• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.137-145
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• 2007

The effect of cadmium chloride $(CdCl_2)$ on the expression of E-cadherin was examined in bEnd.3 mouse brain endothelial cells. $CdCl_2$ induced $PGE_2$ release, which were blocked by non-steroidal antinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin and NS398 indicating the expression of COX-2 might contribute to $PGE_2$ production. $CdCl_2$ decreased the expression of E-cadherin, but not VE-cadherin at levels of mRNA and protein. Reduced expression level of E-cadherin was restored by NSAIDs, which was reversed by the addition of $PGE_2$. $CdC_2$-induced decrease of E-cadherin level was also recovered by antioxidants including N-acetylcyteine (NAC) and trolox. Together with previous report which showed $CdCl_2$ induced COX-2 expression in a cellular oxidative stress dependent manner, these data suggest that $CdCl_2$ decreases E-cadherin expression through induction of cellular oxidative stress and in turn COX-2 expression in brain endothelial cells.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.355.3-356
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• 2002

Prostaglandins are synthesized by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Both constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) isoforms have been identified. COX-2 expression is stimulated by inflammatory mediators such as growth factors and cytokines. Most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) inhibit both isoforms of COX. Recent evidence suggests that selective inhibitors of COX-2 may possess diminished side effects reletive to common NSAIDS. Novel isothiazoles and isoxazoles were identified as selective inhibitiors of cycloxygenase-2(COX-2). (omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.521-527
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• 2001

Diclofenac, a phenylacetic acid derivative, is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to provide effective relief of inflammation and pain. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated as a mediator of inflammation. We examined the inhibitory effects of diclofenac on the induction of iNOS in RAW 264.7 macrophages which were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma $(IFN-{\gamma}).$ Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with diclofenac and other NSAIDs (aspirin and indomethacin) significantly inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression induced by LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}.$ Also, diclofenac but not aspirin and indomethacin, inhibited iNOS mRNA expression and nuclear factor-kappa B $(NF-{\kappa}B)$ binding activity concentration-dependently. Furthermore, transfection of RAW 264.7 cells with iNOS promoter linked to a CAT reporter gene revealed that only diclofenac inhibited the iNOS promoter activity induced by LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}$ through the $NF-{\kappa}B$ sites of iNOS promoter. Taken together, these suggest that diclofenac may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting iNOS gene expression at the transcriptional level through suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 2023

A one-month-old Thoroughbred colt presented with left hindlimb lameness grade 5/5, according to the American Association of Equine Practitioners' lameness scale. The colt started showing signs of lameness two weeks earlier without being involved in an accident. A local veterinarian examined the foal; radiography revealed no significant findings under the hip joint. No improvement was noted after 15 days of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) medication. On presentation at our hospital, ultrasonography was performed, which revealed no significant findings in the iliac wings. The foal underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan under general anesthesia. CT revealed bone cysts in the following that could have caused the lameness: the left transverse process of the 5th, 6th lumbar, and the 1st sacrum vertebrae; osteophytes in the auricular surface of the ilium, suggestive of sacroiliac arthritis. The foal recovered smoothly from anesthesia with assistance. The foal was treated with NSAIDs and rested for more than six months. The owner reported that the foal showed no lameness one year later. CT revealed bony changes in the lumbosacral region that were not detected by radiography and ultrasonography, suggesting that CT could be useful for detecting abnormalities in the pelvic region of horses.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.936-941
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• 2010

The systematic approach to pharmacologic treatment is typically to begin with the safest, simplest, and most conservative measures. It has been realized that the more rapidly inflammation is under control, the less likely it is that there will be permanent sequelae. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the mainstay of initial treatment for inflammation. In addition, the slow-acting antirheumatic drugs (SAARDs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have efficacy of anti-inflammatory action in children with chronic arthritis. New therapeutic modalities for inflammation, such as etanercept and infliximab, promise even further improvements in the risk/benefit ratio of treatment. It is not typically possible at the onset of the disease to predict which children will recover and which will go on to have unremitting disease with lingering disability or enter adulthood with serious functional impairment. Therefore, the initial therapeutic approach must be vigorous in all children.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2018

