• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2006

Objective : This research was designed to study the characteristics of heart rate variability in postpartum women compared with normal women. Method : HRV data of postpartum women were gathered from 255 women who was hospitalized for oriental postpartum treatments(Age : 25-35). HRV data of comparison group were gathered from 327 women who visited hospital to check up their health(Age : 25-35). The SPSS 12.0 for windows was used to analyze the date and the independent samples t-test was used to verify the result. Result : 1. Mean-RR and SDNN of postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal women group. But, Heart Rate of postpartum women group significantly increased compared with that of normal women group. 2. HRV-Index, RMSSD and SDSD of postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal women group. pNN50 of postpartum women group significantly increased compared with that of normal women group. 3. Ln(TP), Ln(VLF), Ln(LF) and Ln(HF) of postpartum women group significantly increased compared with that of normal women group. 4. There were no significant differences in Normal LF, Normal HF and LF/DF Ratio between postpartum women group and normal women group. Conclusion : The result suggest that the function of heart of postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal women group. Futhermore although the ANS maintained the balance in the range of normality, the sympathetic nervous system frequently revitalized which caused increasing the heart of pulsation.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.587-599
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare abdomen-fat rate, life style and social-support between normal weight women and obese women. Method: 304 women objectives from their 30 to 59 years of age were selected living in Je-chon city, Chung-Buck province and their height and weight were measured from April 1st to June 30th, 2003. Data were classified into low-weight group ($18.5kg/m^2$), normal-weight group ($18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$), over weight group ($23{\sim}24.9kg/m^2$), and obese group ($25kg/m^2$) following the Korean Conference of Obesity, 2001. in which 119 people in the normal weight group and 91 people in the obese group, i.e. total 210 people were analyzed in sequence. Using SPSS Win 10.1 Program, frequency and percentile, and by ANOVA, $X^2-test$ and t-test were treated. Results: The average age of obese women was 46.68 distributing 40.7% of forties and 39.6% of fifties while normal-weight women were average 41.73-year old distributing 53.8% of forties and 34.5% of thirties, which revealed aged in obese women. The body fat rate of obese women averaged $37.52{\pm}4.17%$, in which 98.9% of obese women and 21.0% of normal weight women with a more than 30% of body-fat rate resulted in a higher body-fat rate in obese women. The waists of obese women averaged $88.37{\pm}8.22cm$, in which more than 85cm showed in obese women of 68.2% and normal weight women of 7.6% indicating a higher waist-fat rate in obese women. The abdomen-fat rate of more than 0.85 of waist vs hip-fat showed 74.7% in obese women and 58.4% in normal weight women, indicating a higher abdomen-fat rate in obese women. Obese women and normal weight women showed significant differences in education level, number of children, religion, menstrual status, and mother's weight. Especially, obese women ate hotter or saltier food than normal weight women preferring meat. However, no significant differences appeared in marital status, social economic status. occupation. eating habits. smoking. drinking and physical exercise. Social support levels showed a lower rate in obese women than in normal weight women, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Observing areas of social support, obese women showed lower rates in attachment/intimacy, social integrity, opportunity of foster and confidence in value except help and instruction, which indicated a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Social support for obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, religion and menstrual status. Obese women were more negative than normal weight women in health recognition, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.01). Normal weight women showed higher health recognition when provided high social support and significantly low (p<.01) health recognition when provided low social support. However, there was no significant difference in health recognition in obese women whether high or low social support was given. The health recognition of obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, number of children, menstrual status, physical exercise, eating habits, eating taste and preference of food. Conclusion: Obese women showed elder than normal-weight women, higher body-fat rate and abdomen-fat rate, lower social support, and a tendency to more negative health recognition. Therefore, providing weight-control programs for the treatment of obesity and prevention of recurrence for obese women to prevent progressing to adult disease and promote a healthy life, we suggest that better eating habits and the encouragement of regular physical exercise should be included, as well as total approachment on change of health recognition and social support would be needed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.327-338
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to obtain information from married women regarding obesity-related factors and psychological eating behaviors, and to compare those variables among three groups, namely underweight, normal, and obese. The participants completed questionnaires regarding general obesity-related factors, major food servings/day, physical activity, dieting behaviors, perceptions of body image, and psychological eating behaviors. The results were as follows: The obese women reported a higher percentage of family history of obesity (74.8%) than the normal (43.5%) or underweight (28.2%) women. Most of the obese women (90.0%) accurately perceived their body image compared to 72.5% of the underweight and 56.6% of the normal weight women(p<0.001). No significant differences were found among the three groups for daily hours of exercise or computer use. In the case of hours of television watched daily, significant differences were found among the groups (obese 104 min/day, normal 87 min/day, underweight 76/min, p<0.05). Only 17.9% of the obese women reported eating 2 servings of milk products/day and only 23.2% of them reported eating 3 servings of protein foods/day as compared to the normal (25.4%, 18.0%) and underweight (29.4%, 41.7%) (p<0.01) women. About 98% of the obese and 78.5% of the normal weight women wanted to loose weight compared to only 10% of the underweight women (p<0.001). Psychological eating behavior was significantly correlated with subject BMI ($r^2$=0.32, p<0.01). Also, more obese women were unsatisfied with their body and had emotional eating behaviors as compared to the normal and underweight women, and this was statistically significant (p<0.001). In conclusion, the obese women had high perception rates of their body image, but had negative-psychological eating behaviors. Special behavior therapy is needed for obese women who show body dissatisfaction, emotional eating behaviors, long hours of daily TV viewing, and low intakes of protein and milk products.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.207-218
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• 2019

