• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 1996

The genome of red pepper was investigated by thermal denaturation, reassociation kinetics and measurement of nuclear volume for its base composition, spectrum of kinetic components and genome size. Base composition was estimated to be 37% (G+C) based on melting temperature. The reassociation of 300 nt fragments analyzed by hydroxyapatite chromatography revealed the presence of three kinetic components differing in fraction of genome, kinetic complexity and number of copies as follows; 4.8% (fast) with $5.6{\times}10^{4}\;bp$ and 10,754, 26% (intermediate) with $1.9{\times}10^{6}\;bp$ and 177, and 65% (slow) with $8.48{\times}10^{8}\;bp$ and 1. These measurements demonstrate that the genome of red pepper has a 1C DNA content of $1.25{\times}10^{9}\;bp$, which is about 33% of $4.05{\times}10^{9}\;bp$ calculated from nuclear volume of $62.4\;\mu\textrm{m}^3/1C$..

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.905-912
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• 2013

A novel species, Metschnikowia cibodasensis, is proposed to accommodate eight strains (ID03-$0093^T$, ID03-0094, ID03-0095, ID03-0096, ID03-0097, ID03-0098, ID03-0099, and ID03-0109) isolated from flowers of Saurauia pendula, Berberis nepalensis, and Brunfelsia americana in Cibodas Botanical Garden, West Java, Indonesia. The type strain of M. cibodasensis is ID03-$0093^T$ (= NBRC $101693^T$ =UICC $Y-335^T$ = BTCC-$Y25^T$). The common features of M. cibodasensis are a spherical to ellipsoidopedunculate shaped ascus, which contains one or two needle-shaped ascospores, and lyse at maturity. Asci generally develop directly from vegetative cells but sometimes from chlamydospores. The neighbor-joining tree based on the D1/D2 domain of nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal DNA sequences strongly supports that M. cibodasensis (eight strains) and its closest teleomorphic species, M. reukaufii, are different species by a 100% bootstrap value. The type strain of M. cibodasensis, ID03-$0093^T$, differed from M. reukaufii NBRC $1679^T$ by six nt (five substitutions and one deletion) in their D1/D2 region of nLSU rDNA, and by 18 nt (five deletions, four insertions, and nine substitutions) in their internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA, respectively. Four strains representative of M. cibodasensis (ID03-$0093^T$, ID03-0095, ID03-0096, and ID03-0099) showed a mol% G+C content of $44.05{\pm}0.25%$, whereas that of M. reukaufii NBRC $1679^T$ was 41.3%. The low value of DNA-DNA homology (5-16%) in four strains of M. cibodasensis and M. reukaufii NBRC $1679^T$ strongly supported that these strains represent a distinct species.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.180-188
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• 2015

This study investigated the possible effects and molecular mechanisms of diallyl disulfide (DADS) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in rats. Inflammation response was assessed by histopathology and serum cytokines levels. We determined the protein expressions of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-${\kappa}B$), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), oxidative stress, urinary nitrite-nitrate, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Finally, we studied the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling in the protective effects of DADS against CP-induced HC. CP treatment caused a HC which was evidenced by an increase in histopathological changes, proinflammatory cytokines levels, urinary nitrite-nitrate level, and the protein expression of NF-${\kappa}B$, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p-extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). The significant decreases in glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities, and the significant increase in MDA content and urinary MDA and 8-OHdG levels indicated that CP-induced bladder injury was mediated through oxidative DNA damage. In contrast, DADS pretreatment attenuated CP-induced HC, including histopathological lesion, serum cytokines levels, oxidative damage, and urinary oxidative DNA damage. DADS also caused significantly decreased the protein expressions of NF-${\kappa}B$, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, p-JNK, and p-ERK. These results indicate that DADS prevents CP-induced HC and that the protective effects of DADS may be due to its ability to regulate proinflammatory cytokines production by inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs expressions, and its potent anti-oxidative capability through reduction of oxidative DNA damage in the bladder.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2014

Several studies have shown that curcumin, which is derived from the rhizomes of turmeric, possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antitumor properties of curcumin have also now been demonstrated more recently in different cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the modulation of cell cycle-related proteins and the mechanisms underlying apoptosis induction by curcumin in the SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Curcumin treatment of the SCC25 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent reduction in cell viability and cell growth, and onset of apoptotic cell death. The curcumin-treated SCC25 cells showed several types of apoptotic manifestations, such as nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, reduced MMP and proteasome activity, and a decreased DNA content. In addition, the treated SCC25 cells showed a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40/CAD into the nuclei, a significant shift in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-6, caspase-3, PARP, lamin A/C, and DFF45/ICAD. Furthermore, curcumin exposure resulted in a downregulation of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and upregulation of $p27^{KIP1}$. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that curcumin strongly inhibits cell proliferation by modulating the expression of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and inducing apoptosis via proteasomal, mitochondrial, and caspase cascades in SCC25 cells.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2008

The effect of colchicine treatment on the agronomic performance and polyploid formation of Bupleurum falcatum using flow cytometry technique was investigated. The roots of 4-leaf stage plants were treated with colchicine (0.5%) for 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours and then transplanted in the field. Agronomic characters (survival rate, plant height, chlorophyll content, bolting rate) were recorded at 4 weeks and 6 months after transplanting while flow cytometry technique was conducted for determination of polyploid formation. Flow cytometry technique revealed polyploid nuclear DNA formation in colchicine treated plants. The highest number of polyploids was obtained at the shortest colchicine treatment time indicating an inverse relationship between colchicine treatment time and polyploid formation. Results also showed that survival and bolting rates were inversely related with the treatment time while plant height and chlorophyll were not significantly affected by the treatment. This study showed a convenient method for determination of colchicine-induced polyploid in B. falcatum and its superior agronomic performance at shorter treatment time.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.193-206
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• 2023

