• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-89
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• 2006

Algific talus slopes are local cold micro-environmental habitats where cool air escapes through vents and fissures of talus layer, and ice forms in summer. To access the phytogeographical significance and to develop the conservation strategy on vegetation of the algific talus, plant species composition on seven algific talus in South Korea was investigated. As a results, phytogeographically significant northern elements such as Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Diplazium sibiricum (Turcz. ex Kunze) Sa.Kurata, Polypodium virginianum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz were distributed in these algific talus slopes (below $N37^{\circ}43^{\prime}$). In addition, subalpine species such as Woodsia subcordata Turcz, Rosa suavis willd., Clematis fusca var. coreana ($H.L{\acute{e}}v.$ & Vaniot) Nakai, Calamagrostis langsdorfii (Link) Trin. and Carex vaginata var. petersii (C.A.Mey.) Akiyama were also distributed as typical relictual species of these algific talus (less than alt. 400m). The algific talus slopes in Korean peninsular can be regarded as the insular refugia that northern plant species advanced southward during the latest glacial age have been isolated and adapted in some local microhabitats. Because the algific talus slopes as paleorefugia are very important in terms of phytogeography as well as meteorology ans geology, developments of strategies for in situ and ex situ conservation on these small isolated and threatened populations associated with the algific talus urgently needed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.154-160
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• 2022

Background: The mango is one of the essential fruit trees for the economy of Thailand. Mango pollination relies primarily on insects. Other external forces, such as wind, are less efficient since pollen is sticky and aggregating. There is only one report from Thailand on the use of bees as mango pollinators. The study of the behavior and pollination efficiency of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps species complex) was conducted in Nam Dokmai mango plantings in Phrao and Mae Taeng districts, Chiang Mai province, between February and March 2019. Results: Our results reveal that the honey bees commenced foraging earlier than the stingless bee. The number of flowers visited within 1 minute by honey bees was higher than that visited by stingless bees. The average numbers of honey bees and stingless bees that flew out of the hive per minute from 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. in the Phrao district were 4.21 ± 1.62 and 9.88 ± 7.63 bees/min, respectively, i.e., higher than those observed in Mae Taeng, which were 3.46 ± 1.13 and 1.23 ± 1.20 bees/min, respectively. The numbers of fruits per tree were significantly higher in the honey bee and stingless bee treatments (T1 and T2) than in the open pollination treatment (T3). The number of fruits between T1 and T2 treatments was not different. In the pollinator exclusion treatment (T4), no fruit was produced. Fruit size factors were not significantly different among T1, T2, and T3 treatments. Conclusions: Our results showed that insect pollination is crucial for mango production, especially with the Nam Dokmai variety in Northern Thailand. As pollinator exclusion treatment showed no fruit set, and pollinator treatment significantly increased the fruit sets compared to open access plots, a managed pollinator program would benefit the mango growers for better productivity. Both the honey bee and the stingless bee were shown to be effective as pollinators.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.sup1
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• pp.27.1-27.1
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• 2009

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.352-363
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• 2019

Background: Invasive plant species are considered a major threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human wellbeing worldwide. Climatically suitable ranges for invasive plant species are expected to expand due to future climate change. The identification of current invasions and potential range expansion of invasive plant species is required to plan for the management of these species. Here, we predicted climatically suitable habitats for 11 invasive plant species and calculated the potential species richness and their range expansions in different provinces of the Republic of Korea (ROK) under current and future climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling approach. Results: Based on the model predictions, areas of climatically suitable habitats for 90.9% of the invasive plant species are expected to retain current ecological niches and expand to include additional climatically suitable areas under future climate change scenarios. Species richness is predicted to be relatively high in the provinces of the western and southern regions (e.g., Jeollanam, Jeollabuk, and Chungcheongnam) under current climatic conditions. However, under future climates, richness in the provinces of the northern, eastern, and southeastern regions (e.g., Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongsangnam, Degue, Busan, and Ulsan) is estimated to increase up to 292%, 390.75%, and 468.06% by 2030, 2050, and 2080, respectively, compared with the current richness. Conclusions: Our study revealed that the rates of introduction and dispersion of invasive plant species from the western and southern coasts are relatively high and are expanding across the ROK through different modes of dispersion. The negative impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, and economy caused by invasive plant species will be high if preventive and eradication measures are not employed immediately. Thus, this study will be helpful to policymakers for the management of invasive plant species and the conservation of biodiversity.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2008

We generated transgenic tomato plants with Arabidopsis thaliana $H^+$/cation exchanger gene (C4X4) by Agrobactrium-mediated transformation. We confirmed transgene copy number and transcription by Southern and Northern blot analyses. The intact CAX4-expressing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits contained 63-71% more calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) than wild-type fruits. Moreover, ectopic expression of C4X4 in tomato fruits did not show any significant increase of the four kinds of metallic cations analyzed ($Mg^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Cu^{2+})$. The C4X4-expressing tomato plants including their fruits did not show any morphological alternations during whole growth period. These results suggest the enhanced Ca-substrate specificity of CAX4 exchanger in tomato. Therefore, intact CAX4 exchanger can be a useful tool for $Ca^{2+}$ nutrient enrichment of tomato fruits with reduced accumulation of undesirable cations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.144.1-144
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• 2003

