• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to analyzed pattern of proteins expression abnormally in cloned bovine placenta. TIMP-2 protein whose function is related to extracellular matrix degradation and tissue remodeling processes was one of differentially up-regulated proteins in SCNT placenta. And one of down-regulated protein in SCNT placenta was identified as vimentin protein that is presumed to stabilize the architecture of the cytoplasm. The expression patterns of these proteins were validated by Western blotting. To evaluate how regulatory loci. of TIMP-2 and vimentin genes was programmed reprogramming in cloned placenta. the status of DNA methylation in the promoter region of TIMP-2 and vimentin genes was analyzed by sodium Bisulfite mapping. The DNA methylation results showed that there was not difference in methylation pattern of TIMP-2 and vimentin loci between cloned and normal placenta. Histone H3 acetylation state of the nucleosome was analyzed in the cloned placental and normal placenta by Western blotting. A small portion of the protein lysates were subjected to Western blotting with the antibodies against anti acetyl-Histone H3. Overall histone H3 acetylation state of SCNT placenta was significantly higher than those of normal placenta cells. It is postulated that cloned placenta at the end of gestation seems to be unusual in function and morphology of placenta via improper expression of TIMP-2 and vimentin by abnormal acetylation states of cloned genome.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4405-4408
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• 2016

Background: To investigate the characteristics of allelic distribution of IGF2 and H19 gene polymorphisms in molar tissues compared to normal placentas. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine specimens of molar tissues as well as 100 control normal placental tissues, delivered on the same days, were collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis was conducted to determine the allelic distribution. The ApaI polymorphism within exon 9 of IGF2 and the RsaI polymorphism within exon 5 of H19 were employed to identify the allelic distribution of the IGF2 and H19 genes, respectively. Then the data for these genes in the molar and normal placenta tissues were compared. Results: The allelic distribution of IGF2 genes found in molar tissue were 21 (42.9%) aa (undigested), 10 (20.4%) ab (heterozygous) and 18 (36.7%) bb (digested), while in normal placenta tissue the values were 22 (22%) aa, 51 (51%) ab, and 27 (27%) bb. The allelic distribution of H19 in molar tissues was 8 (16.2%) aa (undigested), 8 (16.3%) ab (heterozygous) and 33 (67.4%) bb (digested) and in normal placental tissue was 16 (16%) aa, 36 (36%) ab and 48 (48%) bb in normal placenta tissue. These results were significantly different with P values of 0.001 and 0.037 for the allelic distribution of IGF2 and H19, respectively. Conclusions: Molar tissues showed significant differences of allelic distribution of IGF2 and H19 from normal placenta tissues.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

Objectives: To investigate the effects of Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture on the blood picture and antioxidative activity in rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups; normal control (n=5), pharmacopuncture at CV12 (CV12 group, n=5), and pharmacopuncture at ST36 (ST36 group, n=5) once every other day for 4 weeks. Blood cell counting was performed and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were analyzed. Results: Values of red blood cell and plasma cell volume were significantly higher in the ST36 group than the normal control. Values of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin were not significantly different among groups. White blood cell count and the percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils were not significantly different among groups. However, monocytes and basophils were significantly increased in the ST36, and CV12 groups, respectively. SOD and CAT in the CV12 and ST36 groups were significantly activated than in the normal control group, while the activity of GSH-Px showed no significant difference among groups. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture may have positive impact on antioxidative capacity, thus activate various functions of the body.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

Objectives : This study is to evaluate the efficacy of Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture(HPA) on dysmenorrhea. Methods : Volunteers of fourteen subjects who used to feel pains in menstrual period were employed to answer the questionnaire. Subjects were divided into two groups Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture(HPA) treatment group(Sample Group) and Normal Saline(N/S) treatment group(Control Group). HPA and N/S were injected on the Cheonchu(ST25), Gwanwon(CV4), Joksamni(ST36) and Hyeolhae(SP10) acupuncture points. Subjects were treated depending on menstrual period, two times a weeks, in total four times after ovulation cycle. Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging(D.I.T.I.) was taken and Visual Analog Scale(VAS) was examined before and after each treatment. Results : The VAS score of Sample Group were decreased significantly compared to that of Control Group.(p<0.05) The changes of difference of abdominal mean temperature of Control Group and Sample Group were significancy. HPA therapy reduced difference of right and left abdomial thermal temperature more than N/S therapy in dysmenorrheic patients. Conclusion : The Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture therapy may be good effects on the Dysmenorrhea.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

