• Title/Summary/Keyword: non-selective herbicide

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Examination of Pesticide Poisoning Deaths Statistics in Korea and Precautionary Measures Against Pesticide-Poisoning (국내 농약중독 사망사고 현황분석과 사고 예방대책)

  • Jeong, Mi-Hye;Kim, Jin-Hwa;Park, Kyung-Hun;Lee, Hee-Dong;You, Are-Sun;Kim, Byung-Seok;Choi, Ju-Hyun;Kwon, Oh-Kyung
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.134-140
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    • 2008
  • The data on pesticide poisoning death toll during 2000-2005 was obtained from Korean National Statistical Office and analysed to find out any precautionary measures against pesticide poisonings. Pesticide poisoning death toll showed slightly increasing trend with year up to about 3500 in 2005. Most of the pesticide poisoning death cases were intentional self-poisoning accounting for more than 80% of total pesticide poisoning death. The pesticide most often implicated in poisoning death were paraquat dichloride, a non-selective herbicide and organophosphate/carbamate insecticides. The regional distribution of pesticide poisoning death showed urban 21.6% and rural area 78.4%. As for the occupation of the dead, agricultural, forestry and fishery workers accounted for 27.4% and non-agricultural workers was 72.6% of pesticide poisoning death. Therefore, government need to take some precautionary measures to reduce the number of pesticide poisoning cases. It is strongly recommended that pesticide regulatory authorities encourage and train the agricultural workers to use safe storage boxes and enforce strict regulation for the prevention for the prevention of highly toxic pesticides sales to non-agricultural workers.

Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of PAT into Platycodon grandiflorum A. De. candolle (Agrobacterium을 이용한 Phosphinothricin Acetyl Transferase의 도라지로의 형질전환)

  • Park, Jae-Seong;Kim, Ik-Hwan;Hong, Eui-Yon;Yun, Tae;Lee, Cheol-Hee;Jeong, Jae-Hun;Yang, Deok-Chun;Yun, Jong-Sun
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.285-290
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    • 2007
  • This study was conducted to introduce phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene, resistant to basta which was non-selective herbicide, into balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. De. candolle). Seeds were germinated on MS medium, and 10-day-old immature cotyledon explants and 30-day-old leaf explants were cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain MP 90 (pBinSyn) on 1/10 MS medium for 48 hours in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$. The cultures were transferred for selection of kanamycin-resistant shoots to the MS medium supplemented with 0.2 $mg/{\ell}$ NAA, 1.0 $mg/{\ell}$ BA, 3% sucrose, 100 $mg/{\ell}$ kanamycin, 500 $mg/{\ell}$ carbenicillin. Shoots were obtained from 10-day-old immature cotyledon explants after 4 weeks of culture. The shoots were subcultured twice every 4 weeks on the same medium for growth of transgenic shoots. Successful transformation was confirmed by histochemical GUS assay, PCR analysis, RT-PCR analysis, 10 $mg/{\ell}$ phosphinothricin treatment and 0.3% basta spray. The basta-resistant transgenic plants flowered normally.

Determination of Amitrole in Water Samples by Evaporation and GC/MS (증발법과 GC/MS를 이용한 수질 시료 중의 Amitrole의 분석법 연구)

  • Yoon, So Hee;Hong, Ji Eun;Pyo, Hee Soo;Park, Song Ja
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.16 no.6
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    • pp.483-487
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    • 2003
  • Amitrole is well-known as a non-selective herbicide and it is able to cause contamination of driking water as well as pollution of ground water and surface water. However, it is difficult to extract from water because it has a high solubility for water whereas a low solubility for general organic solvents. This method is described for the determination of amitrole in water samples by GC/MS. After evaporation of 10 mL water sample by a vacuum evaporator, amitrole was derivatized with isobutyl chloroformate (iso-BCF) on room temperature for 15~20 min. As a result, the sensitivity for GCfMS was improved as N-isobutoxycarbonyl amitrole derivative was formed. The linearity of the calibration curve showed good as 0.997. The recoveries were obtained more than 94.9% and relative standard deviations were less than 2.8% at $1.0{\mu}g/L$, $10.0{\mu}g/L$ and $100.0{\mu}g/L$. The limit of detection showed $0.1{\mu}g/L$ with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3.