Orchidaceae species account for one-tenth of all angiosperms including more than 30,000 species having significant ecological, evolutionary, and economic importance. Despite Orchidaceae being one of the largest families among flowering plants, crucial cytogenetic information for studying species diversification, inferring phylogenetic relationships, and designing efficient breeding strategies is lacking, except for 10% or less of orchid species cases involving mostly chromosome number or karyotype analysis. Also, only approximately 1.5% of the identified orchid species from less than a hundred genera have genome size data that provide crucial information for breeders and molecular geneticists. Various molecular cytogenetic techniques, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), have been developed for determining ploidy levels, analyzing karyotypes, and evaluating hybridity, in several ornamental crops including orchids. The estimation of genome size and the determination of nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry have also been employed in some Orchidaceae subfamilies. These different techniques have played an important role in supplementing beneficial knowledge for effective plant breeding programs and other related plant research. This review focused on orchid breeding summarizes the status of current cytogenetic tools in terms of background, advancements, different techniques, significant findings, and research challenges. Principal roles and applications of cytogenetics in orchid breeding as well as different ploidy level determination methods crucial for breeding are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 2006

The genetic analyses of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms from Korea, China and Russia, were made by comparing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The ITS region of A. senticosus was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the universal primers and then directly sequenced. The length of the ITS region including 162 bp 5.85 rRNA gene ranged from 608 bp (for Korean and Chinese) to 611 bp (for Russian). The G+C content of ITS region were 60.20% for Korean and Chinese plants and 60.06% for Russian plants. Sequence comparisons indicated that ITS regions of A. senticosus from Korea and China were identical, whereas the ITS sequence of A. senticosus from Russia showed 99.2% homology with the plants from Korea. Variation in sequences were attributable to 5 bp substitution such as transversion or insertion events. These results suggested that A. senticosus Harms from Korea and China were closely related in phylogenetic relationship compared to Russian. In addition, A. senticosus Harms were more similar to Kalopanax pictus than A. sessiliflorus in their ITS sequences.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.188-196
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• 1988

Intergeneric or intraspecific protoplast fusion between Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180-1A, Candida pseudotropicalis ATCC 8619 and CBS 607 was attempted to produce ethanol from lactose containing materials. Teh intergeneric fusion frequency between Saccharomyces cerevisiae X-2180-1A (ade rho) and Candida pseudotropicalis CBS 607 (his met) was $1.0\times 10^{-5}$. These values exhibited approximately 2-3.5 fold increase when compared with fusion frequency obtained without the treatment of bovine serum albumin, myoinositol and ergosterol, suggesting that these compounds may improve intergeneric of intraspecific protoplast fusion. Nuclear fusion appears to occur in fusants between intergenera(S. cerevisiae+C. pseudotropicalis) and intraspecies (C. pseudotropicalis strains) as strongly suggested by DNA content, nuclear staining, comparison of survival rate to UV light and isolation of recombinants after mitotic segragation. It was also found that alcohol production from intraspecific hybrids was somewhat increased when compared with that from their parents.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.221-233
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• 2013

Bile acids are polar derivatives of cholesterol essential for the absorption of dietary lipids and regulate the transcription of genes that control cholesterol homeostasis. Recently it have been identified the synthetic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) derivatives HS-1200 and cisplatin showed apoptisis-inducing activity on various cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effect of co-treatment with HS-1200 and cisplatin on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells (SCC25 cells). To investigate whether the co-treatment with HS-1200 and cisplatin compared to each single treatment efficiently reduces the viability of SCC25 cells, MTT assay was conducted. The induction and augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst staining and an analysis DNA hypoploidy. Westen blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were also performed to evaluate the expression levels and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins following this co-treatment. Furthermore, proteasome activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) change were also assayed. In this study, co-treatment with HS-1200 and cisplatin on SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation such as nuclear condensations, DNA fragmentation, reduction of MMP and proteasome activity, the increase of Bax and the decrease of Bcl-2, decrease of DNA content, the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto nuclei, and activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP and DFF45 (ICAD) whereas each single treated SCC25 cells did not show these patterns. Although the single treatment of $25{\mu}M$ HS-1200 and $4{\mu}g/ml$ cisplatin for 24 h did not induce apoptosis, the co-treatment of these reagents prominently induced apoptosis. Therefore our data provide the possibility that the combination therapy with HS-1200 and cisplatin could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human squamous cell carcinoma.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.140-143
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• 2007

Cytogenetic analyses of an endemic species, Coreoleuciscus splendidus (Cyprinidae) was performed including erythrocyte measurement, chromosome count and karyotyping, nucleolar organizing region (NOR) banding and flow cytometric analysis of genome size. C. splendidus had the same modal chromosome number of 2n = 48 between sexes, however, displayed a sex-related dimorphism in their chromosome karyotypes. Males represented a pair of heteromorphic chromosomes which couldn‘t be seen in any female individuals, indicating that the sex determination mechanism of this species should be a typical XX-XY based male heterogamety (female=10M+6SM+8A+XX vs male=10M+6SM+8A+XY). Other cytogenetic features such as Ag-NORs located in a pair of acrocentric chromosomes, estimated nuclear volume ($28{\mu}m^3$) and cellular DNA content (2.4 pg/cell) suggest that genetic recombination might be the main driving force responsible for the evolution of this species rather than the polyploidy-based evolutionary process as in many other Cyprinidae species.