• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.421-421
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• 2009

Since carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are discovered, tremendous attentions have been paid to these materials due to their unique mechanical, electrical and chemical properties. Thereupon, many methods to produce a large scale of CNTs have been contrived by many scientists and engineers. Thus the examination of growth mechanisms of CNTs, which is essential to produce CNTs in large scale, has been an attractive issue. Though many scientists have been strived to investigate and understand the growth mechanisms of CNTs, many of them still remain controversial or unclear. Here we introduce representative growth mechanisms of CNTs, based on broadly employed fabrication methods of CNTs. We applied Thermo-electrical Pulse Induced Evaporation (TPIE) method based on field and thermal evaporation to synthesis of CNTs. However TPIE method was originally devised to fabricate graphene sheets and $Ge_2Sb_2Te_5$ nanostructures. While performing TPIE experiments to synthesize graphene, we eventually found experimental results widely supporting the growth model of CNTs proposed already. We observed the procedure of growth of CNTs obtained by TPIE method through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). We believe this study provides an experimental basis on understanding and investigating carbon-based nanomaterials.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.264-269
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• 2018

PSf/D2EHPA/TBP/CNTs beads were prepared by immobilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two extractants, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) on polysulfone (PSf). The prepared PSf/D2EHPA/TBP/CNTs beads were characterized by SEM, TGA, and FTIR. The removal rate of Sr(II) by PSf/D2EHPA/TBP/CNTs beads was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum removal capacity of Sr(II) obtained from Langmuir isotherm was found to be 5.52 mg/g. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Sr(II) by PSf/D2EHPA/CNTs beads prepared in this study was significantly improved compared to that of using PSf/D2EHPA/CNTs beads without TBP.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.74.1-74.1
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• 2011

탄소나노튜브는 높은 전기 전도성과 열 전도성을 가지며, 이러한 특성 때문에 21세기를 주도해 나갈 수 있는 차세대 첨단 소재로서 각광을 받고 있다. 또한 최근에는 나노공학기술의 발달로 인하여 획기적으로 높은 열전도도를 나타내는 다중벽 탄소나노튜브(Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes, MWCNTs)의 대량 생산이 가능하게 되면서 다중벽 탄소나노튜브의 높은 열전도도 특성을 이용하여 탄소나노튜브를 기본 유체 및 기능성 유체에 안정하게 분산 시킨 후 이를 이용하고자 하는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 탄소나노튜브를 유체에 안정하게 분산시키기 위한 방법으로는 기계적 분산법, 물리적 흡착에 의한 분산법, 화학적 개질에 의한 분산법이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이들 분산 방법과 탄소나노튜브 입자의 물성치에 따른 나노유체의 특성을 알아보기 위하여 나노유체의 열전도도와 점도 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 모든 물성치는 같지만 탄소나노튜브의 길이만 다른 두 종류의 다중벽 탄소나노튜브에 각각 계면 활성제(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, SDS) 100 wt%와 고분자 화합물(Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone, PVP) 300 wt%를 첨가하여 나노유체를 제조하였으며, 산화처리 된 다중벽 탄소나노튜브(Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, OMWCNTs)를 증류수에 초음파 분산하여 산화나노유체를 제조하였다. 나노유체의 열전도도는 전기 전도성 유체의 비정상 열선법(Transient Hot-wire Method)을 이용하여 측정하였고, 나노유체의 점도는 회전형 디지털 점도계를 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험 결과, 상온에서 동일 혼합비의 나노유체를 비교했을 때, 산화나노유체가 SDS 100 wt%, PVP 300 wt%를 혼합한 다른 나노유체보다 높은 열전도도 특성을 보였으며 점도 특성 또한 가장 낮은 것으로 측정되었다. 특히 상온에서 0.1vol%의 산화 CM-100 나노유체는 증류수보다 열전도도가 8.34%가 증가하였고, $10^{\circ}C$의 저온에서는 상온에서 증류수와 비교하여 측정된 열전도도 값보다 0.36%가 감소한 7.98%가 증가함을 보였다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻어진 결과는 높은 열전도도를 필요로 하는 열교환기의 작동유체나 기타 활용 분야에 대한 기초 자료로써 유용한 정보를 제공할 것이라 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.35-44
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• 2009

