• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2013

The purpose of this review is to address the flow of current neuroscientific researches and to provide for the clinicians with therapeutic evidences for schizophrenia which can help them clinical decision making. Since the very beginning, a lot of scientific studies about schizophrenia have been undertaken. In this review, I describes the evidences focused on development of schizophrenia including neurobiological dysfunction, neurodevelopmental model, Kalirin, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor(BDNF) and neuroanatomic abnormalities based on neuroimaging studies. In conclusion, schizophrenia influencing on broad impairment of human function such as activities of daily life, occupations, and relationships has been studied underlying causes and treatments, but still remained uncertainty. However, there are plenty of useful evidences available for the clinicians to make a good therapeutic choice.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.472-479
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• 2014

Background Speech problems are a common clinical feature of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The objectives of this study were to inventory the speech history and current self-reported speech rating of adolescents and young adults, and examine the possible variables influencing the current speech ratings, including cleft palate, surgery, speech and language therapy, intelligence quotient, and age at assessment. Methods In this cross-sectional cohort study, 50 adolescents and young adults with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (ages, 12-26 years, 67% female) filled out questionnaires. A neuropsychologist administered an age-appropriate intelligence quotient test. The demographics, histories, and intelligence of patients with normal speech (speech rating=1) were compared to those of patients with different speech (speech rating>1). Results Of the 50 patients, a minority (26%) had a cleft palate, nearly half (46%) underwent a pharyngoplasty, and all (100%) had speech and language therapy. Poorer speech ratings were correlated with more years of speech and language therapy (Spearman's correlation=0.418, P=0.004; 95% confidence interval, 0.145-0.632). Only 34% had normal speech ratings. The groups with normal and different speech were not significantly different with respect to the demographic variables; a history of cleft palate, surgery, or speech and language therapy; and the intelligence quotient. Conclusions All adolescents and young adults with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome had undergone speech and language therapy, and nearly half of them underwent pharyngoplasty. Only 34% attained normal speech ratings. Those with poorer speech ratings had speech and language therapy for more years.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.13-32
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to obtain some knowledge concerning the scalp acupuncture treatment on patients with dementia for the future practice and research from clinical studies in China. Methods : The literatures were searched using the data base-China Academic Journals(CAJ) (2001-2011). Results : We found out 1 case study, and 17 randomized controlled trials(RCT) which met the inclusion criteria in most studies. There were 3 types of scalp acupuncture-applying method, cho-si scalp acupuncture(焦氏頭鍼法), combination of using ordinary acupoints(正經鍼) and extraordinary acupoints(經外寄穴), standard method of scalp acupuncture(標準頭鍼法). The often used acupoints are Yundongqu(運動區), Ganjuequ(感覺區), Yuntingqu(暈聽區), Zuyunganqu(足運感區), Sishencong (HN23), Baihui(GV20), Shenting(GV24), Fengchi(GB20), Dingnieqianxiexian(MS6), and Dingniehouxiexian(MS7). Conclusions : There were significant improvements on the scalp acupuncture-treated groups, compared to the control groups(western medication group or other acupuncture treatment group). Results of this study could be used for future studies concerning the scalp acupuncture for dementia.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.343-350
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• 2008

Oroxylin A is a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, which is one of the most important medicinal herbs in traditional Korean medicine. In this study, we investigated the psychopharmacological activities of oroxylin A using the open field, rota-rod, balanced wire and plus-maze tests in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKY). Oroxylin A reduced hyperactivity in SHR (ADHD animal model) although it tended to increase locomotor activity in WKY. Methylphenidate did not reduce hyperactivity. Oroxylin A alleviated impulsive behaviors such as rearing, the percentage of moving time to the central area and the tendency to move into an unstable condition (open area in elevated plus-maze). Methylphenidate also reduced the percentage of staying time in the central area and the tendency to move into an unstable condition. Both oroxylin A and methylphenidate enhanced motor attention in SHR and WKY. Oroxylin A antagonized the muscimol ($GABA_A$ receptor agonist)-induced $Cl^-$current and its action was similar to that of bicuculline ($GABA_A$ receptor antagonist). The effects of oroxylin A may be caused by the antagonism at the $GABA_A$ receptor. Thus, oroxylin A may be a candidate of drug for treatment of ADHD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.586-586
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• 2007

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2012

The study of pigs as a human disease model has been conducted in neuroscience. But the morphological development of pig brain by using MRI is rare. The purpose of this study is to determine whether cerebellum maintains consistent proportion to other brain regions in aging. Clinically healthy sixteen micropigs, 1, 2, 4, and 8 months were studied. The micropigs were anesthetized with isoflorane. MRI was acquired using a 0.3T system. To figure out development of ratio that allowed identification of normal cerebellum size, we measured the area of the cerebellum, brainstem, and forebrain from the mid-sagittal brain images on T1W. Mid-sagittal cross-sectional area (CSA) of total brain, forebrain, brainstem, and cerebellum were expressed as absolute values and also as percentages which were compared between the four age groups of micropigs for the purpose to define the effect of age on brain morphometry. It was found that there was not a significant difference in the percentage of the brain occupied by an individual region between groups although the absolute CSA differed significantly among age groups. There was no effect of age on the ratio between the cerebellum and total brain in 4 age groups. The normal size of cerebellum changes during brain development maintained a consistent ratio to other brain regions in normal micropigs. The ratio of CSA quantified on the mid-sagittal MR images offers a suitable method to detect presence of cerebellar anomalies in micropigs.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2006

