• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2018

This study aimed to estimate the effect of inoculant application level on chemical composition and bacterial count of fermented chestnut meal (FCM), and its rumen fermentation characteristics. The inoculant contained Lactobacillus acidophilus ($1.2{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), Bacillus subtilis ($2.1{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ($2.3{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$). The chestnut meal mixed with molasses, double distilled water, and inoculant at 1 kg, 3 g, 480 mL, and 20 mL ratio for the basal chestnut meal diet. The double distilled water from basal chestnut meal diet was substituted with bacterial inoculant at a level of 0 (Control), 20 (Medium), and 40 mL (High) in the experimental diets. The mixed experimental diets were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. On 7 days of FCM incubation, the contents of crude protein (CP) (quadratic, P=0.043) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.071) decreased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas bacterial count (quadratic, P=0.065) and rumen $NH_3-N$ (linear, P=0.063) increased. By increases of inoculant application levels on 14 days of FCM incubation, the increases were found on dry matter (DM) (quadratic, P=0.085), CP (quadratic, P=0.059), acid detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.056), in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002), rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (linear, P=0.057), and rumen iso-butyrate (linear, P=0.054). However, the decreases were found on bacterial count (linear, P=0.002), propionate (linear, P=0.099), and butyrate (quadratic, P=0.082). On 21 days of FCM incubation, in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002) and total VFA (linear, P=0.001) increased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas the contents of CP (quadratic, P=0.034) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.047) decreased. These results indicate that the FCM with a medium level of inoculant application and 14 of fermentation had beneficial effects by increasing DM digestibility and rumen total VFA content, without altering bacterial count.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

본 연구는 국내에서 생산된 주요 동계 사료작물인 청보리 및 청호밀 사일리지를 이용하여 거세 한우의 비육후기(25~30개월 령) 용으로 조제된 TMR의 소 체내 이용성을 배합사료 및 볏짚으로 구성된 관행 사료와 비교하고자 반추위 누관이 장착된 소 3두를 이용하여 $3{\times}3$ Latin square design 방법으로 실시되었다. 시험동물에는 비육 후기용 배합사료 및 볏짚을 분리 급여하였거나 (대조구) 청보리 사일리지 TMR (BS-TMR) 또는 청호밀 사일리지 TMR (RS-TMR)을 급여하였다. 전체 채취시간에 걸쳐 반추위액의 pH, 암모니아 농도 및 총 휘발성지방산 농도는 시험사료간 차이가 없었다. Acetate ($C_2$)의 조성 비율은 사료 급여후 1시간에서 청보리 사일리지를 섭취한 처리구 (BS-TMR)에서 낮은 (p<0.033) 값을 제외하고는 대부분의 채취시간에서 시험사료 간 차이가 없었다. Propionate ($C_3$) 및 butyrate 조성비율과 $C_2/C_3$ 비율 역시 모든 채취시간에서 시험사료간 차이가 없었다. 사료 내 주요 성분의 반추위 유효분해율과 전장소화율은 전체 시험사료 간은 물론 BS-TMR과 RS-TMR 간에도 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 대사시험 결과로 미루어보아 청보리 및 청호밀로 제조된 TMR의 급여 가치가 배합사료 및 볏짚의 분리급여와 차이가 없는 것으로 여겨진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1111-1119
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• 2016

