• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2011

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to describe the prevalence of low weight and to investigate related factors contributing to low weight in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: From the database of the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-IV), the researchers selected 2,964 older adults aged over 65. The original study was a population-based epidemiological survey of health and nutrition with a stratified multistage clustered probability design. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$-test and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: The prevalence of low weight in older adults was 4.7%. The prevalence of low weight was different according to demographic characteristics. That is, the rate was higher in male elders, older ones, and rural residents. In the cases of current smoking, frequent alcohol consumption and no chronic disease, the prevalence of low weight was higher. Age, gender, area of residence, and current smoking were found to be contributing factors to low weight in community-dwelling older adults. Conclusion: The result of this study provides important insights into possible reasons for low weight in community- dwelling older adults and suggests that low weight should be considered in promoting older adults' health.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2006

It is widely known that Environmental Tobacco Smoke(ETS) is not good for health. ETS is composed of a lot of chemicals. So indicators are needed to evaluate the risk of ETS in air. One of the indicators is Nicotine. Active sampler has been used to measure nicotine concentration in air. The experiments were conducted to compare the active sampler method with diffusive sampler in exposure chamber and smoking areas, respectively. Sampling rate was 40.5 ml/min in exposure chamber. Experimental sampling rate (40.5 ml/min) was more than theoretical sampling rate (33.52 ml/min). And the higher was the concentration in air, the higher was experimental sampling rate. The average desorption, rate was 113.6%. The overall precision was 7.31 %. The overall accuracy was 18.96%, which were under NIOSH criteria. The average(GM) concentrations of nicotine by two sampling methods were $8.29{\mu}g/m^{3}$ (active sampler), $7.54{\mu}/m^{3}$ (diffusive sampler) in smoking area and smoking room. There was no regression between active sampler and diffusive sampler ($R^{2}=0.2397$). But slope, coefficient of determination was 1.017, 0.9292, respectively after removing outliers. And the slope (1.017) was close to the theoretical slope (1). In conclusion, this study indicated that diffusive sampler can be used to evaluate concentration of nicotine in air instead of active sampler.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.153-166
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate food behaviors of 349 college students (male 233, female 116) in Jeon Buk area by questionnaires. 89.1 percent of the students were living in city and 48.8% of those were residing in their own home or relatives. The average height and weight was 172.9cm, 64.2kg for male and 161.0cm, 50.1kg for female. Drinking and smoking rate of males were 88.0% and 61.8%, respectively. Both of male and female were most preferring the kind of rice and the skipping rate of breakfast was highest. Mean score of interest In eating attitudes was 11.7 in male and 13.2 in female(p＜0.001), and score for regular eating time was highest and that for reducing pungent food intake was lowest. The score of interest in eating attitudes was higher In subjects who exercise regularly(p＜0.001), no drinking(p＜0.05), had a good health status (p＜0.01) and attended a lecture related to food and nutrition(p＜0.001) than others. In the sense of value on eating, male had a meal for the physiological needs and famale had a meal for enjoy(p＜0.05). The score of interest in eating attitudes had a negative correlation with drinking(p＜0.001) and smoking(p＜0.05), and had a positive correlation with health status(p＜0.01), effort for a balance of life(p＜0.001), the sense of value on eating and attending a lecture related to food and nutrition(p＜0.001).

