• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.27-40
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• 1991

In order to investigate the biological properties, pathogenicity and immune responses in artficially infected SPF chickens with Avian infectious bronchitis virus that was isolated from chickens showing IB like signs in southern region of Chung buk. Results obtained throuth the experiments are summarized as follows. 1. From 15 IB suspected cases, two strains of IB virus were isolated, one each from the tracheas and lungs. 2. Infectious bronchitis specific embryo lesions were observed after four serial passages of the isolates in chicken embryos. 3. The field isolates and M-41 strain of IB virus interfered with the replication of Newcastle disease virus in chicken embryos. 4. When specific pathogen free chickens, two week old, were inoculated with the IB virus isolates, clinical respiratory signs as dyspnea, coughing were observed. Airsacculitis was observed by necropsy. 5. AGP antibody positive rates of inoculated SPF chickens were highest on day 14 and lowest on day 36, while HI antibody responses were detected on day 14 in all Groups, the reinoculated Group was shown highest titers. 6. By Indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay of artificially infected SPF chickens, the viral antigens were detected in tissues of larynx, trachea and lung on the 4 th to 7 th days post inoculation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2013

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been known to induce interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) production and promote Th1 immunity. Although mammalian IL-18 has been characterized in great detail, the properties and application of chicken IL-18 remain largely uninvestigated as of yet. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18 (chIL-18) on immune responses induced by avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines. After oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18, chickens were vaccinated intramuscularly with the recommended dose of either inactivated AI H9N2 vaccine or ND (B1 strain) vaccine. Chickens receiving a primary vaccination were boosted using the same protocol 7 days later. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated in terms of HI antibody titers and proliferation and mRNA expression of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-4 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to specific antigen stimulation. According to our results, oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 induced enhanced humoral and Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity against AI and ND vaccines, compared to that of chickens received S. enterica serovar Typhimurium harboring empty vector. Therefore, we conclude that our proposed vaccination regimen using inactivated AI and ND viruses along with oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 may provide a novel approach in protecting chicken from currently circulating AI and ND virus strains.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.539-549
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• 2004

Mean death time of inoculated embryonated egg is one of the methods to determine the virulence of the Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). Evaluation of tissue tropism of NDV in the host has been proposed as an another way to determine the pathogenicity of NDV based on the principal site of viral replication. To evaluate the tissue tropism among NDV, an immunohistochemistry(IHC) technique using monoclonal antibody was applied in one-day-old SPF chickens inoculated with different ND vaccine strains such as Ulster 2C, VG/GA and B1 viruses by eye drop instillation. The tissues used for this comparison were trachea, intestine, Harderian gland and cecal tonsil, which were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14 days post inoculation. Among test groups, chickens inoculated with B1 viurs, which is known to replicate in the respiratory system, have IHC positive staining mainly in the trachea and those inoculated with Ulster 2C have IHC positive staining mainly in the intestine. However, chickens inoculated with VG/GA strain have IHC positive staining in both the trachea and intestine. Therefore, a differences in tissue tropism among ND vaccine strains has been proved by the IHC technique. Based on this results, the IHC staining technique could be used to classify the NDV or to study the pathogenesis of NDV in chickens.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1962

