• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제23권8호
• /
• pp.1063-1071
• /
• 1999

Fine grid calculations are reported for the developing turbulent flow in a curved duct of square cross-section with a radius of curvature to hydraulic diameter ratio ${\delta}=Rc/D_H=3.357 $ and a bend angle of 720 deg. A sequence of modeling refinements is introduced; the replacement of wall function by a fine mesh across the sublayer and a low Reynolds number algebraic second moment closure up to the near wall sublayer in which the non-linear return to isotropy model and the cubic-quasi-isotropy model for the pressure strain are adopted; and the introduction of a multiple source model for the exact dissipation rate equation. Each refinement is shown to lead to an appreciable improvement in the agreement between measurement and computation.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.327-346
• /
• 2010

During the past decade, many electrical transmission tower structures have failed during downburst events. This study is a part of a research program aimed to understand the behaviour of transmission lines under such localized wind events. The present study focuses on the assessment of the dynamic behaviour of the line conductors under downburst loading. A non-linear numerical model, accounting for large deformations and the effect of pretension loading, is developed and used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes of conductors at various loading stages. A turbulence signal is extracted from a set of full-scale data. It is added to the mean component of the downburst wind field previously evaluated from a CFD analysis. Dynamic analysis is performed using various downburst configurations. The study reveals that the response is affected by the background component, while the resonant component turns to be negligible due large aerodynamic damping of the conductors.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
• /
• 제10권6호
• /
• pp.521-543
• /
• 2023

Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models are extensively employed in industrial settings for the purpose of simulating intricate fluid flows. However, these models are subject to certain limitations. Notably, disparities persist in the Reynolds stresses when comparing the RANS model with high-fidelity data obtained from Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) or experimental measurements. In this work we propose an approach to mitigate these discrepancies while retaining the favorable attributes of the Menter Shear Stress Transport (SST) model, such as its significantly lower computational expense compared to DNS simulations. This strategy entails incorporating an explicit algebraic model and employing a neural network to correct the turbulent characteristic time. The imposition of realizability constraints is investigated through the introduction of penalization terms. The assimilated Reynolds stress model demonstrates good predictive performance in both in-sample and out-of-sample flow configurations. This suggests that the model can effectively capture the turbulent characteristics of the flow and produce physically realistic predictions.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 유체기계공업학회 2003년도 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.385-390
• /
• 2003

Shape of a multi-blades centrifugal fan is optimized by response surface method based on three-dimensional Navier-Stokes analysis. For numerical analysis, Reynolds-averaged Wavier-Stokes equations with standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model are transformed into non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, and are discretized with finite volume approximations. Due to the large number of blades in this centrifugal fan, the flow inside of the fan is regarded as steady flow by introducing the impeller force models for economic calculations. Optimizations with and without constraints are carried out. Design variables, location of cur off, radius of cut off, expansion angle of scroll and width of impeller were selected to optimize the shapes of scroll and blades. Data points for response evaluations were selected by D-optimal design, and linear programming method was used for the optimization on the response surface. As a main result of the optimization, the efficiency was successfully improved. The correlation of efficiency with relative size of inactive zone at the exit of impeller is discussed as well as with average momentum fluxes in the scroll.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.316-323
• /
• 2000

A nonlinear low-Reynolds-number heat transfer model is developed to predict turbulent flow and heat transfer in separated and reattaching flows. The $k-{\varepsilon}-f_{\mu}$ model of Park and Sung (1997) is extended to a nonlinear formulation, based on the nonlinear model of Gatski and Speziale (1993). The limiting near-wall behavior is resolved by solving the $f_{\mu}$ elliptic relaxation equation. An improved explicit algebraic heat transfer model is proposed, which is achieved by applying a matrix inversion. The scalar heat fluxes are not aligned with the mean temperature gradients in separated and reattaching flows; a full diffusivity tensor model is required. The near-wall asymptotic behavior is incorporated into the $f_{\lambda}$ function in conjunction with the $f_{\mu}$ elliptic relaxation equation. Predictions of the present model are cross-checked with existing measurements and DNS data. The model preformance is shown to be satisfactory.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.57-67
• /
• 2014

For a building with a dominant windward wall opening, the wind-induced internal pressure response can be described by a second-order non-linear differential equation. However, there are two ill-defined parameters in the governing equation: the inertial coefficient $C_I$ and the loss coefficient $C_L$. Lack of knowledge of these two parameters restricts the practical use of the governing equation. This study was primarily focused on finding an accurate reference value for $C_I$, and the paper presents a systematic investigation of the factors influencing the inertial coefficient for a wind-tunnel model building including: opening configuration and location, wind speed and direction, approaching flow turbulence, the model material, and the installation method. A numerical model was used to simulate the volume deformation under internal pressure, and to predict the bulk modulus of an experimental model. In considering the structural flexibility, an alternative approach was proposed to ensure accurate internal volume distortions, so that similarity of internal pressure responses between model-scale and full-scale building was maintained. The research showed 0.8 to be a reasonable standard value for the inertial coefficient.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.569-569
• /
• 2014

