• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 1998

Nivalenol(NIV)의 검출을 위한 효소면역측정법(ELISA)을 개발하기 위하여 tetraacetyl nivalenol(Ac4-NIV)에 대한 다클론항체를 생산하고 그 조건을 확립하였다. Ac4-NIV-hemisuccinate를 bovine serum albumin에 공유결합 시킨 Ac4-NIV-HS-BSA를 Freund's adjuvant와 함께 수차례 토끼에 피하면역하였다. 가장 높은 항체가를 나타낸 항혈청으로부터 정제한 항체와 Ac4-NIV-HS-HRP conjugate를 이용하여 직접 경합 ELISA(cdELISA)를 확립하였다. 그 표준 곡선으로부터 Ac4-NIV의 검출 범위는 10~5,000 ng/ml(ppb)임을 알 수 있었다. 특이항체의 Ac4-NIV과 acetyl T-2에 대한 반응성은 각각 100, 70%였으나, NIV, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, triacetyl deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2에 대한 반응성은 0.1% 이하로 극히 미약하였다. NIV를 인위적으로 오염시킨 옥수수 시료를 70% acetonitrile 추출하고 acetylation 한 다음 cdELISA를 행하였을 때, 분석의 회수율은 100, 300, 1,000 ng/g(ppb)에서 각각 108, 143, and 70%(평균, 107%)로 나타났다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2014

Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are predominant Fusarium-producing mycotoxins found in grains, which are mainly produced by Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum. NIV is found in most of cereals grown in Korea, but the genetic basis for NIV production by F. asiaticum has not been extensively explored. In this study, 12 genes belonging to the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster were compared at the transcriptional level between two NIV-producing F. asiaticum and four DON-producing F. graminearum strains. Chemical analysis revealed that time-course toxin production patterns over 14 days did not differ between NIV and DON strains, excluding F. asiaticum R308, which was a low NIV producer. Both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Northern analysis revealed that the majority of TRI gene transcripts peaked at day 2 in both NIV and DON producers, which is 2 days earlier than trichothecene accumulation in liquid medium. Comparison of the gene expression profiles identified an NIV-specific pattern in two transcription factor-encoding TRI genes (TRI6 and TRI10) and TRI101, which showed two gene expression peaks during both the early and late incubation periods. In addition, the amount of trichothecenes produced by both DON and NIV producers were correlated with the expression levels of TRI genes, regardless of the trichothecene chemotypes. Therefore, the reduced production of NIV by R308 compared to NIV or DON by the other strains may be attributable to the significantly lower expression levels of the TRI genes, which showed early expression patterns.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 1993

The chromosomal aberration of the trichothecene mycotoxins such as T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) which are one of the most important food borne contaminants produced by Fusarium species fungi, was investigated in the chinese hamster lung cells. These trichothecene mycotoxins showed high cytotoxicity in order of T-2, HT-2, NIV, and DON to the chinese hamster lung cells. Nevertheless high cytotoxicity of these trichothecene mycotoxins, no clastogenicity of T-2 and HT-2 in the range of 0.01-0.0025 ng/ml, of NIV in that of 0.3-0.075ng/ml, and of DON in that of 1.0-0.25 ng/ml was observed in both with and without metabolic activation system.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.543-552
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• 2019

Fusarium asiaticum of the F. graminearum species complex causes head blight in small-grain cereals. The nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes of F. asiaticum is more common than the deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotypes of F. asiaticum or F. graminearum in Korea. To understand the prevalence of F. asiaticum-NIV in Korean cereals, we characterized the biological traits of 80 cereal isolates of F. asiaticum producing NIV or 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 54 F. graminearum with 3-ADON or 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). There was no significant difference in mycelial growth between the chemotypes, but F. asiaticum isolates grew approximately 30% faster than F. graminearum isolates on potato dextrose agar. Sexual and asexual reproduction capacities differed markedly between the two species. Both chemotypes of F. graminearum (3-ADON and 15-ADON) produced significantly higher numbers of perithecia and conidia than F. asiaticum-NIV. The highest level of mycotoxins (sum of trichothecenes and zearalenone) was produced by F. graminearum-3-ADON on rice medium, followed by F. graminearum-15-ADON, F. asiaticum-3-ADON, and F. asiaticum-NIV. Zearalenone levels were correlated with DON levels in some chemotypes, but not with NIV levels. Disease assessment on barley, maize, rice, and wheat revealed that both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum isolates were virulent toward all crops tested. However, there is a tendency that virulence levels of F. asiaticum-NIV isolates on rice were higher than those of F. graminearum isolates. Taken together, the phenotypic traits found among the Korean F. asiaticum-NIV isolates suggest an association with their host adaptation to certain environments in Korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2018

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a major disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins including; nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The objectives of this study were to identify strains of F. graminearum isolated in Korea from 2012-harvested wheat grain and to test the pathogenicity of these NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Three hundred and four samples of wheat grain, harvested in 2012 in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gangwon provinces were collected. We recovered 44 isolates from the 304 samples, based on the PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region and sequencing. Our findings indicate that F. asiaticum was the predominant (95% of all isolates) species in Korea. We recovered both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum from samples collected in Chungnam province. Of the 44 isolates recovered, 36 isolates had a NIV genotype while 8 isolates belonged to the DON genotype (3-ADON and 15-ADON). In order to characterize the pathogenicity of the strains collected, disease severity was assessed visually on various greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars inoculated using both NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Our results suggest that Korean F. graminearum isolates from wheat belong to F. asiaticum producing NIV, and both F. graminearum and F. asiaticum are not significantly different on virulence in wheat cultivars.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