필자(筆者)는 한국(韓國)에 특(特)히 많이 유행(流行)하고 있는 가계(家鷄)의 유행병(流行病)인 Newcastle discase에 착안(着眼)하였다. 예방방법(豫防方法)으로서 종래(從來) 사용(使用)된 Forinalin-inactivated vaccine은 수산화(水酸化) "알미늄 젤"을 부가(賦加)하므로서 근육내주사방법(筋肉內注射方法)으로 사용(使用)할수 있게되어 사용방법(使用方法)이 비교적(比較的) 편리(便利)하게 되었으나 그 면역효과(免疫效果)에 대(對)하여서는 아직 이론(異論)이 있으므로 Hitcher등(等)이 제창(提唱)한 Attenuated Vaccine에 대(對)하여 더 흥미(興味)를 가지게 되었다. 특(特)히 이와같은 생독(生毒) Vaccine은 닭의 age에 차별(差別)없이 독력(毒力)이 거의 없을뿐만 아니라 경비적(經鼻的)으로 대단(大端)히 간이(簡易)한 방법(方法)으로도 투여(投與)할수 있고 고도(高度)의 면역(免疫)을 장기간(長期間) 부여(賦與)할수 있는 점(點)을 들어 기(其) 실용성(實用性)을 주목(注目)하게 되었다. 그러나 vaccine투여방법(投與方法)은 기면역율(其免疫率)과 vaccine투여(投與)로 인(因)한 손실(損失)을 좌우(左右)하게 되므로 중요(重要)한 연구과제(硏究課題)임을 인정(認定)하고 급수법(給水法)을 채택(採擇)하여 일정량(一定量)의 vaccine을 투여(投與)한후(後) 면역항체(免疫抗體)의 출현(出現)을 혈구응집조지항체(血球凝集阻止抗體)와 강독방어능력(强毒防禦能力)을 관찰(觀察)하여 구체적방법(具體的方法)을 검토(檢討)하려 하였다. 먼저 생독(生毒)vaccine으로 사용(使用)한 Lasota strain과 사독(死毒)으로 사용(使用)한 서울주(株)를 각각 $10^{-1}$에서 $10^{-11}$까지 희석(稀釋)하여 9일란(日卵)의 Allantoic Cavity로 접종(接種)하여 60시간(時間)이 경과(經過)한 후(後) Allantoic fluia를 채취(採取)하여 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 서울주(株)는 $10^8MLD/ml$, $10^{9.6}LD_{50}/ml$였고 Lasota strain은 $10^9MID/ml$, $10^{10.5}ID_{50}/ml$였다. Formalin-mactivated Vaccine을 만들기 위(爲)하여 서울주(株)로 감염치사(感染致死)된 계태아(鷄胎兒), 양뇨막(羊尿膜), 요수등(尿水等)의 혼합유제(混合乳劑)에 Formaldehy를 1% 가(加)하여 48시간후(時間後)에 4배(四倍)의 생리식염수(生理食鹽水)를 가(加)하고 이 혼합물(混合物) 100ml에 4% "알미늄 젤"을 20ml.의 비(比)로 가(加)하여 Inactivation Test (9일(日)에 난접종(卵接種)) 및 Sterility Test(Thioglycollate Medium에 접종(接種))를 한 결과(結果) 완전(完全)히 inactivation 되었고 무균상태(無菌狀態)임을 인정(認定)한 후(後) 사용(使用)하였다. Attenuated Vaccine을 만들기 위(爲)하여는 Lasota strain을 9일란(日卵)의 Allantaic carity로 접종(接種)하여 3일간(日間) 발육(發育)케 한 후(後) Allantoic fluid를 채취(採取)하여 Allantoic fluid 100ml.에 탈지유(脫脂乳) 4ml.의 비(比)로 가(加)하여 2.5ml.식(式) 분주(分注)한 후(後) 냉동건조(冷凍乾燥)하여 $4^{\circ}C$에 보관(保管)하였다. 오개월팔일령(五個月八日齡)의 백색(白色)레구흥 200수(首)를 100수식(首式) 2군(二群)으로 나누어 각각(各各) 사독(死毒) Vaccine (1ml.I.M.) 및 생독(生毒) Vaccine (1 : 400, 10ml 경구(經口))을 투여(投與)한 후(後) 105일간(日間) 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果) : 1. 사독(死毒) Vaccine은 HI항체(抗體)나 감염방어작용(感染防禦作用)이 105일간(日間)의 실험기간 동안 모두 고도(高度)로 유지(維持)되었다. 2. 생독(生毒) Vaccine은 감염방어작용(感染防禦作用)은 완전(完全)히 유지(維持)되었으나 HI항체(抗體)는 75일(日)까지 고도(高度)로 유지(維持)되었으나 75일후(日後)에는 약간(若干) 저하(低下)되었다. 3. 급수(給水)에 타서 경구적(經口的)으로 투여(投與)하는 생독예방접종(生毒豫防接種)은 면역기간(免疫期間)이 사독예방접종(死毒豫防接種)에 비(比)해 약간 짧은듯 싶지만 그접종방법(接種方法)이 대단히 간단하며 시간(時間)도 짧게 걸린다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 1983