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 1998

To find the prevalence of the Farmer's syndrome and the related factors, we investigated 909 farmers who and older than 30 years and live in Choongju area. The farmers were interviewed individually with a questionnaire from July 18 through 31, 1997. The results are as follows; The prevalence of Farmer's syndrome was 21.0% in male and 45.1% in female. The age prevalence of Farmer's syndrome was higher in thirties and forties than fifties and over sixties in both sex. Farmer's syndrome was significantly higher in low educational status, low income, low family members and more than 20 years of farming group. However, Farmer's syndrome was significantly higher in non smoking and non alcohol intake group, there were no significant differences according to smoking and alcohol intake after stratification by sex. The most frequent symptom in male was lumbago(60.5%), the second was numb limb(49.8%), the third was shoulder stiffness(43.2%) and the fourth was dizziness(31.5%). In female, the most frequent symptom was lumbago(81.3%), the second was numb limb(70.2%), the third was dizziness(62.2%) and the fourth was shoulder stiffness(55.9%). All of these four symptoms are significantly higher in female than in male. With multiple logistic regression for Farmer's syndrome, sex(OR of female=3.3) number of family(OR of <=1.9) and duration of farming(OR of $\geq$2.0 yr=1.5) were turned out to be significant variables.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.351-358
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to compare the dietary patterns and behaviors of female university students according to their type of residence. The subjects consisted of 369 female students from the Gyeongju area. This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The SPSS 14.0 statistical package was used for the data analysis. The results are as follows: the height and weight means were 162.7${\pm}$4.6 cm and 53.9${\pm}$6.7 kg respectively. For BMI, 44.2% of the subjects were with in the normal (18.5-23) and 49.1% were underweight and 6.2% were overweight. In terms of alcohol consumption, 78.9% of the subjects consumed alcoholic beverages, and there was no significant difference by the type of residence However, for drink proportion and the preferred type of alcoholic drink there were significant differences by the type of residence (p<0.001). Third, for smoking status and the intention of quitting smoking there were significant differences by the type of residence (p<0.000, p<0.05 respectively). Also, for exercise regularity and preference as well as food preference and taste, there were again significant differences by the type of residence (p<0.001). Finally, in terms of breakfast intake and kinds of foods eaten at breakfast significant differences were found by the type of residence (p<0.01).

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.157-169
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• 2004

We have conducted questionnaire and measured serum kidney function tests on 156 patients whom have received a treatment at a local Oriental medicine clinic in Seoul from Sept. 1, 2002 to Dec. 31, 2002. Patients were categorized into five groups. The groups are control(10 samples), herbal extract group(41 samples), herbal pills group(5samples), western medicines(45samples), and combination group(55 samples). This study was conducted to investigate how these treatment methods can affect the kidney functions. Following results were obtained : 1) Most of the research subjects were male(103 individuals) living in large urban area, with a drinking habit, highly educated, and with normal marriage. For the treatment history, 45 individuals received western medicine treatment(28.85%), 46 with Oriental medicine(29.49%), and 55patients (35.26%) experienced both forms of the treatment. 2) For measuring Mean(SD) of serum kidney functions for all the research subjects, Bun was 12.16(3.90)g/dl, 0.51(0.19) g/dl for Creatinine, and 4.64(1.49)g/dl for Uric acid. All the measurements were within the normal range. 3) Confounding variables which may affect the kidney functions such as age, smoking, drinking, occupation, and residency were eliminated in calculation and no significant differences were witnessed between the control and experiment groups. 4) In measuring affects of treatment duration on the kidney functions, no statistical significances were shown in multiple regression's ${\beta}(SE)$ values. 5) Correlations affecting the kidney functions are duration of drinking, drinking volume per round, drinking volume per week, smoking, gender, and age difference caused significant correlations. From the above results, we can deduce that taking herbal and western medicine didn't cause significant effects between the control and experiment groups in the kidney functions. Further research is needed in this field to verify this evidence by adding odds ratios and etc.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.44-60
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• 2010