Purpose: To compare reproductive health promoting behaviors (RHPBs) of infertile women with those of normal women and identify effects of RHPB on infertility. Methods: A total of 148 females (73 infertile women and 75 normal women) were enrolled in this study. Measurements included their general characteristics and RHPB using self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$ test, ANCOVA, and hierarchical logistic regression using SPSS. Results: There were significant difference in incomes, number of family, number of term deliveries, and number of abortions according to infertility diagnosis. Mean duration of infertility was 32.16 months. Only 12.32% women had known cause of infertility. The most common cause of infertility was unknown. Mean RHPB score was 3.98 for infertile women and 4.41 for normal women. In logistic regression, total RHPB (odds ratio [OR], 0.21) and safe sex of RHPB (OR, 0.66) were significant factors influencing infertility. Infertile women's total RHPB and subcategories of RHPB (safe sex behavior and sexual transmitted disease [STD] prevention) were lower than those of normal women. Conclusion: For infertility women, RHPB-related intervention programs are needed, especially information about safe sex behavior and STD prevention.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.88-98
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• 2008

In order to improve the problems with obese women's ready-to-wear by age range, this study surveyed the actual clothing purchase and wearing of women in their 20s and 30s with normal and obese body types, and compared and analyzed their satisfaction with ready-to-wear by age and body type. First, for normal body types, both women in their 20s and 30s use department stores the most. Meanwhile, obese women in their 20s make most of their purchases at internet shopping malls, while those in their 30s mostly go to department stores. For criteria for purchasing clothing, normal women both in their 20s and 30s value design most whereas, obese women put size and fit before design regardless of their age. Normal women in their 20s and 30s both were most unsatisfied with standardized design because they could not find designs they wanted. Obese women in their 20s and 30s also showed disapproval of unvaried sizes, indicating a distinct difference in body types and age. As well, the study found that both normal and obese women wear casual style the most, followed by semi-formal style. Also, regarding the images they were seeking when wearing clothing, the normal women wanted to look fashionable, while obese women wanted to look slim, regardless of age. Both body-type groups generally like preferred semi loose-fits the most, followed by tight-fit. They however, dislike relaxed loose-fitting.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2002

In this paper we study the properties of positive-normal operators and show that Wey1's theorem holds for some totally positive-normal operators.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.199-213
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• 2007

