• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2009

Background and Objectives: The skin barrier protects skin against a harmful environment. Its function includes an antimicrobial barrier as well as a physical barrier. Stress is harmful to the skin barrier and there are many studies on this, but there are few about the effect of stress during pregnancy on the skin barrier of offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress during pregnancy on the skin barrier of offspring by examination with the naked eye, cortisol, weight, TEWL and histologic tests. Materials and Methods: Male hairless mice ten weeks old were coupled with females for three days. After twelve days the females were divided into two groups. We stressed one group and not the other group. The offspring from the non-stressed (N group) and stressed (S group) grew up until four weeks. The S group was exposed to chronic mild stress using the chronic stress model protocol modified method of Wilner and Towell for a week. We made examinations with the naked eye, assessment of cortisol, weight, TEWL, and histologic test to contrast the S group with the N group. Statistical analysis was performed by using Mann-Whitney and Friedman test. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05). Results: 1. By making an examination with the naked eye, S group showed papules, creases and dryness on their skin, but N showed no change compared with normal skin. 2. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in cortisol (p>0.05). 3. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in weight. N group had less weight than S group (p<0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in TEWL (p>0.05). 5. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in TEWL recovery (p>0.05). 6. In TEWL and TEWL recovery, there was statistically significant difference by time between S group and N group (p<0.005). Histologically, S group showed a thicker epidermis and epidermal crest than N group. Conclusions: We found that stress during pregnancy has negative effects on the skin barrier of offspring. Though there were no statistically significant differences between S group and N group in TEWL recovery, we found evidence that the recovery of skin barrier function is interrupted by stress during pregnancy by examination with both the naked eye and histology.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 1997

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Na, K intake and stress level on the blood pressure and urinary excretion of Na, K in the third grade lacto-ovo vegetable male high school students. Twenty-one lacto-ovo vegetarian male high school students were selected, and their physical state, stress level, dietary intake and urinary excretion of Na, K were measured followed by examining the relationship among these factors and blood pressure. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. The average age of the subjects was 17.7 years, and the average score of BMI was 20.4. The average score of Rohrer and blood pressure were 119.1, 112.3/7.5mmHg, each. All of these were in a normal range. Daily calorie intake was 2676.8kcal and Na, K intakes were 152.76mEq, respectively. 2. 71.4% of subjects were susceptible to the disease associated with stress, although there was no significant difference among the salt level, stress and blood pressure. 3. There was significant difference between dietary Na intake ratio, urinary Na excretion and urinary K excretion rate (p<0.001). 4. There was significant difference between systolic blood pressure and BMI/Rohrer score(p<0.01).

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.357-369
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was designed to examine the effect of Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture on the change in behavior, sleep-related hormones, inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidants, weight, blood, and serum on rats given chronic physical stress. Methods: Wistar rats older than age 10 weeks were used in this experiment. They were divided into six groups. The normal group was not given stress. The control group was given only chronic physical stress and no treatment. The positive control group was given chronic physical stress and treated with zolpidem. Three Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture (HPP) groups were given chronic physical stress, then treated with different concentrations of HPP; HPP-0.5× (0.5 times diluted), HPP-1× (undiluted) and HPP-2× (2 times condensed). The changes of values of Nestlet Shredding results, weight, Melatonin, Gamma-aminobutylic Acid (GABA), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine, and leukocytes were observed during the experiment. Results: The changes in chronic physical stress of the rat model were as follow. The Nestlet Shredding result increased in the control group compared to the normal group (p<0.05), and decreased in the HPP-1× and HPP-2× compared to the control group (p<0.05). The amount of weight gain showed increasing tendency in the HPP-2× compared to the control group since the second week. The GABA increased (p<0.05) and Melatonin also showed certain increasing tendency in the HPP-1× and HPP-2× compared to the control group. The TNF-α and IL-6 increased in the control group compared to the normal group (p<0.01), and decreased in all the HPPs compared to the control group (p<0.05). The SOD level decreased in the control group compared to the normal group (p<0.01), and increased in all the HPPs compared to the control group (p<0.05). GPx, AST, ALT, Bun, Creatinine and leukocytes showed no noticeable difference among all groups. Conclusions: Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture was effective in increasing weight, GABA, Melatonin, SOD, and decreasing Nestlet Shredding and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that it consequently facilitates in relieving physical stress.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표회 제16권2호
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• pp.281-284
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• 2004