Monoclonal antibodies against Taka virus, a variant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), were produced to compare the antigenicites of several avian paramyxoviruses including NDV. It was also used to study the activesite(s) of haemagglutin (HA) and neuraminidase activities of NDV. Five independent hybrid cell lines, which produced monoclonal antibodies against haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) molecule of Taka virus, were established. From the results of the cross haemagglutination-inhibition(HI) test the monoclonal antibodies, the HN molecule of Taka virus seemed to have at least three different antigenic determinats; one was specific for all NDV strain tested, the second was only for Taka virus and the third was for Take virus, Banger and Yucaipa Furthermore the differences in the ratio of HI to neuraminidase-inhibition titers suggested that the active sites involved in HA and neuraminidase activities might be different from each other. However, since each of five monoclonal anitbodies was not especially specific for either HA or neuraminidase, the possibility that a single active site on the HN molecule may be responsible for both activities has not been excluded.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1992

The efficacy of B$_1$l live vaccine which is used successfully in chicken was examined against Newcastle disease in quails. A total of 480 male quails were divided into 4 groups, of which 3 groups were vaccinated via drinking water, eye instillation and spraying method and the remaining was employed as a nonvaccinated control group. At 3 weeks after the first vaccination a part of quails in each group was revaccinated. Efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by the antibody responses and the protection rates after challenge with a virulent NDV. Vaccination of quails with $B_1$ NDV at 10 days of age resulted in beneficial effect compared to nonvaccinated group regardness of vaccination methods adopted although general protection rates were considerably low. Twice vaccination gave higher protection than once vaccination. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody responeses were significantly higher in groups of quails vaccinated by spray and eye instillation method than by drinking water administration. Antibody responses were marked at 2 weeks onward and until 5 to 7 weeks after vaccination. Antibody responses were rapid and marked after second vaccination. However, antibody level did not last longer than 5 to 7 weeks postvaccination. Vaccine caused no adverse effect on quails in terms of growth'rate, body temperature or clinical signs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.207-210
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• 1988

뉴켓슬병바이러스(NDV)인 LaSota 주를 SPF 발육난의 요막강내에 증식시켜 순수 정제한 것을 BALB/c 흰쥐에 면역시킨 후 추출한 비강세포와 흰쥐 골수암세포와의 융합방법에 의하여 NDV에 특이하게 작용하는 단크론성항체(MCA)를 생산하는 3주의 Hybridoma틀 작성하였다. 이 3주의 MCA는 모두 IgG형에 속하였으며 흰쥐 복강 내에 접종하여 생산된 복수항체의 항체가는 간접형광항체법으로 $10^3$-$10^6$에 달하였고 약독 및 강독 NDV에 모두 동일한 수준으로 작용하였다. 중화능은 인정되지 않았고 3주중 1주만이 별구응집 억제능을 약하게 나타냈다. 이 MCA를 이용하여 간접형광항체법으로 인공 감염시킨 닭에서 NDV항원 검출을 시도한 결과 기관점막을 비롯한 각종 장기의 도말표본에서 접종 3일 후부터 뚜렷한 검출이 가능하였다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.96-102
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• 1990

