• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to analyzed pattern of proteins expression abnormally in cloned bovine placenta. TIMP-2 protein whose function is related to extracellular matrix degradation and tissue remodeling processes was one of differentially up-regulated proteins in SCNT placenta. And one of down-regulated protein in SCNT placenta was identified as vimentin protein that is presumed to stabilize the architecture of the cytoplasm. The expression patterns of these proteins were validated by Western blotting. To evaluate how regulatory loci. of TIMP-2 and vimentin genes was programmed reprogramming in cloned placenta. the status of DNA methylation in the promoter region of TIMP-2 and vimentin genes was analyzed by sodium Bisulfite mapping. The DNA methylation results showed that there was not difference in methylation pattern of TIMP-2 and vimentin loci between cloned and normal placenta. Histone H3 acetylation state of the nucleosome was analyzed in the cloned placental and normal placenta by Western blotting. A small portion of the protein lysates were subjected to Western blotting with the antibodies against anti acetyl-Histone H3. Overall histone H3 acetylation state of SCNT placenta was significantly higher than those of normal placenta cells. It is postulated that cloned placenta at the end of gestation seems to be unusual in function and morphology of placenta via improper expression of TIMP-2 and vimentin by abnormal acetylation states of cloned genome.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4405-4408
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• 2016

Background: To investigate the characteristics of allelic distribution of IGF2 and H19 gene polymorphisms in molar tissues compared to normal placentas. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine specimens of molar tissues as well as 100 control normal placental tissues, delivered on the same days, were collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis was conducted to determine the allelic distribution. The ApaI polymorphism within exon 9 of IGF2 and the RsaI polymorphism within exon 5 of H19 were employed to identify the allelic distribution of the IGF2 and H19 genes, respectively. Then the data for these genes in the molar and normal placenta tissues were compared. Results: The allelic distribution of IGF2 genes found in molar tissue were 21 (42.9%) aa (undigested), 10 (20.4%) ab (heterozygous) and 18 (36.7%) bb (digested), while in normal placenta tissue the values were 22 (22%) aa, 51 (51%) ab, and 27 (27%) bb. The allelic distribution of H19 in molar tissues was 8 (16.2%) aa (undigested), 8 (16.3%) ab (heterozygous) and 33 (67.4%) bb (digested) and in normal placental tissue was 16 (16%) aa, 36 (36%) ab and 48 (48%) bb in normal placenta tissue. These results were significantly different with P values of 0.001 and 0.037 for the allelic distribution of IGF2 and H19, respectively. Conclusions: Molar tissues showed significant differences of allelic distribution of IGF2 and H19 from normal placenta tissues.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

Objectives: To investigate the effects of Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture on the blood picture and antioxidative activity in rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups; normal control (n=5), pharmacopuncture at CV12 (CV12 group, n=5), and pharmacopuncture at ST36 (ST36 group, n=5) once every other day for 4 weeks. Blood cell counting was performed and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were analyzed. Results: Values of red blood cell and plasma cell volume were significantly higher in the ST36 group than the normal control. Values of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin were not significantly different among groups. White blood cell count and the percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils were not significantly different among groups. However, monocytes and basophils were significantly increased in the ST36, and CV12 groups, respectively. SOD and CAT in the CV12 and ST36 groups were significantly activated than in the normal control group, while the activity of GSH-Px showed no significant difference among groups. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture may have positive impact on antioxidative capacity, thus activate various functions of the body.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

Objectives : This study is to evaluate the efficacy of Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture(HPA) on dysmenorrhea. Methods : Volunteers of fourteen subjects who used to feel pains in menstrual period were employed to answer the questionnaire. Subjects were divided into two groups Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture(HPA) treatment group(Sample Group) and Normal Saline(N/S) treatment group(Control Group). HPA and N/S were injected on the Cheonchu(ST25), Gwanwon(CV4), Joksamni(ST36) and Hyeolhae(SP10) acupuncture points. Subjects were treated depending on menstrual period, two times a weeks, in total four times after ovulation cycle. Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging(D.I.T.I.) was taken and Visual Analog Scale(VAS) was examined before and after each treatment. Results : The VAS score of Sample Group were decreased significantly compared to that of Control Group.(p<0.05) The changes of difference of abdominal mean temperature of Control Group and Sample Group were significancy. HPA therapy reduced difference of right and left abdomial thermal temperature more than N/S therapy in dysmenorrheic patients. Conclusion : The Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture therapy may be good effects on the Dysmenorrhea.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

Placenta is the main nutrition source for the fetus during pregnancy. Thus, it has a pivotal function in the pregnant process. Many functions of the placenta have been elucidated. An abnormal placenta is associated with a high rate of pregnancy failure in somatic cloned bovine. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were examined in a comparison between normal and cloned bovine placenta using annealing control primer (ACP)-based GeneFishing PCR. Using 120 ACPs, nearly 80 genes were identified and the fragments of 42 DEGs were sequenced. 38 of these genes were known genes and four were unknown. To determine the DEGs result, six target clones expressing on one-side of a normal and a clone placenta were selected. Through an analysis of the target genes using the real-time PCR, the expressing pattern was found to be somewhat different from the DEGs. Additionally, several genes appeared with the same expression pattern. Taken together, this suggests that the target genes would be essential for research into what influences the placental formative mechanisms during fetal development.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.257-263
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture therapy on the functional recovery and histological change, protein expression in spinal cord injury(SCI) rats. Experimental groups were divided into the Group I(normal control rat), Group II(Non-treatment after spinal cord injury induction), Group III(Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment after SCI induction), Group IV (Electroacupuncture therapy after SCI induction), Group V(Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture therapy after SCI induction). After operation, rats were tested at modified Tarlov test at 1 to 3 days with divided into 4 groups, and motor behavior test(BBB locomotor rating scale, Grid walk test) was examined at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. For the observation of damage change and size of the organized surface in muscle and spinal cord, histopathological studies were performed at 21 days by H & E stain, and BDNF & NT-3 protein expression studies were performed at 21 days. Acco rding to the results, Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture therapy can play a role in facilitating recovery of locomotion following spinal cord injury. Specially, Hominis placenta pharmacopuncture treatment and electroacupuncture combimed therapy after SCI induction was most improvement in functional recovery, BDNF, and NT-3 protein synthesis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 1993