Purpose : This research was designed to determine whether HRV can be used as an assessment index in weakly postpartum women. Methods : The subjects were 232 women who admitted for postpartum care in Oriental Hospital of Woosuk University from 19, December 2005 to 21, July 2006. They took the test of CBC and HRV. And then we selected 200 cases of postpartum women. The SPSS 10.0 for windows was used to analyse the data and the simple correlation coefficient and the independent samples t-test were used to verify the results. Results : The following results were obtained : 1. There were positive correlations between items of CBC(RBC, Hb, Hct) and SDSD, RMSSD, SDNN, and also between items of CBC and log-transformed index of spectral analysis. There were negative correlations between items of CBC and Mean-HRV, pNN50. 2. SDNN of anemic postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal postpartum women group. HRV-Index, RMSSD and SDSD of anemic postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal postpartum women group. pNN50 of anemic postpartum women group significantly increased compared with that of normal postpartum women group. 3. Ln(TP), Ln(VLF), Ln(LF) and Ln(HF) of anemic postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal postpartum women group. Conclusion : The results suggest that the function of heart of anemic postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal postpartum women group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 1996

This study was designed to investigate food consumption patterns and nutrient intakes of college students, divided into subgroups of normal weight men (no.=140), normal weight women (no.=101), and underweight women (no.=155) by body mass index. Frequency of food eaten, nutrient intakes from each meal, percentages of RDAs, and nutrient densities were analyzed using 24-hour recall records. It was very interesting in these results as follows. Normal weight men ate on the whole more frequently than other groups. Underweight women had higher intakes of nutrient than did normal weight women. However normal weight women consumed food of greater nutrient density than did other college students. Consequently, it is desirable to suggest nutrient density of food than learn RDAs for adequate diet in nutritional education programs.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the health-related quality of life of premature menopausal women with that of normal postmenopausal women and to identify factors related to quality of life in these two groups. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted of a sample of 5,910 postmenopausal women drawn from women aged 19-79 years, using raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey between 2014 and 2017. Quality of life was compared between premature menopausal women and normal postmenopausal women using the t-test and chi-square test, and factors related to quality of life were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression using SAS version 9.4. Results: There was no significant difference in quality of life between premature menopausal women and normal postmenopausal women. Subjective health status and symptoms of depression were identified as factors related to quality of life in women with premature menopause, while engaging in aerobic physical activity, subjective health status, stress, and symptoms of depression were found to be related to quality of life among normal postmenopausal women. Conclusion: It is necessary to support self-care measures for both premature and normal menopausal women to adapt to changes caused by menopause, and multidimensional strategies should be developed considering postmenopausal women's subjective health status and symptoms of depression to improve their quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.284-292
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• 2016

Objectives: This study compared the differences of postmenopausal women's bone mineral density in relation to the degree of obesity, metabolism index and dietary factors that affect bone mineral density. Methods: The subjects included in the study are 39 postmenopausal women of normal weight with body mass index less than $25kg/m^2$ and 32 postmenopausal who are obese. Anthropometry and biochemical analysis were performed and nutrient intakes and DQI-I were assessed. Results: Normal weight women were $56.03{\pm}3.76years$ old and obese women were $58.09{\pm}5.13years$ old and there was no significant difference in age between the two groups. The T-score of bone mineral density was $0.03{\pm}1.06$ in normal weight women and $-0.60{\pm}1.47$ in obese women and this was significantly different between the two groups (p<0.05). Blood Leptin concentration was significantly lower in normal weight women ($6.09{\pm}3.37ng/mL$) compared to obese women in ($9.01{\pm}4.99ng/mL$) (p<0.05). The total score of diet quality index-international was $70.41{\pm}9.34$ in normal weight women and $64.93{\pm}7.82$ in obese women (p<0.05). T-score of bone mineral density showed negative correlations with percentage of body fat (r = -0.233, p=0.05), BMI (r = -0.197, p=0.017), triglyceride (r = -0.281, p=0.020) and leptin (r = -0.308, p=0.011). The results of multiple regression analysis performed as the method of entry showed that with 22.0% of explanation power, percentage of body fat (${\beta}=-0.048$, p<0.05), triglyceride (${\beta}=-0.005$, p<0.05) and HDL-cholesterol (${\beta}=0.034$, p<0.01), moderation of DQI-I (${\beta}=-0.231$, p<0.05) affected T-score significantly. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that obese women have less bone density than those with normal weight women. In addition, the factor analysis result that affect bone mineral density showed that intake of fat is a very important factor. Therefore, postmenopausal women need to maintain normal weight and manage blood lipid levels within normal range. They also need to take various sources of protein and reduce consumption of empty calorie foods that have high calories, fat, cholesterol and sodium.