The interior vehicle noise due to the exterior aerodynamic field is an important topic in the acoustic design of a car. The air flow detached from the A-pillar and impacting the side windows are of particular interest as they are located close to the driver / passenger and provides a lower insulation index than the trimmed car body parts. This paper presents a numerical analysis method for a simplified vehicle model. The internal air cavity including trim component are included in the simulation. The car body includes the windshield and two side windows. The body is made of aluminum and trimmed with porous layers. The methodology proposed in this paper relies on two steps: the first step involves the computation of the exterior flow and turbulence induced non-linear acoustic field using CFD Code. The second step consists in the computation of the vibro-acoustic transmission through the window using the finite element vibro-acoustic solver Actran.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2013년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.291-291
• /
• 2013

The interior vehicle noise due to the exterior aerodynamic field is an important topic in the acoustic design of a car. The air flow detached from the A-pillar and impacting the side windows are of particular interest as they are located close to the driver / passenger and provides a lower insulation index than the trimmed car body parts. HMC is interested in the numerical prediction of this aerodynamic noise generated by the car windows with the final objective of improving the products design and reducing this noise. The methodology proposed in this paper relies on two steps: the first step involves the computation of the exterior flow and turbulence induced non-linear acoustic field using the CAA(Computational aeroacoustics) solver CAA++. The second step consists in the computation of the vibro-acoustic transmission through the side window using the finite element vibro-acoustic solver Actran. The internal air cavity including trim component are included in the simulation. In order to validate the numerical process, an experimental set-up has been created based on a generic car shape. The car body includes the windshield and two side windows. The body is made of aluminum and trimmed with porous layers. First, this paper describes the method including the CAA and the vibro-acoustic models, from the boundary conditions to the different components involved, like the windows, the trims and the car cavity is detailed. In a second step, the experimental set-up is described. In the last part, the vibration of the windshield and windows, the total wind noise level results and the relative contributions of the different windows are then presented and compared to measurements. The influence of the flow yaw angle (different wind orientation) is also assessed.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제43권9호
• /
• pp.823-833
• /
• 2010

침수식생 개수로 흐름은 식생영역과 상부영역에 서로 다른 흐름구조를 보인다. 즉, 식생영역에서 전단으로 인해 생성되는 난류는 억제되며 비교적 균일한 유속 분포를 보이며 상부영역에서는 일반 개수로 흐름과 유사한 흐름구조를 보인다. 이와 같이 두 상이한흐름구조가 결합된 복잡한 흐름특성으로 인해 침수식생 개수로흐름은 공학적인 관심의 대상이 되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 침수식생 개수로 흐름의 층적분 모형의 비교 분석을 수행하였다. 일반적으로 식생흐름의 층적분 모형은 층의 수에 따라 2층 및 3층모형으로 구분한다. 즉, 전체 수심을 식생영역과 상부영역으로 구분하는 2층모형과 식생영역을 바닥 조도의 영향 유무에 따라 내부 및 외부 식생영역으로 구분하는 3층모형으로 분류된다. 본 연구에서는 2층모형과 3층모형을 비교하였다. 다양한 실험조건에 적용한 결과, 3층모형이 식생영역에서 유속의 변화를 고려할 수 있으나 결과는 레이놀즈응력 분포에 민감하며, 적분된 유속은 2층모형에 의한 예측 결과가 더욱 정확한 것으로 나타났다. 3층모형에서 내부 식생영역의 결과가 전체 흐름구조에 미치는 영향이 무시할 수 있으므로 이 점을 착안하여 식생영역에서 유속 변화가 고려되는 수정 2층모형을 제시하였다. 수정 2층모형에서 가정하는 레이놀즈응력 분포는 상부영역에서는 선형, 식생영역에서는 멱함수 형으로 변화한다. 다양한 조건에 적용한 결과, 수정 2층모형이 대체로 기존의 모형과 비슷한 정도의 예측을 수행하나 식생밀도가 매우 작은 흐름의 경우 예측 결과가 불량한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.32-38
• /
• 2004

Shape of a multi-blades centrifugal fan is optimized by response surface method based on three-dimensional Navier-Stokes analysis. For numerical analysis, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with standard $k-{epsilon}$ turbulence model are transformed into non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, and are discretized with finite volume approximations. Due to the large number of blades in this centrifugal fan, the flow inside of the fan is regarded as steady flow by introducing the impeller force models for economic calculations. Optimizations with and without constraints are carried out. Design variables, location of cur off, radius of cut off, expansion angle of scroll and width of impeller were selected to optimize the shapes of scroll and blades. Data points for response evaluations were selected by D-optimal design, and linear programming method was used for the optimization on the response surface. As a main result of the optimization, the efficiency was successfully improved. The correlation of efficiency with relative size of inactive zone at the exit of impeller is discussed as well as with average momentum fluxes in the scroll.