Herbicidal Activity of Natural Compound Chrysophanic Acid Under the Greenhouse Condition (온실조건에서 천연물질 Chrysophanic Acid의 제초활성)

  • Kang, Chung-Kil;Lee, Sang-Beom;Lee, Byung-Mo;Nam, Hong-Sik;Lee, Yong-Ki;Jee, Hyeong-Jin;Hong, Moo-Ki;Rho, Yeong-Deok;Choi, Jung-Sup
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.112-117
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    • 2011
  • A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the herbicidal activity of natural compound chrysophanic acid under the greenhouse condition in 16 weed species. Chrysophanic acid showed non-selective herbicidal activity. While chrysophanic acid exhibited severe injury by foliar treatment, little or no injury was found by the soil treatment. Among the tested weeds, the most effective activity was found in grass and broad leaf weeds, a lower significant difference in herbicidal activity was found in sedge. At early post-emergence, weeds appeared to be very susceptible to chrysophanic acid with $2,000{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. The higher the natural compound concentrations, the lower weed growth. At middle post-emergence, weeds appeared to be very effective to chrysophanic acid with $30,000{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$.

Development of Bialaphos-Resistant Transgenic Rice Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium tumefaciens를 이용한 bialaphos 저항성 형질전환 벼의 개발)

  • 이효연;이춘환;김호일;한원동;최지은;김진호;임용표
    • Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.283-288
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    • 1998
  • The bialaphos is a potent inhibitor of glutamine synthease in higher plants and is used as a non-selective herbicide. We have used the bialaphos resistant gene(Bar) encoding for an acetyltransferase isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF1293. Callus derived from mature seeds of rice(Oryza sativa L. cv. Dong Jin) were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA101 carring a plasmid pGPTV-HB containing genes for hygromycin resistance (HygR) and Bar. Transgenic plants showing in vitro resistance to 50 mg/L hygromycin and 10 mg/L bialaphos were obtained by using a two-step selection/regeneration procedure. Transformation efficiency of rice was about 30% which was as high as reported in other dicotyledons. Progenies ($\textrm{T}_{1}$ generation) derived from primary transformant of 17 lines were segregated with a 3 resistant : 1 sensitive ratio in medium containing hygromycin and bialaphos. Stable integration of Bar gene into chromosomal DNA was proven by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from $\textrm{T}_{2}$ progenies. Transgenic plants ($\textrm{T}_{3}$) grown in the field were resistant to bialaphos (Basta) at a dosage lethal to wild type plants.

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Effects of Ground Vegetation and Pyrethroid Spray on the Population Dynamics of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Natural Enemies in Citrus Orchard: A Short-term Effect (감귤원에서 초생관리와 합성피레스로이드계 조합처리가 귤응애와 천적의 발생양상에 미치는 단기효과)

  • Hyun, Seung Young;Kim, Dong-Soon
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.61 no.1
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    • pp.255-266
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    • 2022
  • This study was conducted to examine the effects of grass vegetation (W: manual weeding, NW: herbicide sprays) and pyrethroid spray (P: pyrethroid spray, NP: no pyrethroid spray) on the population dynamics of Panonychus citri and natural enemies in citrus orchards. Two essential hypothesis were made to test the population dynamics: 1) weed planting promotes natural enemies by offering habitat and alternative food sources, resulting in the reduction of P. citri populations, and 2) pyrethroid spray removes natural enemies by its non-selective toxicity, resulting in the increasement of P. citri populations. The observed natural enemy populations (mainly Phytoseiids and Agistemus sp.) were not different largely from the expected values in the hypothesis, which assumes more abundant natural enemies in weeds and no pyrethroid plots. Although some discrepancy was occurred in NW+NP and W+NP plots in 2011, the observed values were almost same with expected values in 2012. In overall, pesticide effect was strongly significant and pyrthroids removed largely natural enemies. Although habitat (weeds) effect showed a conflict result, natural enemy population increased in plots allowing weed growth, when considering the increased autumn population relatively compared to that of spring-summer population. The decreased abnormal P. citri populations in pyrethroid plots could be explained under the assumption of a strong repellent behavior of P. citri to the pyrethroids.

