• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.577-598
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• 2016

Observational and numerical studies have been carried out to understand the cause and development processes of the heavy rainfall over the middle Korean Peninsula during 0300 LST-1500 LST 29 June 2011 (LST = UTC + 0900). The heavy rainfall event occurred as the synoptic-scale ridge extended from Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) was maintained over East Asia. Observational analysis indicates that the heavy rainfall is mainly due to scattered convective systems, formed over the Yellow Sea, traveling northeastward across the middle peninsula without further organization into larger systems during 0300 LST-0800 LST, and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over the Yellow Sea, transformed into a squall line, traveling eastward during 0800 LST-1500 LST. Organization of convective systems into MCSs can be found over the area of mesoscale trough and convergence zone in the northern end of the low-level jet (LLJ) after 0600 LST. Both observational and numerical investigations indicate that a strong LLJ extended from the East China Sea to the Yellow Sea plays an essential role for the occurrence of heavy rainfall. The strong LLJ develops in between the WPSH and a pressure trough over eastern China. Numerical experiments indicate that the land-sea contrast of solar heating of surface and latent heating due to convective developments are the major factors for the development of the pressure trough in eastern China. Numerical study has also revealed that the mountainous terrain including the mountain complex in the northern Korean Peninsula contributes to the increase of rainfall amount in the middle part of the peninsula.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2013

In Japan, the wild house mouse Mus musculus consists of two lineages, one from Southeast Asia (Mus musculus castaneus; CAS) and one from northern Eurasia (Mus musculus musculus; MUS). However, the exact origins of the parental lineages are unclear. A recent work using mitochondrial sequences revealed that Japanese CAS and MUS are closely related to haplotypes from South China and the Korean Peninsula, respectively. Recent phylogeographic analyses using nuclear gene sequences have also confirmed a close relationship between Japan and Korea in the MUS component. However, the Japanese CAS components in the nuclear genome are likely to be unique and to differ from those of other CAS territories, including South China. Although the origins are still unresolved, these results allow us to conclude that two areas of the continent, South China and the Korean Peninsula, are the primary source areas of Japanese wild mice and suggest pre-historical introductions associated with certain historical agricultural developments in East Asia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.2
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• pp.235-243
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• 2010

Picea jezoensis with several infraspecific taxa is indigenous to Eastern Asia and the Far East of Russia. Although these taxa are very common, the taxonomic confusion surrounding this complex is reflected in ambiguity of the various taxonomic treatments currently used. Patterns of intraspecific variations of cone morphology and recognition of taxa within the P. jezoensis complex were investigated from 175 individuals. Morphological variation of cone characters was determined by the univariate analysis to be insignificant in separating most previously recognized infraspecific taxa in Korea, China, Russia, and Japan. Our statistical analysis showed that cones from northern populations were larger and wider than those from southern populations. Individuals from South Korea were predominantly smaller even than those from Honshu of Japan which were previously recognized as var. hondoensis. All measured characters appeared to show some clinal variation with changes in latitude, and a distinctive trend was evident. Consequently var. hondoensis, var. koreana, and var. microsperma cannot retain their infraspecific state within the P. jezoensis complex.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.255-274
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• 2005

To acquire a port traffic, governments in North-East Asia have intensively invested port development. Furthermore, the major shipping company directly make a call at northern chinese ports like Qingdao, Dalian and Tianjin. Those changes of port environment will have a considerable effect on a port traffic in Korea. In order to prepare against those changes, it is necessary to estimate a port traffic in Korea A port traffic in Korea is estimated by the use of explanation variables like GDP of Korea, real effective exchange rate, world economic performances and the trade in China, et al. When GDP in Korea goes up 1%, it is estimated that container port traffic of all ports and Pusan Port is upward $1.0{\sim}1.2%$ and $0.8{\sim}0.9%$ respectively. When the trade in China goes up 1%, it is estimated that Container transshipment is upward $1.6{\sim}1.7%$ approximately.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1196-1199
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• 2006

Tripterygium regelii SPRAGUE is distributed in Korea and Northern China. This extract has been used as a herb medicine, especially antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying agent in East asia. During our research to develop new antitumor agents from natural products, Dichlorornethane (CH$_2$Cl$_2$) extract of Tripterygium regelii SPRAGUE (DTR) showed the potent apoptotic effects in A-549 lung cancer, HeLa-3 cervical cancer, SKMEL-2 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. in order to purify major compounds from DTR, column chromatography was carried out gradually. Silica gel and RP-18 column chromatography for active fractions led to the isolation of a compound. The compound determined by 1 H-NMR was turned out to De Celastrol known to have antitumor activity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2019

