• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.264-268
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• 2005

Chlorophyll contents in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) needles of an advance growth stand and a plantation were compared using 80% acetone and DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). Total chlorophyll contents in DMSO were 4-6 times higher than those in 80% acetone. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll contents between two stand types in both 80% acetone and DMSO. It appeared that 6 hours in DMSO would be appropriate to successfully extract chlorophyll from Korean pine needles of advance growth and planted trees.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2017

Objectives : This study evaluated the efficacy of electroacupuncture therapy using an insulated needle in adults with abdominal obesity. Methods : This study was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-designed pilot trial. Sixteen participants eligible according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided into an insulated needle group and a control group. Insulated or common needles were inserted at acupoints located on the abdomen (CV12, CV6, ST25, ST27, SP15) and were electrically stimulated for 30 minutes (16 Hz, within tolerable strength). A total of 10 sessions of treatment were performed twice per week for 5 weeks. All participants were requested to maintain their usual diet and lifestyle. The outcome measures were waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and abdominal computed tomography (CT) of the total fat area (TFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and visceral fat area (VFA). Results : A total of 12 participants divided into the insulated needle group (n = 5) and the control group (n = 7; common needle) were treated for 10 sessions and analyzed per-protocol (PP). WC decreased significantly after 10 sessions in both groups. The WC, TFA, SFA, and VFA of abdominal CT in the insulated needle group decreased more than in the control group; however, there were no significant differences in any parameter between the insulated needle group and the control group. Patients in the insulated needle group were more strongly stimulated with electrical stimulation than patients in the control group. Conclusion : Electroacupuncture using insulated needles in adults with abdominal obesity might be a more effective treatment than common needles. Additional studies are required to compensate for the limitations of this pilot study and to verify the results and efficacy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2017

Objectives : Cervical herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD) are common diseases. They can be managed with acupuncture, but the evidence for effectiveness is uncertain. This review analyzed the acupuncture studies of domestic neck pain and cervical HIVD; the purpose of this study was to provide basic data useful for future research. Methods : We investigated acupuncture treatments for neck pain and cervical HIVD by searching 5 Korean Internet databases. The keywords used were "neck pain", "HIVD-cervical spine", and "nuchal pain". A total of 53 research papers (17 case reports, 16 clinical data analyses, 11 randomized controlled trials, and 9 non-randomized controlled trials) were found and analyzed according to the publication year, type of study, treatment, use of filiform needles, and type of pharmacopuncture used acupoint. The effectiveness of acupuncture treatment was determined. Results : 1. Filiform needles have been primarily used in domestic research and were used in at least half of published pharmacopuncture studies. 2. In 51 papers using filiform needles, many studies used only local acupoints; few studies used only distant acupoints. 3. All studies using pharmacopuncture were performed using local acupoints. In particular, the studies based on A-shi point, trigger point, and radiologic lesion sites were useful for multiple purposes. Conclusion : In this study, we analyzed the acupuncture contents of the domestic neck pain and HIVD-cervical spine clinical studies. This study considers the assessment of the quality and efficacy of each study, which is likely to require research that reflects the future.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3 s.91
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• pp.304-310
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• 2000

Enclosure experiments to reduce the growth of Cyanophyceae were carried out using plants in Kyongan stream. Wet plants put into the enclosure at a rate of 2.5 g wet wt/l and at that time, the average concentration of chlorophyll a was ranged from 30 to $50\;{\mu}g/l$. The dominant species was Microcystis aeruginosa. Ginkgo, big cone pine and pine needles significantly inhibited the growth of Microcystis from the early days to the stages of log-Phase. Waterchestnut was the most inhibitory to the growth of Microcystis. Pine needles inhibited in 85% of the algal growth: ginkgo in 80%; big cone pine in 75%; waterchestnut in 78%; wildrice in 59%; and iris in 30%. At the treatment with 0.25 g dried plants/l, algae was declined at a rate of 90% by waterchestnut: 53% by pine needles. Phenolic compounds were purifled from decomposing big cone pine and waterchestnut.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 1998

The phenolic acids in needles of five pine species such as Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii. P. virginiana. P. rigida. and P. koraiensis were analyzed seasionally (March, June, September and December) in order to investigate the resistant factors against pine gall-midge(Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye). The interrelation of resistance to pine gall-midge and the content of phenolic acids in pine needles was investigated in the artificial hybride pine species. The contents of salicylic acid in susceptible species (P. densiflora and P. thunbergii) to pine gall-midge which watered with salicylic acid solution in a pot was determined. The results can be concluded as follows, 1. There was a little change in total phenolic constituents of resistant and susceptible pines seasonally. The each content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in June was the highest through four seasons. 2. In June, resistant species showed higher content of salicylic acid than susceptible species, while the content of gallic acid was the highest in December. 3. Among the 21 artificial hybrids(P. densiflora ${\times}$ P. virginiana. P. thunbergii ${\times}$ P. virginiana), the hybrides of the higher salicylic acid content showed the lower rate of pine gall formation. 4. Pine gall formation of the susceptible species which were watered with salicylic acid solution remarkably decreased.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.256-259
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• 1999