The immune responses of commercial layer chickens against Newcastle disease(ND) were compared among different administration methods and times of vaccination during 4 weeks of age. A total of 372 day-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 93 birds each. Each of 3 groups was received a commercially available B$_1$live vaccine via drinking water, eye instillation or spray method at one, 14 and 28 days of age. One group was used as an unvaccinated control. At two and 4 weeks after each time of vaccination, 15 birds from each group were collected randomly out and challenged with virulent ND virus at the dose of $10^5E1D_{50}$ per bird. Ten to 15 birds from each group were bled at two weeks intervals from day old to 8 weeks of age for hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer, The protection rate was generally low regardless of the times of vaccination although two or more times vaccination gave higher protection than once vaccination. The low protection was considered due to low titer of the vaccine used since the vaccine titer was less than $10^{3.5}EID_{50}$ per bird. Spray method gave better protection compared to eye instillation or drinking water method which resulted in lowest response. Majority of birds showed clinical signs of ND between 3 and 6 days after challenge. Death occured one or two days after onset of symptoms. Major clinical signs observed were depression(94%), anorexia(84%), diarrhoea(29%), difficult breath(15%) and torticollis(10%). Hemorrhagic lesions on post mortem were seen in duodenum(51%), trachea(35%), illeum(13%), ceacal tonsil(11%), proventriculus(10%) and some other odrgans.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.379-382
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• 2018

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) 감염된 baby hamster kidney 세포에서 Syncytium (합포체) 형성은 세포막 표면으로의 수송된 바이러스 당단백질 hemagglutinin-neuramidase에 의해 일어난다. HAU 값은 추출물의 농도가 25과 $3.2{\mu}g/mL$ 사이에서는 현저하게 감소하였으나, $25{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서는 NDV 감염된 HAD (%)는 광범위한 흡착능의 감소를 나타났으나 바이러스 당단백질의 세포내 생합성은 저해되지 않았다. 그러므로 오배자 추출물은 바이러스 당단백질의 세포막으로의 수송과 함께 합포체 형성을 저해하여 항바이러스 활성을 갖는 것으로 결론된다. 또한 오배자 추출물의 저해활성을 조사한 결과 ${\alpha}-glucosidase$에 대한 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 $12.5{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, ${\beta}-mannosidase$에 대한 오배자 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 각각 26, 36, $50{\mu}g/mL$로 나타나 ${\beta}-type$ glycosidases 보다 ${\alpha}-type$ glycosidase에 대한 효소활성 저해능이 우수하였다. 따라서 $IC_{50}$ 농도에서는 세포내에서 당단백질 생합성은 저해되지 않으며 당단백질의 수송을 저해하는 것으로 판단되었으며 향후 항바이러스 관련 작용기작의 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2010

본 시험은 국내에서 분리한 Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale(OR) 병원성 세균이 부화중인 종란과 일반 육계에서 얼마만큼 병원성을 보이는지 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 첫 번째 9일령 부화란의 yolk sac에 국내에서 분리한 3종의 OR strain을 접종하여 12일동안 관찰한 결과, 66% 이상의 폐사율이 관찰되어 높은 병원성이 인정되었다. 두 번째로 3주령 일반 육계를 대상으로 5가지 다른 공격접종법[Intratracheal, Intravenous, Intramuscular, Aerosol, Newcastle Disease Virus(NDV)와 혼합 Aerosol]으로 접종한 다음 병원성을 관찰하였다. NDV와 OR균을 동시에 분무 접종한 계군에서만 특이적인 임상증상인 침울, 기침, 안면 종대와 함께 부검시 치즈양 또는 요구르트와 비슷한 염증성 삼출물이 기낭에 관찰되었다. 조직학적으로도 기낭상피세포의 변성과 탈락, 대식세포와 다형태성 관립구의 침윤, 부종 등의 기낭염이 확인되었으며, 이들 기낭을 이용한 면역 조직 화학적 염색법을 적용한 결과 다량의 OR균의 항원이 검출되었다. 그러나 OR균만 단독 처리한 닭에서는 일시적이고 경미한 조직학적 병변만이 관찰되었다. 결론적으로 NDV가 OR균의 감염에 따른 임상 증상과 병리조직학적 병변 유발에 주요한 역할을 하는 것으로 판단된다.