This study investigates variations in the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) and its impact on South Korean precipitation in late summer during the period between 1958 and 2017. Composite analysis reveals that precipitation occurrence is directly linked to the displacement of the WPSH western ridge, a single, large-scale feature of the atmosphere in the Pacific Ocean. When WPSH ridging is located northwest (NW) of its climatological mean position, excessive precipitation is expected in late summer due to enhanced moisture transport. On the other hand, a precipitation deficit is frequently observed when the western ridge is located in the southeast (SE). Different phases of the WPSH are associated with lagged patterns of Pacific and Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic variability, introducing the potential to predict variability in the WPSH western ridge and its climate over northern East Asia by one month. Based on the identified SST patterns, a simple statistical model is developed and improvement in the ability to predict is confirmed through a cross-validation framework. Finally, the potential for further improvements in WPSH-based predictions is addressed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.17
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• pp.29-43
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• 1991

Yu was a type of dress worn on the upper part of the body which was commonly used in Northeast Asia. It was originally used by the Northern race for the need of courtesy as well as protecting cold. It was believed that Yu in Northeast Asia, which was called Kaftan, was came from Scythai lived in North Eurasian land around the Black sea. Scythians were the first-formed horse-riding race in the world and their civilization influenced those of far Asiatic sector along the steppe route. As their power expanded, their costume culture transmitted to the East(China, Korea, Japan). The upper garment, Yu, was characterized by the left-sided collars, narrow sleeves belted at the waist to the length of the hip line and the tight trouser on the lower part, which we commonly called HoBok(胡服) style. 1. Yu in Northeast Asia was originated from the Eurasians, Scythian Culture. Being exchanged, active style costumes were widely used among Chinese, Koreans and Japanese throughout centuries' including $4{\sim}8$ century. 2. Chinese Yu had a style of wide-sleeves and right-sided collars. The traditional costumes of Han race are consisted of wide-sleeved Yu on the upper and long-skirt on the lower part of the body. Before the adoptation of HoBok during reign of King Jo Mooryung in 307. B.C., HoBok style had already found in the remains since the Sang period. There were various names among Yu during the Han period. Seup, Sean Eui, Kye, Kyu were one of the styles and several names were meant for collar and sleeves. During $4{\sim}8$ centuries, clothes of right-sided collar were found, superior to that of left-sided and narrow sleeves were widely used both the royal and the humble. Various styles of decoration were seen in Yu around neck, back and sleeves comparing other nations. 3. Yu, in Korea, was typical style of Northern-bound HoBok. Both men and women had similarity in Yu style, narrow sleeves, left-sided collar, belted at the waist and to the length of hip line. Influenced by Han race, in the $4th{\sim}8th$ centuries, dual system of collar was found. But we cannot see major change in Yu and finally was connected to the present. 4. The original design of the Japanese costumes was not similar to that of Northern nomadic hunting race, which was suitable for horse-riding activities. Owing to the climates along the island, we could see various conditions ranging from the cold and to the warm. Influenced by the climates, pulling over the neck(Pancho style) were major design in Japan. As Korea was advanced earlier than Japan, Korean landed Japanese territory showing clothes. So primitive costumes had changes in style. During the $4th{\sim}8th$ period. The Korean mode was found in Haniwa (which was built to make sacrifices to the dead King) and costumes in Jeong Chang Won. Among the costumes in Jeong Chang Won, we put 3 or more costumes to the category of Yu characterizing elements of Korea and Tang period. From the $4th{\sim}8th$ century, China, Korea, Japan fell into the same cultural category, Scythai. Styles in Yu among three nations, we saw little differences, basically along times. Originated from the West Asia, Yu was transmitted to the far East changing Chinese costumes, Koreans melted it into the traditional elements and then influenced Japan.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.399-414
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• 2010