Possibility of Using Non-selective Herbicides as Desiccants for Improving Soybean Harvest Efficiency (콩 수확 효율 증진을 위한 건조제로서 비선택성 제초제의 활용 가능성)

  • Won, Ok Jae;Hong, Seo yeon;Suh, Eun Ji;Park, Jae-Sung;Lee, Hong Seok;Park, Jin-Ki;Ryu, Jong-Soo;Han, Won-Young;Han, Kil Su;Song, Duk Young
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.66 no.4
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    • pp.358-364
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    • 2021
  • This study was conducted to select a desiccant and determine its concentration for safe usage to improve the harvesting efficiency of soybeans. Soybeans were treated with a desiccant (non-selective herbicide) before and after the maturation stage. The drying effect of the desiccant was higher at earlier treatment times than at the maturation stage, but the difference was not statistically significant. The higher efficacy might be related to the drying process of the leaves and stems, with most of the leaves and stems having already been dried by the time of hand harvesting. Desiccant treatments had no adverse effects on soybean yield, weight of 100 grains, seed quality, or seed germination rate compared with the untreated control. Pesticide residue analysis showed minimum residue concentration to be lower than the tolerance level of pesticide residues. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the desiccant was effective in drying soybean, and that there was no damage to the quality of soybean seeds. In addition to the drying effect, the dessicant treatment also facilitates the removal of weeds that interfere with the mechanical harvest and improves harvesting efficiency through the drying of the growth imbalanced individual. The desiccant treatment is expected to shorten the mechanical harvesting time by 1-2 weeks. It is thought that the selection of the proper cultivation period for other crops after soybean cultivation will be more advantageous.

Effects of Glufosinate-Ammonium to Earthworms, Soil Microorganisms and Crops (제초제 glufosinate-ammonium의 지렁이 및 토양 미생물과 작물에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Yong-Seog;Jeon, Yong-Bae;Choi, Hae-Jin;Kim, Song-Mun;Kim, Sung-Min
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.76-83
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    • 2006
  • In order to investigate the impacts of non-selective herbicide, glufosinate-ammonium (ammonium 4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl] -DL-homoalaninate, GLA) to the non-target organisms, earthworm was exposed to GLA in the field soil for a month, and microbial populations in the soil were investigated after application of GLA. Simultaneously, the residues of GLA and its metabolite, 3-MPP were analyzed in the same soil. Meanwhile, to elucidate the influence of GLA to the growth of non-target crops incase of inter-furrow application, the amounts of carotenoid, chlorophyll, amino acid, proteins and sugars in the leaves of potato and chinese cabbage grown in the same field were investigated. In result, the dead earthworm was not observed during the test period, and the increasing rates of bodyweight were $9.410{\sim}11.603%$ in GLA-treated plots and 5.645% in GLA-untreated plots. The populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in the GLA-treated soils were $6.2{\times}10^4$, $1.5{\times}10^6$ and $5.7{\times}10^4$, respectively. They maintained relatively similar levels to the control which were $3.7{\times}10^4$, $3.7{\times}10^5$ and $3.7{\times}10^4$, respectively. In residue analysis, the limit of detection of GLA was 0.02 mg $kg^{-1}$, that of 3-MPP was the same level, and the half-life of GLA was 15 days in sandy clay loam soil. This result indicates that GLA was degraded very quickly in field soil. On the other hand, the amounts of physiological, biochemical components such as carotenoid, amino acid, chlorophyll, protein and sugar were ranged from 90.0 to 104.3% in potato and from 99.0 to 112.7% in chinese cabbage. Comparing with hand-weeded plots, it is indicated that GLA had not affected to the growth of non-target crops when applied at inter-furrow in crops-growing field.

