• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.157-163
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• 2012

Pleurotus eryngii. one of the most popular edible mushrooms, has been well known for its biological activities such as antioxidation, antitumor and immune modulation. Spent coffee ground(SCG) that is a waste product from the coffee industry has been continuously investigated for its reutilization. In this study, SCG was added to the fungal cultuvation medium and analyzed for its effect on the growth and physiological activity of P. eryngii mycelia. It was clearly demonstrated that SCG could accelarate mycelia growth. 1% SCG culture was very notable by showing 2.5-fold higher dry cell weight comapred to the control culture, which suggested SCG as an excellent activator for the growth of P. eryngii mycelia. By the addition of SCG, polyphenol content was increased by two fold but there was no change in polysaccharide content. In the analysis of DPPH scavenging activity, SCG was determined as a valuable source in order to significantly increase the antioxidative activity of the mycelium.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.4 s.33
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• pp.199-208
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• 1977

Activities of various hydrolytic enzymes produced by three plant pathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lieb.) deBary and Helminthosporium sigmoideum var. irregulare Crallery et Tullius, were measured. Activties and amounts of the enzymes in mycelia, cultural filtrates, and sclerotia(except of sclerotia of H. sigmoideum var. irregulare) were estimated at various pH levels in order to find out optimal pH for their enzymatic activities. Enzymes such as cellulase (ex), invertase, xylanase, $\beta-amylase$, polymethylgalacturonase, polygalacturonase, phosphatase and protease were estimated. Culture solution for production of enzymes was prepared by adding of 10g, D-glucose, 1.3g $NH_4NO_3,\; 0.5g\; MgSO_4,\;7H_2O,\; and\; 1.0g\; KH_2PO_4$ into 1 liter of potato decoction plus 2ml of micro element solution consisting of 0.2mg. Fe, 0.2mg Zn, and 0.1mg Mn as the sulphates into 1 liter of distilled water. All tested mycelia and cultural filtrates were obtained from the cultures incubarted in previous solution for ten days at $25^{\circ}C$, and sclerotia were harvested from PDA plates of 3. days old, The crude enzyme solutions were prepared according to the method of Miyazaki etal. Ten days after incubation, activities of Cx produced by Scl. sclerotiorum were higher than those of the other fung and each of Cx from three fungi showed different pH optima, such as S. rolfsii and Scl. schlerotiorum in acid side (around pH 3.0), H. sigmoideum var. irregulare in neutral side (around pH 6.3). Invertase activities of S. rolfsii were 20 times higher than those of the other fungi in all samples. All tested fungi, however, showed no significant difference between the enzymatic activities of their cultural filtrate and mycelia and the activities in sclerotia of S. rolfsii and Scl. sclerotiorum were hardly recognized. There were multiple peaks on the xylanase activity curves of three fungi in terms of pH values. High activities of the xylanase were revealed in sclerotia of S. rolfsii and Scl. sclerotiorum, and in mycelia of H. sigmoideum var. irregulare. The highest activities of $\beta-amylase$ were shown both in mycelia and cultural filtrate of H. sigmoideum var. irregulae among the tested fungi, and their optimal pH was 6.2 in both mycelia and cultural filtrate. In the S. rofsii and Sel. sclerotiorum, however, the activities of cultural filtrates were higher than those of the other fungi, and optimal pH was 3.0 and 6.2 for cultural filtrate and both mycelia and sclerotia, respectively. Activities of PMG were high in cultural filtrates of all tested fungi, especially in Scl. sclerotiorum and H. sigmoideum var. irregulare. Mycelia of themalso showed the considerable activities. Optimal pH for enzymatic activities were variable with thekind of fungi or with the samples measured. The highest activities of PG were presented by mycelia of S. rolfsii and Scl. sclerotiorum. $9.l\mu /min.\; and\; 9.5\mu g/min.$, respectively. Optimal pH for activity of PG in mycelia was around 4.5 in S. rolfsii and around 3.0 in Scl. sclerotiorum. Phosphatase of S. rolfsii and Scl. sclerotiorum was more active in acid side (optimal PH3. 5) and that of H. sigmoideum var. irregulare showed one peak each in acid, neutral and alkaline side. But the highest peak was at pH 9.5. Protease of all tested fungi was more active at pH 10.0, especially that of the cultural filtrate of H. sigmoideum var. irregualre.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1522-1528
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• 2008