Mao seed is a by-product of the wine and juice industry, which could be used in animal nutrition. The current study was designed to determine the effect of supplementation of mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) seed meal (MOSM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on rumen fermentation, nitrogen (N) utilization and microbial protein synthesis in goats. Four crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats with initial body weight (BW) $20{\pm}2kg$ were randomly assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were MOSM supplementation at 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% of total dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. During the experimental periods, all goats were fed a diet containing roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 at 3.0% BW/d and pangola grass hay was used as a roughage source. Results showed that supplementation with MOSM did not affect feed intake, nutrient intakes and apparent nutrient digestibility (p>0.05). In addition, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were not influenced by MOSM supplementation, whilst blood urea nitrogen was decreased quadraticly (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with MOSM at 2.4% of total DM intake. Propionate was increased linearly with MOSM supplementation, whereas acetate and butyrate were remained the same. Moreover, estimated ruminal methane ($CH_4$) was decreased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Numbers of bacteria and protozoa were similar among treatments (p>0.05). There were linear decreases in urinary N (p<0.01) and total N excretion (p<0.01) by MOSM supplementation. Furthermore, N retention was increased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM supplementation at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Microbial protein synthesis were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). From the current study, it can be concluded that supplementation of MOSM at 1.6% to 2.4% of total DM intake can be used to modify ruminal fermentation, especially propionate and N utilization in goats, without affecting the nutrient digestibility, microbial populations and microbial protein synthesis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.441-447
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• 2003

Protein kinase C (PKC)가 interleukin-1 beta (IL-1$\beta$)에 의하여 산화질소(NO) 생성과정에 어떤 역할을 하는지를 검토하기 위하여, 혈관평활근세포에서 PKC 활성제인 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)로 전처리한 후 IL-1$\beta$에 의하여 야기되는 NO생성을 nitrite ($NO_2$)로 정량하고, RT-PCR method를 이용하여 iNOS 발현에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. PMA (20, 200 nM)는 IL-1$\beta$에 의한$NO_2$ 생성을 유의하게 증가시켰다. PMA 200 nM, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate 500 nM로 전처리하여 8, 24시간 노출된 세포에서 IL-1$\beta$에 의한 NO2생성이 현저히 감소되었으나, PKC 비활성제인 4$\alpha$-phorbol-didecanoate 200 nM로 전처리한 경우는 영향을 받지 아니하였다. PMA 농도를 달리하여 24시간 전처리한 경우 IL-1$\beta$에 의한 $NO_2$ 생성의 감소는 PMA의 농도가 20및 200 nM에서 현저하였다. RT-PCR method를 이용하여 iNOS 발현을 검토한바 IL-1$\beta$ 100U/ml에 의한 iNOS발현이 PMA전처리 및 cycloheximide 또는 actinomycin D존재로서 현저히 억제 되었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 혈관평활근세포에서 PMA 전처리로 야기되는 IL-1$\beta$에 의한 NO 생성의 감소는, PKC 조절저하작용에 의한 iNOS 발현의 억제로 야기되는 것 같다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1399-1406
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• 2000

A continuous culture study was conducted to determine the impact of ruminal degradable soy protein (S-RDP) level and dilution rate (D) on growth of ruminal non-structural carbohydrate-fermenting microbes. Corn starch, urea and isolated soy protein (ISP) were used to formulate three diets with S-RDP levels of 0, 35 and 70% of total dietary CP. Two Ds were 0.03 and $0.06h^{-1}$ of the fermenter volume in a single-effluent continuous culture system. As S-RDP levels increased, digestibilities of dietary dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) linearly (p=0.001) decreased, whereas digestion of dietary starch linearly (p=0.001) increased. Increasing D from 0.03 to $0.06h^{-1}$ resulted in decreased digestibilities of dietary DM and OM, but had no effect on digestibilities of dietary starch (p=0.77) and CP (p=0.103). Fermenter pH, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and daily VFA production were unaffected (p=0.159-0.517) by S-RDP levels. Molar percentages of acetate, propionate and butyrate were greatly affected by S-RDP levels (p=0.016-0.091), but unaffected by D (p=0.331-0.442). With increasing S-RDP levels and D, daily bacterial counts, daily microbial N production (DMNP) and microbial efficiency (MOEFF; grams of microbial N produced per kilogram of OM truly digested) were enhanced (p=0.001). The increased microbial efficiency with increasing S-RDP levels is probably the result of peptides or amino acids that served as a stimulus for optimal protein synthesis. The quantity of ruminal degradable protein from soy proteins required for optimum protein synthesis of non-structural carbohydrate-fermenting microbes appears to be equivalent to 9.5% of dietary fermented OM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1285-1292
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• 2014