The most important reason of using of ultra high strength concrete in super tall building is that ultra high strength concrete can reduce the section of members and control side sway effectively. However, the practical utilization of ultra high strength concrete is dependent not only on the production techniques, but also the overall preparation including proper code provisions, construction technique. The purpose of this study is to evaluate of mechanical properties of UHSC, such as modulus of elasticity, stress-strain behavior, modulus of rupture and tensile splitting strength. It is similar to normal or high strength concrete but necessary to discern the difference between normal or high strength concrete and ultra high strength concrete and modify existed equations. And in this study another important factor is to discern the difference according to member size, curing method in ultra high strength concrete experimentally.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.599-610
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze the effect of a diet program for adult women on weight loss, BMI, eating habits, sleeping habits, health related indices. The subjects was 415 participants of the 10 weeks (20 time participation program). The data was collected by basic somatometry and HRV (Heart Rate Variability) / APG (Accelerated Plethysmograph) Analyzer. The average age, height, weight and BMI were 28.6 years, 162.1 cm, 62.8 kg and 23.9 $kg/m^2$, respectively. Their body types by BMI were under weight (1.2%), normal (45.8%), overweight (24.8%), mild obesity (22.7%) and obesity (5.5%). There were significant reductions of average weight (4.6 kg) and average BMI (1.75 $kg/m^2$) on the 10th week. There were positive changes in vascular age (50.4%), stress index (44.6%), fatigue index (43.9%), health index (54.5%) of the subjects during the program. There was a meaningful difference of the average variation for the vascular age, stress index, fatigue index, and health index between two groups; one improving the eating habit and the other did not (p<0.05), and also there was a meaningful difference of the average variation for the fatigue index in both groups improving the sleeping habit (p<0.05), but was not a meaningful difference of the average variation for the vascular age, stress index, and health index between two groups. There was a meaningful difference of the average variation for the vascular age, stress index, fatigue index, and health index between two groups improving both eating and sleeping habit (p<0.05). In conclusion, the weight loss program was effective on the weight loss and BMI reduction and health related indices.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2009

Background and Objective : There are a lot of theories that explained the aging process, and the oxidative stress is one of the important theory that explained the aging process. The aim of this study was to investigate active oxygen and antioxidant capacity of Qi deficiency and Blood deficiency animal models. Material and Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: normal group, Qi deficiency group and Blood deficiency group. The Qi deficiency animal model was induced through restriction of food (12g/kg/day) for 20 days. Blood deficiency animal model was induced by bleeding from tail vein(0.4ml/time) 8 times. The normal animal model was kept without any intervention. The oxidative stress was observed by measuring the active oxygen and antioxidant capacity. Results and Conclusion : 1. Active oxygen was significantly increased in the Qi deficiency group and Blood deficiency group. (P=0.061) 2. Antioxidant capacity was increased in the Qi deficiency group and Blood deficiency group. But there is no significant difference. (P=0.113)

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2009

Objectives : Since the Front Points are treated as response zone, it can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of disease in viscera and bowels. Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) is the Front Point of SIMPO, it is related with cardiovascular, neuro-psychiatrical disease in aspect of Oriental Medicine. This research is for clarifying relations with palpation of the Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) and autonomic nerve system by comparing HRV and SRI(Stress Reaction Index). Methods : This study was proceeded for three months, from June 2009 to September 2009. Among 31 healthy volunteers, 13 subjects who complained the pressure pain around Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) are classified pressure pain group and 18 subjects who had no pain around Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) as normal group. All subjects had their HRV(SA-2000E: Medicore Co..Ltd. Korea) and SRI measured at visit. We studied the difference of HRV between two groups.(Statistics by Student t-test, p<0.05) Results : LF normalization of the pressure pain group were significantly higher than those of the normal group. HF normalization of the pressure pain group were significantly lower than those of the normal group. Compared with those of the normal group, total SRI of the pressure pain group were low but it's not significant. Conclusions : The results of HRV of the pressure pain group show that pressure pain around Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) is related to mental stress and autonomic disturbance.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2008