국내 유통사료 239점에 대하여 푸사리움 속 곰팡이독소 4종(NIV, DON, T-2, ZEN)에 대하여 오염도조사를 실시하였다. 일반적으로 곰팡이독소 정제에 많이 사용되는 면역친화 컬럼을 사용하지 않고 일반 SPE컬럼을 이용하였으며, HPLC/MS/MS로 동시 분석하였다. 각각의 성분 별로 77.42~111.20%의 회수율과 $0.3{\sim}2.0\;{\mu}g/l$의 양호한 정성한계(LOD)를 보였다. 분석 결과 사료 중에 조사대상 곰팡이독소가 광범위하게 오염되어 있었으며, 특히 DON과 ZEN은 모든 배합에서 확인되었다. 소 사료의 경우 DON과 ZEN은 평균 $812.1\;{\mu}g/kg$과 $147.2\;{\mu}g/kg$의 오염도를 보여 닭 사료나 돼지 사료보다 약 4배정도 높은 오염도를 보였으며, 그 원료로 사용된 단미 사료를 조사해본 결과 수입 단백피가 주요 오염원인 것으로 확인됐다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.272-279
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• 2011

2010년산 쌀보리 43시료, 겉보리 17시료, 맥주보리 11시료, 청보리 14시료, 밀 41시료 등 총 126개 시료를 농가로부터 채집하였다. 이들 시료를 대상으로 Fusarium균 오염정도와 이들 균이 생산하는 주요 독소인 DON, NIV, ZEA의 자연발생을 조사하였다. 2010년산 맥류의 전국 평균 오염율은 23.0%로 2009년 전국 평균 오염율(Yeh 등, 2010)에 비해 10% 이상 높았다. 지역별 오염율은 전남지방의 맥류가 35.8%로 가장 높았고 전북 20.8%, 경기 20.5% 순이었다. 각 독소별 오염빈도와 오염수준을 조사한 결과, DON은 43시료(34%), 0.89 mg/kg 이었고, NIV는 107시료 (84.9%), 1.86 mg/kg, ZEA은 13시료(10.3%), 0.06 mg/kg이 었다. NIV의 오염빈도가 DON과 ZEA에 비해 높았다. 한편 40시료(31.7%)가 DON과 NIV가 중복오염되어 있었다. 맥류 종류별 곰팡이독소의 오염수준을 보면, 밀에서는 DON의 오염수준이 NIV보다 높았으며, 보리에서는 NIV 오염수준이 DON보다 높았다. 보리 종류별 NIV의 오염수준은 청보리, 맥주보리, 쌀보리, 겉보리 순으로 높았다. 독소오염에 대해 지역별로 분석하여보면 경기, 충남북의 중부지방은 DON의 오염수준이 NIV보다 높았으며, 전남북과 경남북의 남부지방은 NIV의 오염수준이 높았다. DON과 NIV 독소의 오염빈도 또한 중부지방에 비해 남부지방이 많았다. 지역별 맥류 곰팡이독소 자연발생 양상의 차이를 처음으로 보고한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2010

We performed diagnostic PCR assays and a phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of TEF1 (translation elongation factor-1) to determine the trichothecene chemotypes and genetic diversity of F. graminearum isolates from maize and rice samples collected in 2009 in Korea. PCR using a species-specific primer set revealed a total of 324 isolates belonging to the putative F. graminearum species complex. PCR with trichothecene chemotypespecific primers revealed that the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype was predominant among the fungal isolates from rice (95%) in all provinces examined. In contrast, the predominant chemotype among the corn isolates varied according to region. The deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotype was found more frequently (66%) than the NIV chemotype in Gangwon Province, whereas the NIV chemotype (70%) was predominant in Chungbuk Province. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all DON isolates examined were clustered into lineage 7, while the NIV isolates resided within lineage 6 (F. asiaticum). Compared with previous studies, the lineage 6 isolates in rice have been predominantly maintained in southern provinces, while the dominance of lineage 7 in maize has been evident in Gangwon at a slightly reduced level.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.53-56
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• 1999

Fifty-three isolates of Fusarium graminearum were obtained from corn and barley samples in several provinces of Korea. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of trichothecenes produced by these isolates revealed that 37 and 16 isolates were nivalenol (NIV)- and deoxynivalenol (DON)-chemotypes, respectively. Two hundred and seventy-five nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were obtained from the isolates. Of these mutants, 187 were identified as nit1, nit3, or NitM, but 88 could not be identified as one of these classes. The highest frequency of nit mutant was nit1 (65%), followed by nit3 (20%) and NitM (15%). Higher frequency of NitM was observed in DON-chemotypes than in NIV-chemotypes. The mutants were used for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) analysis by examining heterokaryosis using complementary mutant pairs. No heterokaryon formation was observed among all 1,248 pairwise combinations, suggesting that all isolates tested belong to different VCGs. Higher frequency of self-incompatibility was observed in NIV-chemotypes than in DON-chemotypes. These results suggest that the like-lihood of asexual genetic recombination may be very low I F. graminearum under the field condition.

• 식물병연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2013

미곡종합처리장에서 수집한 2011년산 쌀 시료 중 Fusarium 곰팡이독소의 자연발생을 조사하기 위해서, 벼, 왕겨, 현미, 청치미, 싸라기, 미강, 색채미, 백미 등의 시료를 2012년에 전국적으로 수집하였다. 371점의 시료에 대해 DON, NIV과 ZEA의 자연발생을 LC/MS로 분석하였다. 이중 색채미가 오염율과 오염도가 가장 높았고 다음이 싸라기였다. 백미는 3점이 DON, NIV에 안전한 수준으로 오염되었었지만 나머지는 곰팡이독소가 검출되지 않았다. 부산물은 백미보다 오염도나 오염율이 높았다.