centers in 12 countries offering formal Pediatric Gastroenterology training programs participated in this regional survey. More than 75% of the centers had an average case load of <10 cases per week for both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopies. Only 36% of the study programs employed competency-based outcomes for program development, whereas nearly half (48%) used volume-based curricula. Foreign body retrieval, polypectomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and esophageal variceal hemostasis, that is, sclerotherapy or band ligation (endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal ligation), comprised the top four priorities that the trainees should acquire in the autonomous stage (unconscious) of competence. Regarding the learning environment, only 31.5% provided formal hands-on workshops/simulation training. The direct observation of procedural skills was the most commonly used assessment method. The application of a quality assurance (QA) system in both educational and patient care (Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network) aspects was present in only 28% and 17% of the centers, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with Western academic societies, the limited availability of cases remains a major concern. To close this gap, simulation and adult endoscopy training are essential. The implementation of reliable and valid assessment tools and QA systems can lead to significant development in future programs.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2002

This study was carried out to compare the meal management attitudes among the mothers(41 years of age) who had middle school students between in industrial complex and in non-industrial complex. The subjects of each group were composed of 192 mothers Living in Ansan city in Korea, and this study was performed by self-administered questionnaire. The results of the present study were as follows: (1) Monthly family income and education level of parents were lower in industrial complex-family(ICF) than in non-industrial complex-family (NICF). The mean age of mothers and family size were similar in two groups, but the frequency of mothers employed was higher in ICF than in NICF Most mothers in ICF worked as a manual- or skilled-laborer. (2) The mothers in ICF tended to have less positive attitude in sewing balanced meals to their families than those in NICF. The score of nutritional knowledge was lower in mothers in ICF than those in NICF. (3) The percentage of expense for purchasing staple foods to total expense of foods tended to be higher in ICF than in NICF. Engel's coefficient was higher, and the frequency and expense for eating out was lower in ICF than in NICF (4) The mothers in ICF did not try to use their time and energy efficiently for meal management. (5) The mothers in ICF were less active in sewing the pleasurable meals including the provision of various cooking methods, flavors, and temperatures, to their families, than those in NICF. Above findings show that family environment such as industrial complex-families and non-industrial complex-families influences the meal management attitudes of mothers. The mothers in ICF had a less positive altitudes for scientific meal managements than those in NICF even though they had the limited resources including money, time and energy for meal management because most mothers in ICF had a job that were paid low salary and finished irregularly or late. Therefore, these results underscore the need to provide the sound nutritional education for the mothers in ICF with respect to reasonable meal management for 'optimal nutrition of family'. In addition, the government should try to make the various welfare policies to improve nutritional status of low income famines including the poor industrial complex-families.