Long QT syndrome is a cardiac repolarization disorder and is associated with an increased risk of torsades de pointes. The acquired form is most often attributable to administration of specific medications and/or electrolyte imbalance. This review provides insights into the risk for QT prolongation associated with drugs frequently used in the treatment of chronic pain. In the field of pain medicine all the major drug classes (i.e. NSAIDs, opioids, anticonvulsive and antidepressant drugs, cannabinoids, muscle relaxants) contain agents that increase the risk of QT prolongation. Other substances, not used in the treatment of pain, such as proton pump inhibitors, antiemetics, and diuretics are also associated with long QT syndrome. When the possible benefits of therapy outweigh the associated risks, slow dose titration and electrocardiography monitoring are recommended.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.43-47
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• 2015

Detection of mefenamic acid (M, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAIDs) and its metallodrug was investigated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. ESI-MS data (500 µL, 1×10-3 M) revealed high detection sensitivity for the drug and metallodrug. ESI-MS spectra revealed peaks at 242, 580, and 777 Da corresponding to [M+H]+, [63Cu(M-H)2(H2O)2+H]+, and [56Fe(M-H)3+H]+, respectively. The metal:mefenamic ratios of ESIMS spectra are in complete agreement with the fluorescence spectroscopy results (1:2 for Cu(II) and 1:3 for Fe(III)). ESI is a soft ionization technique that can be used on labile metallo-mefenamic acids and is promising for the detection of these species in environmental samples and biological fluids.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.347.4-348
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• 2002

Recently it has been demonstrated that selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors retain the antiinflammatory effect but with markedly reduced GI toxicity compared to non selective inhibitors such as traditional NSAIDs. As a consequence, intense efforts have been made to develop selective COX-2 inhibtors during the last decade. Two compounds in this class. celecoxib and rofecoxib. are already in the market and are proved as potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors with much better gastric tolerance. However. there are still strong domands for a COX-2 inhibitor with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Here we report the synthesis and biological profiles of 1.5- and 4.5-disubstituted imidazole analogues as structural equivalents of cefecoxib and refecoxib. The imidazole analogues are overlapped well whth the 3D srructures of celecoxib and rofecoxib.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.35-36
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• 2001

According to the recent epidemiological data, the numbers of patients of Reumatoid Arthritis(RA) in the world are reported to be 350mi11ion and 700,000 in the world and in Japan, respectively For the treatment of RA, NASIDs as the first choice drug have been widely used worldwide, and more than 50 NSAIDs have been in market up to today in Japan. Early 1990s, DMARDs as the new drug for RA treatment came into market, and the number of DMARDs has been increased every year. These drugs are recognized to have several advantages in treatment of RA, however, disadvantages are also reported, i.e., (1) high incidence of side effects, (2) high non-responder population, (3) decreased efficacy in chronic treatment, and (4) slow starting of the efficacy. For example, Methotrexate which has been widely used as the immunosuppressant has been recently used for treatment of Reumatoid. However, this drug has several disadvantages such as 60-70% improvement of the disease, 80% incidence of side effects, and 2-4 weeks to recognize the efficacy after treatment. In addition to these two.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.217-235
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• 2002

NSAIDs(Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), Steroid(corticosteroid), DMARD(Dise modifying anti-rheumatic drug), Immunosuppressive agent, BRM(Biologic response modifier) western medication of Rheumatoid arthritis. Recent trends in western medication of Rheum arthritis is an inverted pyramid treatment. Byunjeungsichi(辨證施治), Yakchim(藥針), Oechibub(外治法 external treatment) are orie medication of Rheumatoid arthritis. Yakchim(藥針) and Oechibub(外治法 external treatment) the advantage of trouble in oral administration.