This research, which is designed to introduce the concept of the WHO's health promoting hospital project to Korea, was conducted in a total of 34 local hospitals across the nation. To evaluate the level of health promotion at hospitals, an evaluation index for health promoting hospital environments was made using the Analytic Hierarchy Process Decision-Making Method, from which a total of 20 questions were developed in the five areas of no-smoking, moderation in drink, exercise, nutrition and rest in Korea. Through this analysis, it was found that local hospitals across the nation were on average excellent in terms of their no-smoking environments, but poor in their rest and moderation in drink environments. A comparison of local public hospital environments by region showed that Busan, Daegu, and South Gyeongsang Province were good, while South Chungcheng Province, Jeju Province and Gwangwon Province were poor. In terms of the number of beds, mid-size local hospitals (200-299 beds) came first. This research revealed that local hospitals across the nation had different health promotion environments according to area and size, and in particular, their environments for rest and moderation in drink turned out to be lacking, which vividly showed that these areas desperately needed to be supplemented in order to introduce the concept of health promotion at hospitals in Korea.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to compare nutrient intakes, dietary habits, and blood components of smokers with non-smokers in the Seoul area and its vicinity. The results showed that non-smokers had higher intakes of brown rice, grains, fruit, vegetable and kimchi than the smokers. Smokers consumed more protein (p<0.001), vitamin B1 (p<0.001), vitamin B2 (p<0.007), niacin (p<0.0001), zinc (p<0.031) and phosphorus (p<0.005) than did non-smokers, whereas non-smokers' intakes of vitamin A (p<0.037), and folic acid (p<0.043) was higher than that of smokers. Individuals who smoked tended to have significantly higher levels of hemoglobin and monocytes. There were no significant differences by smoking status for dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which were in normal ranges. No significant differences by smoking status were shown for plasma homocysteine, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, vitamin C, and vitamin A. In conclusion, because smokers maintain a less healthy diet and life-style, it is to be recommended that educational programs be developed for smokers, guiding them into adopting better dietary habits in order to maintain and improve their health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1081-1088
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• 2002

Flavonoids are phytochemicals that occur ubiquitously in plant foods that have been reported to have potential roles in the prevention of cancer, inhibition of platelet aggregation or inflammation. However, there was no accurate data reported on the intake of middle-aged Korean population. The present study was designed to assess dietary intake of flavonoids (including isoflavones) of 304 adults (20-59 yr, male 115, famale 189) living in Daejeon area using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 50 food items, including vegetables, soy products, seaweeds, nuts and beans, fruits and beverages. Our self-administered questionnaire contained questions regarding subject's habitual diet and alcohol intake over the previous 3 months. Average daily intake of individual flavonols such as quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and flavones such as luteolin, apigenin was 15.7, 8.7, 0.21, 2.07, 0.03 mg/day, respectively. Daily intake of daidzein and genistein, which are the commonly found isoflavones in soy products, were 16.6 and 21.4 mg/day, respectively. Combined intake of flavonoids was 64.3 mg/day. No effect of smoking, drinking and exercise was observed on flavonoids consumption. Food items that has the highest daily intake of each compounds were; quercetin (onion, 9.49 mg/day), kaempferol (strawberry, 1.18 mg/day), myricetin (green tea, 0.81 mg/day), apigenin (lettuce, 0.03 mg/day), luteolin (onion, 0.05 mg/day), daidzein (soybean sprout, 5.99 mg/day), genistein (soybean sprout, 7.02 mg/day). These findings provide valuable information on understanding the dietary flavonoids intake from a typical Korean daily diet, which might help to identify the risks for developing various diseases.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2001

personal nitrogen dioxide(NO$_2$) exposures for 31 professional drivers were measured using passive sampler and time activity diary in Asan and Chunan area, and were estimated using time-weighted average model. Mean concentrations of driver’s indoor and outdoor were 24.7$\pm$10.7 ppb and 23.3$\pm$8.3 ppb, respectively with indoor/outdoor of 1.1. Mean personal NO$_2$ exposure was 30.3$\pm$9.7 ppb. Personal NO$_2$ exposures were strongly correlated with indoor car NO$_2$ levels ($R^2$=0.80) rather than residential indoor NO$_2$ level ($R^2$=0.55). and outdoor NO$_2$ level ($R^2$=0.50). The driver’s NO$_2$ exposure using LP-gas with 24.4$\pm$8.0 ppb were statistically different from those using diesel with 36.3$\pm$14.1 ppb(p<0.01). The effect of driver’s smoking for personal NO$_2$ exposure was not found. It was considered that the main NO$_2$in driver is transportation. Since drivers mostly spent their times in indoor and inside car, time-weighted average model could be used to estimated personal NO$_2$ exposure using time activity diary, Though we did not measure all microenvironments, the estimated personal NO$_2$ exposures with 26.9$\pm$10.2 ppb were statistically correlated with measured personal NO $_2$ exposures30.3$\pm$9.7 ppb ($R^2$=0.89). The mean and standard deviation of personal NO$_2$ exposure using Mote-Carlo simulation were 26.6$\pm$7.2 ppb.