Placenta is the main nutrition source for the fetus during pregnancy. Thus, it has a pivotal function in the pregnant process. Many functions of the placenta have been elucidated. An abnormal placenta is associated with a high rate of pregnancy failure in somatic cloned bovine. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were examined in a comparison between normal and cloned bovine placenta using annealing control primer (ACP)-based GeneFishing PCR. Using 120 ACPs, nearly 80 genes were identified and the fragments of 42 DEGs were sequenced. 38 of these genes were known genes and four were unknown. To determine the DEGs result, six target clones expressing on one-side of a normal and a clone placenta were selected. Through an analysis of the target genes using the real-time PCR, the expressing pattern was found to be somewhat different from the DEGs. Additionally, several genes appeared with the same expression pattern. Taken together, this suggests that the target genes would be essential for research into what influences the placental formative mechanisms during fetal development.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture therapy on the functional recovery and histological change, protein expression in spinal cord injury(SCI) rats. Experimental groups were divided into the Group I(normal control rat), Group II(Non-treatment after spinal cord injury induction), Group III(Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment after SCI induction), Group IV (Electroacupuncture therapy after SCI induction), Group V(Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture therapy after SCI induction). After operation, rats were tested at modified Tarlov test at 1 to 3 days with divided into 4 groups, and motor behavior test(BBB locomotor rating scale, Grid walk test) was examined at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. For the observation of damage change and size of the organized surface in muscle and spinal cord, histopathological studies were performed at 21 days by H & E stain, and BDNF & NT-3 protein expression studies were performed at 21 days. Acco rding to the results, Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture therapy can play a role in facilitating recovery of locomotion following spinal cord injury. Specially, Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture combimed therapy after SCI induction was most improvement in functional recovery, BDNF, and NT-3 protein synthesis.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 1993

This study examined the incidence of disease and blood biochemical values in 68 Holstein cattle during the a month period after parturition. In order to compare the blood biochemical values, the animals were divided into 2 groups of prepartum and 4 groups of postpartum according to the blood collecting day, respectively. The results compared postpartum with prepartum were obtained as follows : the incidences of displacement of abomasum, culled and retained placenta were 11.8%. 13.2% and 8.8%, respectively. In the normal group(pre and post parturition group), NEFA and bilirubin were increased. Triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly lower than In the pre-parturition group, and total lipid was decreased. In the disease group, displacement of abomasum was significantly higher than in the normal group in the levels of NEFA, triglyceride and bilirubin. Culled was significantly higher than in the normal group in the levels of NEFA, AST and bilirubin. but lower than in the normal group in the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol. Retained placenta was significantly higher than in the normal group in the levels of NEFA and bilirubin, but lower than in the normal group in the levels of triglyceride.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.88-94
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• 2002

Objective : This study was done to observe the effects on the themal changes of Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy. The objectives are as follows; If there are remarkable local thermal changes between pre- and post- Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy on D.I.T.I. or not. If there are those, we examine how long its changes are maintained, the adequate interval and clinical applications of therapy. Methods : To study the local thermal changes in therapy, D.I.T.I. was used. Thermal temperatures were measured pre- and post-therapy (1 hour, 1st day, 2nd day, and 7th day). The study group was divided into two groups. One was HP(Hominis Placenta) group(N=20), the other was NS(Normal Saline) group. The Hominis Placenta acupuncture was injected into 4 points (Fengmen(風門: $B_{12}$), Feishu(肺兪: $B_{13}$), Fufen(附分: $B_{41}$), Pohu(魄戶: $B_{42}$)) by 0.05ml. Results : The following results were obtained. 1. PLACENTA HOMINIS is the dried placenta of a healthy woman, used to warm the kidney for impotence, infertility, lack of lactation, and replenish Gi(氣), blood, vital essence for emaciation, hectic fever, night sweating in consumptive diseases. 2. Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy has effects on invigoration of vital energy (補氣, 益氣), nourishing blood (養血), and tonifying the essence (補精). 3. Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy is effective at tissue regeneration, antibody formation, increasing immunity, hormone-like effects. So, it is clinically used in osteoporosis and facial nerve paralysis. 4. There was no significant dermatothermal changes at NS group, but HP group had remarkable changes between operated and non-operated area in post-therapy 1hour. But there were not any change on 1, 2, and 7th day.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

