• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.232-239
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• 2006

The microbial activity and bacterial community structure of activated sludge reactors, which treated free cyanide (FC), zinc-complexed cyanide (ZC), or nickel-complexed cyanide (NC), were studied. The three reactors (designated as re-FC, re-ZC, and re-NC) were operated for 50 days with a stepwise decrease of hydraulic retention time. In the re-FC and re-ZC reactors, FC or ZC was almost completely removed, whereas approximately 80-87% of NC was removed in re-NC. This result might be attributed to the high toxicity of nickel released after degradation of NC. In the batch test, the sludges taken from re-FC and re-ZC completely degraded FC, ZC, and NC, whereas the sludge from re-NC degraded only NC. Although re-FC and re-ZC showed similar properties in regard to cyanide degradation, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial communities in the three reactors showed that bacterial community was specifically acclimated to each reactor. We found several bacterial sequences in DGGE bands that showed high similarity to known cyanide-degrading bacteria such as Klebsiella spp., Acidovorax spp., and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Flocforming microorganism might also be one of the major microorganisms, since many sequences related to Zoogloea, Microbacterium, and phylum TM7 were detected in all the reactors.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.679-687
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine closely effect that Onchung-eum(OC) and Samhwangseze-gamibang(SG) used to atopic dermatitis disease patient get in atopy eruption control experimentally. Atopic dermatitis(AD) of molecular mechanism underlying it's effectiveness is unknown. We analyzed the expression the clinical severities in 13 and 16 weeks old NC/Nga mice, and the spleen weight of OC with SG treated NC/Nga mice, and mRNA expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, and CCR3 in the skin tissues of OC with SG treated NC/Nga mice, and IL-1${\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 express of gene, and Histological observation of the ear and skin tissues, and than IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IgM, IgGl levels in the serum of OC with SG treated NC/Nga mouse group compared to the untreated control mouse group. Also, We examined cell toxicity that of OC is safety the strength of 10, 50, 100ppm and inflammatory RAW 264.7 in the serum of OC. Thus in these present study diverse immune responses in terms of chemical mediators related to AD were investigated using an atopic mouse model NC/Nga after OC along with 5G. At the result that OC along with SG treat is can effective use for the treatment of atopic dermatitis(AD).

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 1995

동물계에서 항바이러스와관련된 dsRNA 의존성 인산화 효소(PKR)의 유전자를 식물체에서 발현시킬 경우 PKR에 의한 단백질합성 및 식물바이러스의 증식조절 가능성에 대한 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 사람에서 분리된 PKR cDNA를 Agrobacterium 방법에 의하여 연초식물체(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc)로 형질전환시켰다. HindIII/PstI처리에 의해 얻어지는 약 1.8kb의 phPKR cDNA절편을 일련의 유전자 조작 방법을 통하여 식물발현벡터인 pBI121에 도입하여, p12168을 재조합하였다. 이를 A. tumefaciens LBA 4404에 형질전환시켜 연초식물체형질 전환에 이용하였다. 2mg/l BA와 0.5mg/l NAA가 포함되고 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml의 kanamycin이 첨가된 MS배지에서 shooting시킨 후 phytohormone이 첨가되지 않은 MS배지상에서 rooting을 시켜 형질전환 연초식물체를 얻었으며, 형질전환식물체는 정상식물체와 유사한 생육양상을 나타내었다. 형질전환식물체의 유전자도입은 hPKR cDNA의 전사부여는 RT-PCR 방법에 의하여 확인되었다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 1995

The cDNAs derived from the coat protein (CP) genes of six plant RNA viruses, tobacco mosaic virus-pepper strains (TMV-P) and -ordinary strain (TMV-OM), potato virus Y (PVY), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV), were subcloned into the transcription vector, pSPT18, containing SP6 and T7 promoters. The digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled RNA polymerase after linearlization of the cloned pSPTs with XbaI or SacI, and were tested for their sensitivities for the detection of the six viruses. In slot-blot hybridization, dilution end points for the detection of TMV-P and TMV-OM were 10-4, while those of PVY, TuMV and CMV were 10-3. PLRV was detected at the dilution of 10-2. When each RNA probe was applied for the detection of the viruses in the preparations from the leaf disks (8 mm in diameter, and 12 to 15 mg in weight) of infected natural host plants, TMV-P, TMV-OM and TuMV could be detected from one disk, while PVY from 1 or 2 disks. CMV was detected in the preparation from two disks, and PLRV from three disks. With DIG-labeled RNA probe, PVY was detected at 5 days after inoculation, but with ELISA the virus was detected at 8 days after inoculation to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) plants on which symptoms appeared at 9 days after inoculation. No difference was observed in cross reaction between the RNA probes for the detection of TMV-P and TMV-OM.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2016