Survey on pesticide use by chinese cabbage growers in gangwon alpine farmland (강원도 고냉지대 배추 경작자들의 농약 사용 실태)

  • Kim, Song-Mun;Choi, Hae-Jin;Kim, Hee-Yeon;Lee, Dong-Kyung;Kim, Tae-Han;Ahn, Mun-Sub;Hur, Jang-Hyun
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.250-256
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    • 2002
  • The objective was to know if chinese cabbage growers in Gangwon alpine farmland control agricultural pests including weeds effectively and use pesticide properly. Examiners visited 185 farmers at Taebaek, Pyongchang, and Jeongseon and surveyed 33 questions on pest control methods pesticide use. Chinese cabbage farmers have noxious plant diseases such as clubroot, bacterial soft rot, downy mildew, anthracnose, and mosaic disease, and also noxious insects such as diamondback moth, aphid, beet armyworm, common cabbage worm, and Japanese native slug. In addition, farmers have noxious weeds such as common chickweed, marsh pepper, hairy crabgrass, common purslane, and horseweed. To control diseases and insects, 51.3% of farmers used many chemical agents, while 20.7% of farmers used chemical agents with too much emphasis on paraquat and glyphosate to control weeds: 87.2% of the answered farmers have a preference of the both non-selective herbicides. Farmers in the survey area selected pesticides on the basis of their own experience and sales managers' recommendation (84.2%) which results in the use of inappropriate pesticides such diniconazole. Many farmers have experienced phytotoxicities (46.7%) and pesticide poisoning (51.2%). We conclude that a systematic educational program for the proper selection and use of pesticides should be conducted for chinese cabbage growers in Gangwon alpine farmland.

Susceptibility of Two Potato Cultivars to Various Environmental Stresses (다양한 환경스트레스에 대한 감자 2품종의 감수성 분석)

  • Tang, Li;Kwon, Suk-Yoon;Sung, Chang-K;Kwak, Sang-Soo;Lee, Haeng-Soon
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.405-410
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    • 2003
  • Environmental stress is the major limiting factor in plant productivity. In order to evaluate the stress tolerance of potato plants, leaf discs of two potato cultivars, Atlantic and Superior, were subjected to various stress conditions of high temperature, methyl viologen, H2O2, or $H_2O$$_2$. When potato leaf discs were exposed to high temperature at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 84 hr, Atlantic plants, a cultivar with high sensitivity to heat stress, showed about 20% higher membrane damage than Superior plants. When exposed to 2$\mu$M methyl violgen (MV), a superoxide generating non-selective herbicide, for 36 hr, Atlantic plants also showed about 38% higher membrane damage than Superior plants, and were more susceptible up to 10$\mu$M MV concentration tested. On treatment with 0.75M NaCl, Atlantic plants also had about 45% less chlorophyll contents in leaf discs than Superior plants. There was, however, no difference in chlorophyll content of two cultivars at higher NaCl concentrations. The effect of $H_2O$$_2$ on the two cultivars was mixed. At low $H_2O$$_2$ concentration (25 mM) , Superior plants were more susceptible to $H_2O$$_2$stress after 36 hr. However, at high $H_2O$$_2$ concentration (100 mM), Atlantic plants exhibited higher susceptibility after 36 hr. The results indicate that in vitro leaf discs reflecting the whole plants in this study will be useful for selection and characterization of elite transgenic potato plants with enhanced tolerance to environmental stress.