지금까지 태반에서 monoamine들을 재 흡수할 수 있는 몇 가지 membrane transporter들이 발현됨이 보고되었다. 그러나 카테콜라민 트렌스포터(norepinephrine transporter, NET)의 발현과 부인과 질환을 포함한 태반 발달과의 연관성에 관한 연구는 거의 보고된 것이 없다. 본 연구의 목적은 태반에서 NET의 발현을 동정하고, 그 기능을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 정상과 자간전증(preeclampsia) 태반에서 각각 NET 단백질을 동정하고, 영양막세포주인 HTR8-SV/neo 영양막 세포에 NET 유전자를 주입 후 그 기능을 분석하였다. NET 발현을 분석하고자 태반조직에서 다음과 같이 환자를 분류하여 semi-quantitative RT-PCR과 면역조직화학 방법을 사용하였다. 분만 고통이 없는 산모의 태반을 중심으로(none underwent labor): 1) 만기 정상 태반(term normal placenta)(n=15); 2) 만기 자간전증 태반(term with preeclamptic placenta)(n=15); 3) 중기 자간전증 태반(pre-term preeclamptic placenta)(n=11)을 수집하여, NET 발현을 RNA 수준에서 분석한 결과, mRNA 분석에서는 NET 유전자가 정상 태반 조직보다 자간전증 태반에서 낮게 발현되는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 Western blot을 통한 NET 단백질의 변화는 거의 없는 것으로 확인되었다. HTR8-SV/neo 영양막세포를 이용하여, NET 유전자의 기능을 알아보고자 NET 유전자의 플라스미드(a plasmid vector for NET gene)와 siRNA(NET gene-specific siRNA)을 HTR8-SV/neo 영양막 세포에 24시간 동안 각각 핵 내 주입하고, NET 유전자 발현에 따른 침윤은 NET 유전자를 증가시킨 경우 대조군보다 2.5배(p<0.05) 촉진시키는 것으로 확인됐으며, NET 유전자를 감소시킨 경우는 침윤능력이 감소하는 경향이 관찰되었다. 또한 NET의 과도한 고발현 또는 저발현은 MMP-2와 MMP-9 발현과 활성을 저해하는 것이 관찰하였다. 따라서 자간전증에서 NET의 발현 감소는 영양막세포의 침윤능력을 억제하는 요인이 될 수 있다. 그러므로 이러한 결과들은 영양막세포의 침윤 기전뿐만 아니라 자간전증을 포함한 부인과 질환의 기초 연구에 지침을 제공할 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2014

The placenta is a temporary fetomaternal organ capable of supporting fetal growth and development during pregnancy. In particular, abnormal development and dysfunction of the placenta due to cha nges in the proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and invasion of trophoblasts induce several gynecological diseases as well as abnormal fetal development. Autophagy is a catalytic process that maintains cellular structures by recycling building blocks derived from damaged microorganelles or proteins resulting from digestion in lysosomes. Additionally, autophagy is necessary to maintain homeostasis during cellular growth, development, and differentiation, and to protect cells from nutritional deficiencies or factors related to metabolism inhibition. Induced autophagy by various environmental factors has a dual role: it facilitates cellular survival in normal conditions, but the cascade of cellular death is accelerated by over-activated autophagy. Therefore, cellular death by autophagy has been known as programmed cell death type II. Autophagy causes or inhibits cellular death via the other mechanism, apoptosis, which is programmed cell death type I. Recently, it has been reported that autophagy increases in placenta-related obstetrical diseases such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation, although the mechanisms are still unclear. In particular, abnormal autophagic mechanisms prevent trophoblast invasion and inhibit trophoblast functions. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to examine the characteristics and functions of autophagy and to investigate the role of autophagy in the placenta and the trophoblast as a regulator of cell death.