Objectives : The authors tried to investigate the characteristics of Heart Rate Variability(HRV) among the subjects with metabolic syndrome for testing the possibility of clinical application of HRV in evaluating metabolic syndrome. Methods : We examined the difference of the means of HRV between 122 subjects of metabolic syndrome and 1057 healthy controls using T-test, and the change of means in HRV according to increasing risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Using multiple regression analysis, we examined the association of HRV with the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Results : The HRV indices including SDNN(Standard Deviation of all normal NN intervals), RMSSD(the square Root of the Mean Squared Differences of successive all normal NN interval), TP(Total Power), LF(Low Freuency), and HF(High Frequency) were significantly lower in the metabolic syndrome group than in the normal control group, and the means of all HRV indices except LF/HF were decreased consistently according to increasing risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The fasting glucose, triglyceride, and waist circumference were dependent factors that contributed significantly to the change of HRV. Conclusion : These findings suggest metabolic syndrome adversely affects cardiac autonomic system and HRV could be a useful method for evaluating metabolic syndrome.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 1994

내냉성의 지표로 이용되는 적고의 발현정도가 상이한 벼품종 및 유성계통과 그들이 상호교잡된 F$_1$씨 청배양에서 최초 형성된 캘러스(primary callus)를 저온 스트레스 (stress) 처리하여 내냉성 세포의 기내선발 가능성을 검토하였다. 캘러스 형성율이나 저온 스트레스를 통한 식물체 분화율은 자포니카형이나 자포니카형/통일형 조합이 통일형이나 통일형간 조합보다 높았으며 저온 스트레스 처리일수의 증가에 따라 백색체 분화율이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 약배양 효율에 있어서 상호교잡에 따른 세질효과는 나타나지 많았다. 고정도가 높은 품종이나 교잡 F$_1$의 약배양 후대 계통에서 캘러스의 저온 stress처리일수에 따른 적고 발현정도의 변이가 인정되지 많았다. 적고발현 정도가 상이한 품종간 교잡 F$_1$에서 유래된 연배양 후대 계통의 적고 발현은 양친 범위 내에 대부분이 분포하였으나 적고 발현이 낮은 방향의 초월분리계통도 나타났다. 최초 형성된 캘러스의 저온 stress 처리($0^{\circ}C$ 10일)에서 분화된 약배양 계통, 무처리에서 분화된 약배양 계통과 F$_2$ 집단간에는 적고 배양의 빈도 분포에서 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 따라서 벼 약배양에서 최초 형성된 캘러스 수준에서 저온 스트레스를 통해 내냉성 세포를 직접적인 기내선발방법은 효과적이지 못함이 밝혀졌다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.476-486
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the dietary behaviors, perceived stress, and health-related factors along with their correlations in University students. The number of subjects was 150(64 males and 86 females), and the results of the study were as follows: Stress was felt by over 80% of the male and female students. The male students were more stressed than the females for economic value, gender difference, professor and drinking-related stress factors, and there was a significant difference between the genders. The female students had more clinical symptoms from stress than the male students in terms of dizziness, indigestion and constipation(p<0.01, p<0.001). The amount of food intake under stress was significantly different by gender. The female students preferred sweet tasting items, whereas the male students preferred hot tasting item when under stress. Also the intake of candy and chocolate when under stress in the male and female students was $2.00{\pm}0.74$ and $2.41{\pm}0.75$, respectively. The female students consumed candy and chocolate more than the male(p<0.01). Furthermore, 62.5% of the male students and 30.2% of the female students exercised to get rid of stress: the use of ball games as exercise in male and female students was $1.59{\pm}0.83$, $1.01{\pm}0.11$, respectively. Many students drank alcohol and smoked while under stress. In particular, the male students smoked more than normal as compared to the females, and there was a significant gender difference(p<0.001). The clinical symptoms positively correlated with the life stress level were degree of nervousness, sweaty, achy neck and shoulders, sore back, dizziness, eye fatigue, headache and indigestion. The amount of food intake under stress was positively correlated to the clinical symptom of headache. These results indicate the effects of life stress on dietary behaviors, food choice, and health status. Stress not only changed dietary behaviors, but was also related to health status. Therefore, education with regard to nutrition is necessary if college students are to practice food eating habits to correctly manage life stresses.