이 연구는 일반식빵, 통밀빵, 그리고 생강나무 잎 추출물, 매생이 추출물, 매생이 냉동 건조물을 첨가한 통밀빵을 제조하고, 4중 동안 랫트에게 공급한 뒤 혈당과 혈중지방질 관련 지표에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험기간 동안 모든 통밀빵섭취 그룹에서의 체중증가는 일반식빵섭취 그룹과 비교하여 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며, 음수, 식이 섭취량은 그룹간의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 간과 신장의 무게, AST, ALP, ALT는 모든 그룹간의 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 보아 일반식빵과 통밀빵 식이제공은 간과 신장의 스트레스 증가와 무관함을 확인할 수 있었다. 공복혈당 수준은 NC 그룹은 1주차에서부터 4주차까지 혈당이 완만하게 상승했던 것에 비해 모든 통밀빵 그룹은 혈당 증가폭이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 4주차에서는 모든 통밀빵 그룹은 NC 그룹과 비교하여 유의적인 차이를 보이며 혈당이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 경구당부하검사(OGTT)시 90분대 혈당치에서 모든 통밀빵 그룹은 NC 그룹($152.13{\pm}19.90mg/dL$)의 혈당치와 비교하여 유의적인 차이를 보이며 감소하는 것을 보여주었으며(p<0.05), AUC에서 WDC 그룹을 제외한 W 그룹, WL 그룹, 그리고 WC 그룹의 area value가 NC 그룹과 유의적인 차이를 보이며 적어졌다. WL 그룹과 WC 그룹의 경우 NC 그룹과 W 그룹과도 유의적인 차이를 보이며 면적이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 혈당 곡선아랫면적과 경구당부하 검사 결과를 종합해 볼 때 생강 추출물과 매생이 추출물이 첨가된 식빵은 일반식빵에 비해 내당능에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 당화헤모글로빈의 함량을 측정한 결과 NC 그룹과 비교하여 모든 통밀빵 그룹에서 유의적인 차이를 보이며 함량이 감소하였고, 특히 WL 그룹과 WC 그룹은 W 그룹과도 유의적인 차이를 나타내며 당화 헤모글로빈 수치 관리에 좋은 효과를 나타내었다. 혈청 인슐린 농도를 측정하였을 때 모든 그룹에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 수치적으로 보았을 때 NC 그룹 대비 WL 그룹에서 39.9%, WC 그룹에서 37.2% 인슐린 함량이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 혈중 지방 질 지표를 측정한 결과 총 콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤 수치에서는 그룹간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 중성지방의 경우 NC 그룹과 비교해 모든 통밀빵 그룹에서 유의적인 차이를 보이며 중성지방의 수치가 감소하였다. 혈중 HDL-콜레스테롤 수치는 WL 그룹이 NC 그룹과 유의적인 차이를 보이며 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. TBARS assy를 이용한 지방질과 산화 산물인 MDA를 측정한 결과 NC 그룹과 비교하여 모든 통밀빵 그룹에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내며 농도가 낮아졌고, WC 그룹에서 가장 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 지방질과 관련된 유전인자인 $PPAR-{\alpha}$ mRNA 발현을 측정한 결과 모든 그룹간의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았고, $PPAR-{\gamma}$ mRNA 발현의 경우 WL 그룹, WC 그룹에서 NC 그룹과 유의적인 차이를 나타내며 가장 적은 발현을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 미루어 보아 일반식빵에 비해 통밀빵을 섭취한 모든 그룹은 몸무게, 공복혈당, 경구당부 하 검사(OGTT), 당화헤모글로빈(HbA1c), 중성지방(TG), 동맥경화지수(AI) 측정 항목에서 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 나타내었고 이것으로 통밀은 식빵 섭취시의 혈당 증가 완화 효과를 가지며 혈중 지방질수준 개선과 비만의 예방에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 생강나무 잎 추출물과 매생이 추출물을 첨가한 통밀빵 그룹은 당화헤모글로빈(HbA1c) 측정 항목에서 통밀빵 그룹과도 유의적인 차이를 나타내며 수치가 감소한 것으로 보아 통밀의 효능에 기능성 소재인 생강나무 잎과 매생이 추출물의 효능이 더 해지면서 상당한 혈당강하효과를 나타낸 것으로 판단된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.1036-1043
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Gamisamul-tang (GSMT) on atopic dermatitis (AD). AD was induced in NC/Nga mutant mice by DNCB treatment. GSMT administration reduced levels of skin severity scores. Serum levels of IgE, IgG, IgM, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-4 and 1L-13 were significantly decreased by GSMT treatment. Levels of mRNA's encoding IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $interferon-{\gamma}$ in the dermal tissue and draining lymph node (DLN) by real time RT-PCR analysis showed decrease by GSMT testament. Moreover, the number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was significantly decreased in the spleen and DLN tissues. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in ear, skin, and DLN of AD-induced NC/Nga mice were much improved by GSMT treatment. The present data suggest that GSMT may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms by regulating immune reactivity.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.36-53
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of DOGO phreatic water containing sulphur on Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga mouse. Methods : We made DOGO phreatic water removed sulphur using Twin Alternating Sulfate Eater. After making atopic dermatitis caused by sensitizing NC/Nga mouse to DNCB(dinitrochlorobenzene), we made mouse swim in tanks each filled with distilled water, tap water, DOGO phreatic water(contain sulphur), DOGO phreatic water(remove sulphur) for 30minutes everyday. 3weeks later, we analyzed skin clinical score, total IgE levels(by ELISA), WBC differential counting(Neutrophils, Monocytes), absolute cell number of $Neutrophil^+Gr-1^+$, CCR3 mRNA expressions(by Real-time PCR), IL-4, IFN-${\gamma}$ production levels(by ELISA), histologic test(by H&E staining, toluidine blue staining). Results : The results of making NC/Nga mouse induced atopic dermatitis swim in tanks filled with DOGO phreatic water(contain sulphur) are as follows. 1. Skin clinical scores were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 2. Total IgG levels were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 3. WBC differential counting(Neutrophils, Monocytes) were decreased significantly in c.mparison to control group. 4. Absolute cell number of $Neutrophil^+Gr-1^+$ were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 5. CCR3 mRNA expressions were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 6. IL-4, IFN-${\gamma}$ production levels were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 7. The epithelial tissue thickness, leucocytes infiltration, erythema, edema, excoriation, scaling, mast cells infiltrations in dorsal skin were decreased in comparison to control group. Conclusions : These results indicate that DOGO phreatic water(contain sulphur) can be used for helping treat atopic dermatitis.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.121-141
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• 2011