An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture (AOC) and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) on rumen fermentation and microbial populations between different roughage sources. Two roughage sources (Chinese wild rye [CWR] vs corn silage [CS]) were assigned in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement with HMB (0 or 15 mg) and AOC (0, 3, or 6 mg). Gas production (GP), microbial protein (MCP) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) were increased in response to addition of HMB and AOC (p<0.01) for the two roughages. The HMB and AOC showed inconsistent effects on ammonia-N with different substrates. For CWR, neither HMB nor AOC had significant effect on molar proportion of individual VFA. For CS, acetate was increased (p = 0.02) and butyrate was decreased (p<0.01) by adding HMB and AOC. Increase of propionate was only occurred with AOC (p<0.01). Populations of protozoa ($p{\leq}0.03$) and fungi ($p{\leq}0.02$) of CWR were differently influenced by HMB and AOC. Percentages of F. succinogenes, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens (p<0.01) increased when AOC was added to CWR. For CS, HMB decreased the protozoa population (p = 0.01) and increased the populations of F. succinogenes and R. albus ($p{\leq}0.03$). Populations of fungi, F. succinogenes (p = 0.02) and R. flavefacien (p = 0.03) were increased by adding AOC. The HMB${\times}$AOC interactions were noted in MCP, fungi and R. flavefacien for CWR and GP, ammonia-N, MCP, total VFA, propionate, acetate/propionate (A/P) and R. albus for CS. It is inferred that addition of HMB and AOC could influence rumen fermentation of forages by increasing the number of rumen microbes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1590-1598
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lysophospholipids (LPL) supplementation on rumen fermentation, degradability, and microbial diversity in forage with high oil diet in an in vitro system. Methods: Four experimental treatments were used: i) annual ryegrass (CON), ii) 93% annual ryegrass +7% corn oil on a dry matter (DM) basis (OiL), iii) OiL with a low level (0.08% of dietary DM) of LPL (LLPL), and iv) OiL with a high level (0.16% of dietary DM) of LPL (HLPL). An in vitro fermentation experiment was performed using strained rumen fluid for 48 h incubations. In vitro DM degradability (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and microbial diversity were estimated. Results: There was no significant change in IVDMD, pH, NH₃-N, and total VFA production among treatments. The LPL supplementation significantly increased the proportion of butyrate and valerate (Linear effect [Lin], p = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). The LPL supplementation tended to increase the total bacteria in a linear manner (p = 0.089). There were significant decreases in the relative proportions of cellulolytic (Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus) and lipolytic (Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus) bacteria with increasing levels of LPL supplementation (Lin, p = 0.028, 0.006, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: The LPL supplementation had antimicrobial effects on several cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria, with no significant difference in nutrient degradability (DM and neutral detergent fiber) and general bacterial counts, suggesting that LPL supplementation might increase the enzymatic activity of rumen bacteria. Therefore, LPL supplementation may be more effective as an antimicrobial agent rather than as an emulsifier in the rumen.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.141-143
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• 2017

Caballeronia sordidicola 균주 PAMC 26577은 다산 기지 근처에서 채집된 지의류인 Cladonia 종에서 분리되었다. Illumina 방식으로 분석한 균주 PAMC 26577의 초안 유전체 서열은 182개의 콘티그로 이루어졌으며, N50값은 159,226 염기쌍 길이에 해당하였다. 초안 유전체로 총 8,334,211 염기쌍을 확인하였으며, 59.4% G+C 함량을 나타냈다. 유전체는 단백질을 코드하지 않는 8개의 rRNA 유전자와 51개의 tRNA 유전자를 포함하였다. 8,065개의 단백질 유전자는 기본 대사 과정뿐 아니라 부탄올/부티르산 생합성, 폴리하이드록시부티르산 대사, serine cycle methylotrophy 및 글라이코겐 대사 유전자들을 가지고 있었다. 2백개 이상의 막 전달 단백질은, 인산화 전달 시스템과 TRAP 전달시스템이 부재하였다. PAMC 26577은 CRISPR 관련 서열 및 단백질이 없었으며, 파아지 유전자의 감염흔적으로 인한 11개의 파아지 관련 유전자를 찾아낼 수 있었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2021