In this study, boiling heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) and critical heat flux(CHF) are measured on a smooth square flat copper heater in a pool of pure water with and without carbon nano tubes(CNTs) dispersed at $60^{\circ}C$. Tested aqueous nanofluids are prepared using multi-walled CNTs whose volume concentrations are 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05%. For dispersion of CNTs, polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP) is used in distilled water. Pool boiling HTCs are taken from $10kW/m^2$ to critical heat flux for all nanofluids. Test results show that the pool boiling HTCs of the nanofluids are lower than those of pure water in entire nucleate boiling regime. On the other hand, critical heat flux is enhanced greatly showing up to 200% increase at volume concentration of 0.001% CNTs as compared to that of pure water. This is related to the change of surface characteristics by the deposition of CNTs. This deposition makes a thin CNT layer on the surface and the active nucleation sites of heat transfer surface are decreased due to this layer. The thin layer acts as the thermal resistance and also decreases the bubble generation rate resulting in a decrease in pool boiling HTCs. The same layer, however, maintains the nucleate boiling even at very high heat fluxes and reduces the formation of large vapor canopy at near CHF resulting in a significant increase in CHF.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.381-387
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• 2021

As Head-Mounted Displays(HMDs), which are mainly used to maximize realism in games and videos, have experienced increased demand and expanded scope of use in education and training, there is growing interest in methods to enhance the performance of conventional HMDs. In this study, a methodology to utilize Carbon NanoTubes(CNTs) to improve the performance of gate drivers that send control signals to each pixel circuit of the HMD is discussed. This paper proposes a new circuit design method that replaces the transistors constituting the buffer part of the conventional gate driver with transistors incorporating CNTs and compare the performance of the suggested gate drive with that of a gate driver comprising only conventional transistors via simulations. According to the simulation results, by including CNTs in the gate driver, the output voltage can be increased by approximately 0.3V compared to the conventional gate driver high voltage(1.1V) at a speed of 12.5 GHz and the gate width also can be reduced by up to 20 times.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.581-593
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• 2021

This model is proposed to describe the buckling behavior of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in an elastic medium taking into account the combined effects of the magnetic field, the temperature, the nonlocal parameter, the number of walls. Using Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory, thin cylindrical shell theory and Van der Waal force (VdW) interactions, we develop a system of partial differential equations governing the buckling response of CNTs embedded on Winkler, Pasternak, and Kerr foundations in a thermal-magnetic environment. The pre-buckling stresses are obtained by applying airy's stress function and an adjacent equilibrium criterion. To estimate the nonlocal critical buckling load of CNTs under the simultaneous effects of the magnetic field, the temperature change, and the number of walls, an optimization technique is proposed. Furthermore, analytical formulas are developed to obtain the buckling behavior of SWCNTs embedded in an elastic medium without taking into account the effects of the nonlocal parameter. These formulas take into account VdW interactions between adjacent tubes and the effect of terms involving differences in tube radii generally neglected in the derived expressions of the critical buckling load published in the literature. Most scientific research on modeling the effects of magnetic fields is based on beam theories, this motivation pushes me to develop a cylindrical shell model for studying the effect of the magnetic field on the static behavior of CNTs. The results show that the magnetic field has significant effects on the static behavior of CNTs and can lead to slow buckling. On the other hand, thermal effects reduce the critical buckling load. The findings in this work can help us design of CNTs for various applications (e.g. structural, electrical, mechanical and biological applications) in a thermal and magnetic environment.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.337-341
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• 2024

As the production process for silicon-based integrated circuits approaches physical limits, a lot of attention is focused on the new semiconductor materials to overcome these problems. Carbon NanoTubes(CNTs) are attracting a lot of interest as one of the most competitive materials with excellent electrical transport and scaling properties, and CNTFETs using CNTs are gaining popularity as next-generation semiconductor devices. However, since the technology to place CNTs in a certain direction and interval on the wafer is not yet mature enough, it is difficult to construct all necessary circuits with CNTFET only. So, there is increasing interest in a hybrid configuration using MOSFET and CNTFET together. Because SRAM plays a role as a cache in microprocessors and is a critical circuit block influencing microprocessor performance, research to implement existing SRAM in a hybrid form is steadily progressing. Therefore, in this paper, we will explain the design method of hybrid 8T SRAM based on the existing hybrid 6T SRAM and discuss the performance difference between the two circuits.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.844-861
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• 2008

The papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during the year of 2007 have been reviewed. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro nano fluid, micropump and fuel cell. Traditional CFD was still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about fans and pumps were performed in the field of fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and fin shape optimization are studied in the field of piping system. (2) The research works on heat transfer have been reviewed in the field of heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, and desiccant cooling systems. The research on heat transfer characteristics includes thermal transport in pulse tubes, high temperature superconductors, ground heat exchangers, fuel cell stacks and ice slurry systems. For the heat 'exchangers, the research on pin-tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, condensers and gas coolers has been cordially implemented. The research works on heat transfer augmenting tubes have been also reported. For the desiccant cooling systems, the studies on the design and operating conditions for desiccant rotors as well as performance index are noticeable. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many papers were presented on the air conditioning system using CO2 as a refrigerant. The issues on the two-stage compression, the oil selection, and the appropriate oil charge were treated. The subjects of alternative refrigerants were also studied steadily. Hydrocarbons, DME and their mixtures were considered and various heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Research papers have been reviewed in the field of building facilities by grouping into the researches on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, flow control of piping system, and sound research with drain system. Main focuses have been addressed to the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies were mostly focused on analyzing the indoor environment in various spaces like cars, old tombs, machine rooms, and etc. in an architectural environmental field. Moreover, subjects of various fields such as the evaluation of noise, thermal environment, indoor air quality and development of energy analysis program were researched by various methods of survey, simulation, and field experiment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.156-156
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• 2000

Recently, the surface electronic states have attracted much attention since their standing wave patterns created around steps, defects, and adsorbates on noble metal surfaces such as Au(111), Ag(110), and Cu(111) were observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). As a typical example, a striking circular pattern of "Quantum corral" observed by Crommie, Lutz, and Eigler, covers a number of text books of quantum mechanics, demonstrating a wavy nature of electrons. After the discoveries, similar standing waves patterns have been observed on other metal and demiconductor surfaces and even on a side polane of nano-tubes. With an expectation that the surface states could be utilized as one of ideal cases for studying two dimensionakl (sD) electronic system, various properties, such as mean free path / life time of the electronic states, have been characterized based on an analysis of standing wave patterns, . for the 2D electron system, electron density is one of the most importnat parameters which determines the properties on it. One advantage of conventional 2D electron system, such as the ones realized at AlGaAs/GaAs and SiO2/Si interfaces, is their controllability of the electrondensity. It can be changed and controlled by a factor of orders through an application of voltage on the gate electrode. On the other hand, changing the leectron density of the surface-state 2D electron system is not simple. On ewqy to change the electron density of the surface-state 2D electron system is not simple. One way to change the electron density is to deposit other elements on the system. it has been known that Pd(111) surface has unoccupied surface states whose energy level is just above Fermi level. Recently, we found that by depositing Pd on Cu(111) surface, occupied surface states of Cu(111) is lifted up, crossing at Fermi level around 2ML, and approaches to the intrinsic Pd surface states with a increase in thickness. Electron density occupied in the states is thus gradually reduced by Pd deposition. Park et al. also observed a change in Fermi wave number of the surface states of Cu(111) by deposition of Xe layer on it, which suggests another possible way of changing electron density. In this talk, after a brief review of recent progress in a study of standing weaves by STM, I will discuss about how the electron density can be changed and controlled and feasibility of using the surface states for a study of 2D electron system. One of the most important advantage of the surface-state 2D electron system is that one can directly and easily access to the system with a high spatial resolution by STM/AFM.y STM/AFM.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.427-446
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• 2008

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering in 2006 has been accomplished. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro heat exchanger and siphon cooling device using nano-fluid. Traditional CFD and flow visualization methods were still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about diffusers and compressors were performed in fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and heat transfer and piping optimization were studied in piping systems. (2) The papers on heat transfer have been categorized into heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, heat pipes, and two-phase heat transfer. The topics on heat transfer characteristics in general include thermal transport in a cryo-chamber, a LCD panel, a dryer, and heat generating electronics. Heat exchangers investigated include pin-tube type, plate type, ventilation air-to-air type, and heat transfer enhancing tubes. The research on a reversible loop heat pipe, the influence of NCG charging mass on heat transport capacity, and the chilling start-up characteristics in a heat pipe were reported. In two-phase heat transfer area, the studies on frost growth, ice slurry formation and liquid spray cooling were presented. The studies on the boiling of R-290 and the application of carbon nanotubes to enhance boiling were noticeable in this research area. (3) Many studies on refrigeration and air conditioning systems were presented on the practical issues of the performance and reliability enhancement. The air conditioning system with multi indoor units caught attention in several research works. The issues on the refrigerant charge and the control algorithm were treated. The systems with alternative refrigerants were also studied. Carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and their mixtures were considered and the heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Due to high oil prices, energy consumption have been attentioned in mechanical building systems. Research works have been reviewed in this field by grouping into the research on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and cleaning research, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, and piping system research. The papers involve the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies on indoor air quality took a great portion in the field of building environments. Various other subjects such as indoor thermal comfort were also investigated through computer simulation, case study, and field experiment. Studies on energy include not only optimization study and economic analysis of building equipments but also usability of renewable energy in geothermal and solar systems.