Objective : This Experimental study was done to investigate the Effect of Taklisodok-um and Hwangryunhaedok-tang(TH) on Atopic Dermatitis. Methods : We assessed effects of TH on the IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IgM, IgG1, IFN-${\gamma}$ in vivo, on the IL-4, IL-5, CCR3 in the skin tissues of ear and dorsum with NC/Nga mice. And we assessed effects of TH on the COX-2, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 with RAW 264.7 cell. Results and Conclusion : 1. IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IgM, IgGl levels in the serum of TH treated NC/Nga mouse group were decreased compared to the untreated control mice. IFN-r showed a increase in the experimental group compared to the untreated control group. The spleen weight of TH treated NC/Nga mice was decreased compared to the untreated control group. 2. mRNA expression levels of IL-4, IL-5 and CCR3 in the skin tissues of TH treated NC/Nga mice were decreased, and expression levels of IL-6 in the skin tissues of TH treated NC/Nga mice were decreased compared to the untreated control group. IFN-${\gamma}$ mRNA expression levels were increased compared to the untreated control group. 3. Judged from that IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 express of gene, effect of inflammatory Cytokines revelation were decreased compared to the untreated control group. 4. Depend on the strength of TH, inflammatory RAW 264.7 in the serum of TH were inhibited compared to the untreated control serum that leaded a COX-2 activity model. 5. Histological observation of the ear and skin tissues showed that the extents of inflammation and infiltrated immune cells in the epidermis and dermis of TH treated NC/Nga mice were highly reduced compared to the untreated control group.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.29-59
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• 2016