Sand and dust storm in East Asia, so called Asian dust, is a seasonal meteorological phenomenon. Mostly in spring, dust particles blown into atmosphere in the arid area over northern China desert and Manchuria are transported to East Asia by prevailing flows. An Asian dust event occurred on 6-8 May 2007 is chosen to investigate how sensitive the Asian dust transport forecast to the initial condition uncertainties and to interpret the characteristics of sensitivity structures from the viewpoint of dynamics and predictability. To investigate the forecast sensitivities to the initial condition, adjoint sensitivities that calculate gradient of the forecast aspect (i.e., response function) with respect to the initial condition are used. The forecast aspects relevant to Asian dust transports are dry energy forecast error and lower tropospheric pressure forecast error. The results show that the sensitive regions for the dry energy forecast error and the lower tropospheric pressure forecast error are initially located in the vicinity of the trough and then propagate eastward as the surface low system moves eastward. The vertical structures of the adjoint sensitivities for the dry energy forecast error are upshear tilted structures, which are typical adjoint sensitivity structures for extratropical cyclones. Energy distribution of singular vectors also show very similar structures with the adjoint sensitivities for the dry energy forecast error. The adjoint sensitivities of the lower tropospheric pressure forecast error with respect to the relative vorticity show that the accurate forecast of the trough (or relative vorticity) location and intensity is essential to have better forecasts of the Asian dust event. Forecast error for the atmospheric circulation during the dust event is reduced 62.8% by extracting properly weighted adjoint sensitivity perturbations from the initial state. Linearity assumption holds generally well for this case. Dynamics of the Asian dust transport is closely associated with predictability of it, and the improvement in the overall forecast by the adjoint sensitivity perturbations implies that adjoint sensitivities would be beneficial in improving the forecast of Asian dust events.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.32-45
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• 2016

The anthropogenic aerosols originated from the pollutant emissions in the eastern part of China and dust emitted in northwestern China in Yellow sand regions are subsequently transported via eastward wind to the Korean peninsula and then these aerosols induce high $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Korean peninsula. In order to estimate air quality considering anthropogenic and dust emissions, Comprehensive Air-quality Model with extension (CAMx) was applied to simulate $PM_{10}$ concentration. The predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations without/with dust emissions were compared with observations at ambient air quality monitoring sites in China and Korea for 2008. The predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations with dust emissions could depict the variation of measured $PM_{10}$ especially during Yellow sand events in Korea. The comparisons also showed that predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations without dust emissions were under-predicted while predictions of $PM_{10}$ concentrations with dust emission were in good agreement with observations. This implied that dust emissions from desert and barren soil in southern Mongolia and northern China minimized the discrepancies in the $PM_{10}$ predictions in East Asia. The effect of dust emission on annual $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Korea Peninsula for year 2008 was $5{\sim}10{\mu}g/m^3$, which were about 20% of observed annual $PM_{10}$ concentrations.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.4-34
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• 2012

Parastenocaris koreana sp. nov. is described based on examination of numerous adult specimens of both sexes from several localities in Korea. Scanning electron micrographs are used to examine intra- and interpopulation variability of micro-characters, in addition to light microscopy. The new species is most closely related to the Japanese P. biwae Miura, 1969, which we redescribe based on newly collected material from the Lake Biwa drainage area. The two species differ in size, relative length of the caudal rami, shape of the anal operculum, shape of the genital double somite, relative length of the inner distal process on the female fifth leg, as well as relative length of the apical setae on the second, third, and fourth legs exopods in both sexes. Detailed examinations of three disjunct populations of P. koreana reveal also some geographical variation, especially in the surface ornamentation of somites, which may indicate some population structuring or even cryptic speciation. Lack of intraspecific variability in the number and position of sensilla on somites, as well as their potential phylogenetic significance, is a novel discovery. Both species examined here belong to the brevipes group, which we redefine to include 20 species from India (including Sri Lanka), Australia, East Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. A key to species of this group is also provided. In order to test the monophyly of the redefined brevipes group with highly disjunct distribution, as well as relationship between different species, a cladistics analysis is performed based on 39 morphological characters and with help of three outgroup taxa. Six equally parsimonious cladograms are generated, all of which show that the ingroup is well defined by at least three synapomorphies. Reconstructed phylogeny questions the previously suggested hypothesis about the origin of this group in South East Asia, with one Australian species showing the most basal position. We speculate that the present distribution of this group may be a combination of ancient vicariance and subsequent dispersal, with a possible origin in the Gondwanaland, in the rift valley between Australia and India.