This study examined the incidence of disease and blood biochemical values in 68 Holstein cattle during the a month period after parturition. In order to compare the blood biochemical values, the animals were divided into 2 groups of prepartum and 4 groups of postpartum according to the blood collecting day, respectively. The results compared postpartum with prepartum were obtained as follows : the incidences of displacement of abomasum, culled and retained placenta were 11.8%. 13.2% and 8.8%, respectively. In the normal group(pre and post parturition group), NEFA and bilirubin were increased. Triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly lower than In the pre-parturition group, and total lipid was decreased. In the disease group, displacement of abomasum was significantly higher than in the normal group in the levels of NEFA, triglyceride and bilirubin. Culled was significantly higher than in the normal group in the levels of NEFA, AST and bilirubin. but lower than in the normal group in the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol. Retained placenta was significantly higher than in the normal group in the levels of NEFA and bilirubin, but lower than in the normal group in the levels of triglyceride.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.88-94
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• 2002

Objective : This study was done to observe the effects on the themal changes of Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy. The objectives are as follows; If there are remarkable local thermal changes between pre- and post- Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy on D.I.T.I. or not. If there are those, we examine how long its changes are maintained, the adequate interval and clinical applications of therapy. Methods : To study the local thermal changes in therapy, D.I.T.I. was used. Thermal temperatures were measured pre- and post-therapy (1 hour, 1st day, 2nd day, and 7th day). The study group was divided into two groups. One was HP(Hominis Placenta) group(N=20), the other was NS(Normal Saline) group. The Hominis Placenta acupuncture was injected into 4 points (Fengmen(風門: $B_{12}$), Feishu(肺兪: $B_{13}$), Fufen(附分: $B_{41}$), Pohu(魄戶: $B_{42}$)) by 0.05ml. Results : The following results were obtained. 1. PLACENTA HOMINIS is the dried placenta of a healthy woman, used to warm the kidney for impotence, infertility, lack of lactation, and replenish Gi(氣), blood, vital essence for emaciation, hectic fever, night sweating in consumptive diseases. 2. Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy has effects on invigoration of vital energy (補氣, 益氣), nourishing blood (養血), and tonifying the essence (補精). 3. Hominis Placenta acupuncture therapy is effective at tissue regeneration, antibody formation, increasing immunity, hormone-like effects. So, it is clinically used in osteoporosis and facial nerve paralysis. 4. There was no significant dermatothermal changes at NS group, but HP group had remarkable changes between operated and non-operated area in post-therapy 1hour. But there were not any change on 1, 2, and 7th day.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

Placenta has been shown to be a site of expression of several of the monoamine membrane uptake transporters. However, the correlation between the expressions of norepinephrine transporter (NET) and placental development including gynecological diseases is still unknown. To investigate the expression and functions of NET in placenta, we conducted to compare NET expression in normal and preeclamptic placenta and analyzed the function of NET in HTR8-SV/neo trophoblast cells after NET gene transfection. The expression of NET was analyzed in placental tissues from the following groups of patients (none underwent labor): 1) term normal placenta (n=15); 2) term with preeclamptic placeneta (n=15); and 3) pre-term with preeclamptic placenta (n=11) using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. In order to evaluate the function of NET, NET gene plasmid and NET gene-specific siRNA were trnasfected into HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells for 24 hours. NET had low expression in the pre-eclamptic placenta compare with normal placenta but no difference in western blot data. NET was expressed in the trophoblasts, and the up-regulation of NET gene stimulated the invasion of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells by 2.5 fold (p<0.05), whereas the NET-siRNA treatment reduced invasion rates. Also, we observed that the expression of NET induces to expression and activity of MMP-9 in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells in zymography. The results suggest that the expression of NET were reduced in pre-eclampsia and should be inhibited invasion activity of trophoblasts. Therefore, these findings provide useful guidelines for the mechanisms of trophoblast invasion as well as for the basic understanding of gynecological diseases including pre-eclampsia.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.97-107
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• 2014

The placenta is a temporary fetomaternal organ capable of supporting fetal growth and development during pregnancy. In particular, abnormal development and dysfunction of the placenta due to cha nges in the proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and invasion of trophoblasts induce several gynecological diseases as well as abnormal fetal development. Autophagy is a catalytic process that maintains cellular structures by recycling building blocks derived from damaged microorganelles or proteins resulting from digestion in lysosomes. Additionally, autophagy is necessary to maintain homeostasis during cellular growth, development, and differentiation, and to protect cells from nutritional deficiencies or factors related to metabolism inhibition. Induced autophagy by various environmental factors has a dual role: it facilitates cellular survival in normal conditions, but the cascade of cellular death is accelerated by over-activated autophagy. Therefore, cellular death by autophagy has been known as programmed cell death type II. Autophagy causes or inhibits cellular death via the other mechanism, apoptosis, which is programmed cell death type I. Recently, it has been reported that autophagy increases in placenta-related obstetrical diseases such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation, although the mechanisms are still unclear. In particular, abnormal autophagic mechanisms prevent trophoblast invasion and inhibit trophoblast functions. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to examine the characteristics and functions of autophagy and to investigate the role of autophagy in the placenta and the trophoblast as a regulator of cell death.