Objectives PRAL (Prunus armeniaca Linne Var) has been known to suppress allergic reaction. However, the cellular target and its mechanism of action were unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effect of PRAL on RBL-2H3 mast cell, which is PMA-Ionomycin-induced activated in vitro and the effect of PRAL on the MNC/Nga mice that are DNCB-induced activated in vivo. Methods In this study, IL-4, IL-13 production were examined by ELISA analysis; IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31Ra, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and GM-CSF mRNA expression were examined by Real-time PCR; manifestations of AP-1 and MAPKs transcription factors were examined by western blotting in vitro. Then skin rashes have been evaluated and verified the distribution of mast cells by H&E and toluidine blue. Also, WBC, eosinophil and neutrophil, IgE level in serum, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-5 in the splenocyte culture supernatant, the absolute cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $Gr-1^+CD11b^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$ in the Axillary Lymph Node (ALN), PBMCs and dorsal skin and IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31Ra in the dorsal skin by Real-time PCR were all evaluated from the NC/BNga mice. Results As a result of this study, the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31Ra and $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-4, IL-13 production, shown in ELISA analysis, were suppressed by PRAL. Results from the western blot analysis showed decrease on the expression of mast-cell-specific transcription factors, including AP-1 and p-JNK, p-ERK. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of the AD-induced NC/Nga mice were improved by PRAL orally adminstration. Orally- administered PRAL group also showred decreased level of IgE in the serum. This group has shown decreased the level of IL-4, IL-5, but shown elevated $IFN-{\gamma}$ level in the splenocyte culture supernatant. The same group also has shown decreased cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$ in the ALN, and $CD4^+$, $Gr-1^+CD11b^+$ in the dorsal skin. PRAL oral adminstration increased cell numbers of $CD4^+$, but decreased cell numbers of $CD8^+$, $Gr-1^+CD11b^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the PBMCs. Conclusions Obtained results suggest that PRAL can regulate molecular mediators and immune cells that are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) induced in the NC/Nga mice. This may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms and suppressing pruritus.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.141-157
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of DOGO phreatic water containing germanium on Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga mouse. Methods : We made DOGO phreatic water added germanium. After making atopic dermatitis caused by sensitizing NC/Nga mouse to DNCB(dinitrochlorobenzene), we made mouse swim in tanks each filled with distilled water, tap water, DOGO phreatic water, DOGO phreatic water(added germanium) for 30minutes everyday. 3weeks later, we analyzed skin clinical score, total IgE levels(by ELISA), WBC differential counting(Neutrophils, Monocytes), absolute cell number of $Neutrophil^+Gr-1^+$, CCR3 mRNA expressions(by Real-time PCR), IL-4, IFN-${\gamma}$ production levels(by ELISA), histologic test(by H&E staining, toluidine blue staining). Results : The results of making NC/Nga mouse induced atopic dermatitis swim in tanks filled with DOGO phreatic water(contain germanium) are as follows. 1. Skin clinical scores were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 2. Total IgG levels were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 3. WBC differential counting(Neutrophils, Monocytes) were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 4. Absolute cell number of $Neutrophil^+Gr-1^+$ were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 5. CCR3 mRNA expressions were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 6. IL-4, IFN-${\gamma}$ production levels were decreased significantly in comparison to control group. 7. The epithelial tissue thickness, leucocytes infiltration, erythema, edema, excoriation, scaling, mast cells infiltrations in dorsal skin were decreased in comparison to control group. Conclusions : These results indicate that DOGO phreatic water(contain germanium) can be used for helping treat atopic dermatitis.