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of different cutting lengths on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR was harvested at the yellow ripe stage (43.7%, DM), and then cut at 5 (R05), 10 (R10), and 20 cm (R20) of the theoretical length of cut with no cut WCR (R60). Each forage was ensiled into 20 L mini bucket silo (5 kg) for 150 days in quadruplicates. The cutting lengths were not affected the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p > 0.05). The pH (p < 0.001) and concentration of ammonia-N (p = 0.022) in WCR silage were increased linearly with the increase of cutting length. The concentration of lactate had quadratic effect (p = 0.007), which was highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). The concentration of acetate was increased linearly (p = 0.014), but the concentration of butyrate was decreased linearly (p = 0.033). The lactic acid bacteria count was decreased linearly (p = 0.017), and yeast count had quadratic effect (p = 0.009), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). Aerobic stability had strong quadratic effect (p < 0.001), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). In conclusion, R60 silage had highest pH by a linear increase of ammonia-N concentration and led to low aerobic stability. While R20 silage had the lowest pH by high lactate concentration and led to high aerobic stability.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.845-850
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• 2015

본 연구를 통해 오미자의 산업 부산물인 오미자씨를 이용하여 볶음 조건과 추출 방법에 따른 오미자씨유의 품질특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 볶음 조건과 추출 방법이 다른 10종 오미자씨유의 수율을 측정한 결과 용매 추출에 비해 압착 추출의 수율이 더 높았으며 이는 압착 시 함께 얻어지는 오미자씨 박에 의한 것으로 보인다. 또한 오미자씨의 볶음 온도가 높고 볶음 시간이 길수록 오미자씨유의 수율은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 볶음 시간이 길고 볶음 온도가 높을수록 오미자씨유의 $L^*$ 값은 전반적으로 낮았으며, 용매 추출에 비해 압착 추출의 $L^*$ 값이 더 낮은 값으로 나타났다. $a^*$ 및 $b^*$ 값의 경우 볶음 시간이 길고 볶음 온도가 높을수록 그 값이 증가하여 볶음 조건과 추출 방법에 따른 오미자씨유의 색 변화를 확인할 수 있었다. 볶음 처리하지 않은 오미자씨의 경우 용매 추출 오미자씨유에 비해 압착 추출 오미자씨유의 과산화물가가 유의적으로 더 높게 나타났다. 하지만 볶음 온도가 높고 볶음 시간이 길수록 추출 방법에 의한 과산화물가의 값 차이는 감소하였으며 $250^{\circ}C$에서 볶음 처리한 오미자씨유의 과산화물가는 추출방법에 따른 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 볶음 온도가 높고 볶음 시간이 길수록 오미자씨유의 과산화물가는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 오미자씨유 희색액의 DPPH radical 소거능 측정 결과 $31.91{\pm}1.57{\sim}39.27{\pm}1.61%$ 수준으로 나타났으며, 볶음조건에 따른 오미자씨유 희석액의 ABTS radical 저해능 측정 결과 유의적 차이는 보이지 않았다. 볶음 조건과 추출방법을 달리한 오미자씨유의 fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) 조성의 분석결과, 주요 FAME로는 methyl butyrate, methyl hexanoate, methyl arachidate, methy eicosanoate가 분석되었다. 이 중 methyl butyrate가 $96.96{\pm}0.39{\sim}97.39{\pm}0.10%$로 가장 높은 조성으로 존재하였으며, 주요 4종의 FAME의 총 함량은 99.56~99.65%를 차지하였다. 따라서 오미자씨유의 제조에 있어서 높은 수율, 낮은 과산화물가, 다소 높은 항산화성을 위하여 용매 추출, 긴 볶음 시간 및 높은 볶음 온도가 더 유리하다고 사료된다.