Attenuated viruses can protect their hosts against challenge to their related viruses. Increasing evidence shows that mutations of the tobamoviral 126/183 kDa protein play a major role in the viral attenuation and contribute to the cross protection mechanism. In this study, four mutants of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) have been constructed by mutagenesis; two mutants, pTPpoly348 and pTPpoly762, were substituted in the middle of replicase gene, and the others, pTPL3D:: $\Delta$6207 and pTPL3D:: $\Delta$6219, were deletion mutants made by deleting some parts of pseudoknot structures of the 3' noncoding region (NCR) of the virus. Progeny viruses generated from the four mutants were infectious on N. benthamiana plants with symptomless or mild mosaic symptom. Replication efficiency and viral product accumulations of four mutants were assessed by Northern and Western blot analyses on BY-2 protoplast cells. Accumulation of CP for the pTPL3D:: $\Delta$6207 and pTPL3D:: $\Delta$6219 were lower than that of other mutants and wild type virus. These data suggest that the 3'-NCR mutations contribute to the viral gene expression in host tissues, while mutants of replicase gene rather govern the symptom expression.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.318-322
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• 2006

One hundred and nine Agrobacterium isolates were recovered from 68 samples(51 plant tumor and 17 soil) that were collected from different habitats in Northern Jordan. The isolated cultures were grouped into 3 biovars based on their biochemical characteristics and biovar I, II, and III comprised a total number of 46, 41, and 22 isolates, respectively. Isolates of biovar I were obtained primarily from the diseased peach, oak and rose plants, whereas isolates of biovar II and ill were obtained mostly from apple and grape plants, respectively. Twenty-nine isolates were found to be virulent to at least one of the tested hosts such as carrots, chickpeas, garden peas and tomato plants with a response of tumor formation or tumor with roots induction. Our result suggested that A. tumefaciens strains from tumor of various plants and soil of Jordan were diverse and they have a variation in their virulence.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2007

Though higher plants car not metabolize D-amino acid, many prokaryotes and eukaryotes have the D-amino acid metabolism. Therefore, we transformed tobacco plants with D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), which can metabolize D-amino acid, and confirmed that transgenic tobacco plants might metabolize D-amino acid. Transgenic tobacco plants were survived a high concentration of D-serine, however non-transgenic plants were not grown on D-serine medium. From Southern and Northern blot analysis, transgenic tobacco plants selected on D-serine medium were confirmed by insert and expression of transgene. $T_{1}$ tobacco seeds derived $T_{0}$ tobacco plants selfing were grown on D-serine medium and showed normal phenotype compared to wild tobacco plants. Transgenic tobacco plants displayed the metabolic capability of D-serine. Therefore, we suggested that DAO is useful selectable marker gene for plant transformation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.375-381
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• 2014

Transgenic potato was generated to express recombinant 5 repeated ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) peptides, potential antigens to be applied as a preventive accine for Alzheimer's disease using Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The $A{\beta}$ peptides were fused to the human IgG Fc fragment enhancing protein and KDEL, which is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal ($5A{\beta}$-FcK). The $5A{\beta}$-FcK, was expressed under the control of the duplicated 35S promoter. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgene in several transgenic potato lines. Southern blot analysis showed only a single gene copy number in transgenic line 22, whereas multiple gene copy numbers were shown for transgenic lines 31 and 44. Northern blot analysis showed that line 22 had stronger mRNA levels when compared to lines 31 and 44. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that the $5A{\beta}$-FcK protein was expressed in the transgenic potato plant. These results indicate that $5A{\beta}$ fused to Fc can be expressed in potato plants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.697-702
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• 2011

A strain of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira was isolated from Lake Chahannaoer in northern China and was characterized according to microscopic morphology, photosynthetic oxygen-evolving activity, growth rate, and nutritional profile. Compared with thermophilic Arthrospira species occurring naturally in tropical and subtropical lakes, this isolate is mesophilic and grows optimally at ${\sim}20^{\circ}C$. The total protein, fatty acid, phycocyanin, carotenoid, and chlorophyll a contents were 67.6, 6.1, 4.32, 0.29, and 0.76 grams per 100 grams of dry weight, respectively. The strain is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). An essential omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was detected, and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA) and DHA accounted for 28.3% of the total fatty acid content. These features of this newly isolated strain make it potentially useful in commercial mass culture in local areas or as a biofuel feedstock. It is also an alternative resource for studying the metabolic PUFA pathways and mechanisms of cold stress tolerance in cyanobacteria.