Telomerase activation is detected in most cancerous cells; hence, telomerase is a highly selective target for cancer therapy, which plays an important role in the apoptotic process. We have previously reported that the ginseng saponin metabolite, Compound K (20-O-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, IH901), inhibits cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the $G_1$ phase. The present study investigated the regulation of telomerase activity in Compound K treated U937 cells. Compound K treatment caused a reduction in telomerase activity and down-regulated the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, resulting in the decreased expressions of its protein, and of the c-Myc and Spl proteins (transcription factors of hTERT). These results indicate that the anticancer activity of Compound K could be mediated by inhibition of the telomerase activity.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2018

Background: The objective of this study is to find temporal trends in the associations between cardiovascular disease and occupational risk factors in the context of the Canadian population. Methods: Population data were analyzed from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) collected between 2001 and 2014 for trends over time between heart disease and various occupational risk factors: hours worked, physical exertion at work, and occupation type (management/arts/education, business/finance, sales/services, trades/transportations, and primary industry/processing). Results: We found no significant difference in the average number of hours worked/wk between individuals who report having heart disease in all years of data except in 2011 ($F_{1,96}=7.02$, p = 0.009) and 2012 ($F_{1,96}=8.86$, p = 0.004). We also found a significant difference in the degree of physical exertion at work in 2001 ($F_{1,79}=7.45$, p = 0.008). There were statistically significant results of occupation type on self-reported heart disease from 2003 to 2014. Conclusion: Canadian data from the CCHS do not exhibit a trend toward an association between heart disease and the number of hours worked/wk. There is an association between heart disease and physical exertion at work, but the trend is inconsistent. The data indicate a trend toward an association between heart disease and occupation type, but further analysis is required to determine which occupation type may be associated with heart disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Ceramide has been involved in celt death and acted as a lipid mediator of stress responses. Elevation of ceramide level was reported to occur in oxidative stress and lead to cell death in many cell types. This study was undertaken to elucidate a protective role of ginsenoside Rgl in cell death induced by oxidative stress. When LLC-PK1 cells were treated with $H_2O_2$ at a concentration of $400{\mu}M$ for 5 hr, cell death was observed and a released LDH activity indicative of cytotoxicity was Increased. $H_2O_2$ exposure to LLC-PK1 cells was shown to elevate the content of total ceramide by approximately 200% compared to control cells. Ceramide level was hypothesized to be a key to a reversal of cell death to survival. Ginsenoside Rgl at the concentrations ranging from 12.5 to $250{\mu}M$ protected LLC-PK1 cells from cell death induced by $H_2O_2\;at\;400{\mu}M$ for 5 hr, and decreased the ceramide level relative to $H_2O_2$. Ginsenoside Rgl inhibited neutral human ceramidase by 71% of controls, while sphingomyelinase was not inhibited. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rgl show the protection against cell death via the modulation of ceramide metabolism, and ceramide may be a promising therapeutic target for human diseases related to cell death.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2007

Objectives : The elicit of DeQi, a composite of sensation including numbness and fullness that develops at the site of acupuncture stimulation, is considered to be clinically essential to establish treatment efficacy. However, there was little studies investigating the relationship between the subjective feeling of acupuncture sensation and acupuncture analgesia, The current study was therefore performed to determine the correlation between the acupuncture sensation scale (ASS) and the degree of acupuncture analgesia. Methods : Ninety-two female subjects were stimulated at LI4 acupoint on non-dominant hand with real (RA) or sham acupuncture (SA). Finger withdrawal latency (FWL) of each group was also measured to evaluate analgesic effect of acupuncture on the noxious heat stimuli on the dominant hand. All subjects were asked to complete seven point-Likert scale ASS developed by Vincent et al. Results : The increase rate of FWL of the RA group was significantly higher than that of the SA group(36.03 ${\pm}$ 4.45% vs 24.50 ${\pm}$ 3.73%). RA stimulation produced significantly higher rating of all the ASS except for dull sensation, compared to SA stimulation. Significant correlations between analgesic effect of RA, but not of SA, and the degree of the ASS, including burning sensation(r=0.349), Intense sensation(r=0.299), pulsating sensation (r=0.335), and stinging sensation (r=0.306) were found. Conclusions : The results of our study indicate that the DeQi sensation are associated with acupuncture analgesia. Our findings suggest that the evocation of DeQi might be useful clinical indicator of acupuncture treatment.