Tyrosinases are related to the enzymatic browning of plants and attract the major scientific interest for the prevention of it. Three tyrosinase isozymes ($P_1$, $P_2$ and $P_3$) from pine needles were purified to homogeneity and characterized the factors that affect their activities. The L-ascorbic acid and ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol notably inhibited the enzymatic activities of the three isozymes. The sodium diethyldithiocarbamate was a competitive inhibitor of isozymes with the $K_i$ values of $P_1$(0.030 mM), $P_2$(0.015 mM) and $P_3$(0.019 mM), respectively. Their enzyme activities were however, increased by the addition of most metal ions. The optimum pH for the three isozymes was 9.0~9.5 and the optimum temperatures ranged from 55 to $60^{\circ}C$ using L-DOPA as substrate.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, pine trees have been used as medicines for Taeyangin and a pine-nuts tree for Taeumin. However, there has been some misunderstandings in interpretation as the Koreans referred to back(栢) as pine-nuts tree as well as cheukback(측백) tree. Also, we have disputed over how to translate songback(松栢). Regarding this dispute, 1 came to the following conclusion based on a research with exactitude. 1. Songja (松子), Songjain(松子仁), Songsil(松實) means Pinus Koraiensis(잣), not a pine .one. 2. Backja(栢子) is a fruit of Cheukback(측백) tree, not of a pinus koraiensis(잣). 3. Some part of 'yulsunjun(列仙傳)' quoted to explain pine-nuts in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目) was misrepresented. 4. In regard to the record that a court lady of Chin(秦) Dynasty lived for bundle of years, Galhong(葛洪) made a mistake by saying that she took pine needles and a Pinus Koraiensis in 'Pobakja(抱朴子)', while saying that she took pine needles and leaves of Cheukback(측백) tree in 'Joohoobigeupbang(　後備急方). Also He made a mistake by saying that took pine needles and leaves of cheukback(측백) tree in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目). 5. Songback(松栢), which was referred to in the Analects of Confucius(論語) and the historical annals(史記), should be understood as an old pine tree with a hard quality of the lumber and evergreen, .rather than 'a pine tree and a pine-nuts tree' or 'a pine tree and Cheukback(측백) tree'. 6. Although 'Songback(松栢) mentioned in a book on medicine were sometimes considered as 'a pine-nuts tree' and 'Cheukback(측백) tree' or 'a pine tree and .Cheukback(측백) tree,' it should be regarded as an old pine tree in most cases.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various leaf powders on chocolate by analyzing quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory characteristics. Methods: Pine needles, mulberry leaves, ramie leaves, barley leaves, and squash leaves were freeze-dried, powdered, and added to the chocolate. Results: Water contents of all leaf powder-added groups were significantly higher than that of the control (15.78%). The pH values of chocolate with leaf powder were lower than that of the control (6.33) while that of mulberry leaf chocolate (6.56) was higher than that of the control. In color measurement, L-value, a-value, and b-value were highest in pine needle chocolate (30.31, 3.52, and 4.78, respectively). The ${\Delta}E$ value (total color difference compared to white board) was the highest in squash leaf chocolate (69.51) and significantly different from that of the control (67.69). The hardness of leaf powder-added chocolate was lower than that of the control (6.84 N), except for pine needles. In the antioxidant activity analysis, chocolate with pine needles and squash leaves had higher polyphenols, flavonoids, and ABTS radical scavenging antioxidant activity than those of the control. Overall consumer acceptability was the most preferred in the control compared to the other groups. However, chocolate with mulberry and barley leaves also received high scores (5.60 and 5.40, respectively) for overall acceptability. Conclusion: It can be concluded that chocolate with barley leaves is desirable for making functional chocolate due to its high consumer preference and positive effects on improving antioxidant activities.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 2002

This study was to investigate the productivity of 30-year-old Quercus mongolica forest in the Experimental Forest of Seoul National University located in Mt. Taehwa, Kyonggi-do, Korea. Eight sample trees were selected and cut off. Stem, branches and leaves were weighed respectively with the stratified clipping method, and analyzed for productive struts lure. The allometric regression equations between dry weight of each component(stem, branches, and needles) and D$^2$H were obtained. The results obtained are summarized as follows; (1) Photosynthetic layer of Quercus mongolica was shown at about 4m in height, and maximum needle amount of crown at 10m in height. (2) The total biomass of aboveground was 67.886ton/ha(75.5% from stem, 19.4% from branches and 5.1% from needles). (3) Annual net production of aboveground was 12.76ton/ha/yr, and the ratios of stem, branches and needles to that of aboveground, 44.1%, 28.7% and 27.2%, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2006

Objectives : We investigated the aniti-aging effects of the cosmetic products with Pinus densiflora on human skin by using non-invasive instruments. Methods : We made cosmetic products containing the extract of the needles of red pine, and measured physiological effects such as skin wrinkles, clarity, evenness, lifting, corneocyte exfoliation after volunteers applied the cosmetic products for 8 weeks. Results : We observed a skin lifting effect and a decrease in corneocytes amount after using the cosmetic products for 4 weeks. And the wrinkles, evenness and clarity of face skin improved significantly. Conclusion : We concluded that the cosmetic products containing the extract of the needles of reel pine had an anti-aging effect on the human face skin.