The morphogenetic behavior of a tropical marine Yarrowia lipolytica strain on hydrophobic substrates was studied. Media containing coconut oil or palm kernel oil (rich in lauric and myristic acids) prepared in distilled water or seawater at a neutral pH supported 95% of the cells to undergo a transition from the yeast form to the mycelium form. With potassium laurate, 51 % of the cells were in the mycelium form, whereas with myristate, 32% were in the mycelium form. However, combinations of these two fatty acids in proportions that are present in coconut oil or palm kernel oil enhanced the mycelium formation to 65%. The culture also produced extracellular lipases during the morphogenetic change. The yeast cells were found to attach to the large droplets of the hydrophobic substrates during the transition, while the mycelia were associated with the aqueous phase. The alkane-grown yeast partitioned more efficiently in the hydrophobic phases when compared with the coconut oil-grown mycelia. A fatty acid analysis of the mycelial form revealed the presence of lauric acid in addition to the long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids observed in the yeast form. The mycelia underwent a rapid transition to the yeast form with n-dodecane, a medium-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon. Thus, the fungus displayed a differential behavior towards the two types of saturated hydrophobic substrates.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 1990

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of culture conditions on the biosynthesis of extra-cellular alkaline protease in Streptomyces sp. The formation of aerial mycelia and spores were compared with the protease production in order to know the relations between the alkaline protease and the cell differentiation. As results, it was found that substrate concentration was very critical to regulate the formation of the protease, aerial mycelia, and spores, which were resulted from the changes of culture pH to acid. When the culture pH was adjusted with phosphate buffer from pH 6 to pH 9, the alkaline protease production was increased as the culture pH increased whereas aerial mycelia and spore formation were reversely related to the culture pH. Therefore, it was thought that the culture pH was an important factor to regulate the alkaline protease synthesis.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.287-292
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• 2005

The crude polysaccharides(C-CPF, C-CPM, C-CPB) derived from fruiting body, mycelia and mycelia free broth of cordyceps militaris were obtained by ethanol precipitation of hot water extracts. After a batch fermentation of C. militaris was carried out in a 5 L jar vessel, endo-polysaccharide and exo-polysaccharide were obtained. They were demonstrated as the hetero polysaccharides which were composed of glucsose, galactose and mannose by performed with HPAEC(high pH anion exchange chromatography) and conformation of random coil by its complex forming ability with congo red reagent. They were purified by ion exchange (DEAE-cellulose) and gel filtration chromatography. They were monitered by phenol-sulfuric acid method and Bradford method. The NO induction activities of crude polysaccharides and purified polysaccharides derived from mycelia free broth were enhanced rather than LPS(lipo polysaccharide) which was used as a general NO inducer. These effects presumably contibute to the antitumor activities. The homogenieties and molecular weights of polysaccharides were determined by using Sepharose CL-6B. The yield, molecular weights and NO induction activities of C-CPFN Fr.III, C-CPMN Fr.III, C-CPBN Fr.II were 0.387, 0.408 and 0.153, 127 K 210 K and 36 K, 40.79%, 88.72%, and 104.17%, respectively.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.214-222
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• 2003

A lectin named AAL has been purified from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. AAL consisted of two identical subunits of 15.8 kDa, its pI was about 3.8 determined by isoelectric focusing, and no carbohydrate was discerned. Being treated by pyrogultamate aminopeptidase, the blocked N-terminus of AAL was sequenced as QGVNIYNI. AAL agglutinated human and animal erythrocytes regardless of blood type or animal species. Its hemagglutinating activity was unaffected by acid or alkali treatment and demetalization or addition of divalent metals $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$. AAL was toxic to mice: its LD50 was 15.85 mg per kilogram body weight by intraperitoneal injection. In this study, two novel activities of AAL were proved. It showed inhibition activity to infection of tobacco mosaic virus on Nicotiana glutinosa. The result of IEF suggested that AAL attached to TMV particles. Mycelia differentiation promotion was the other interesting activity. AAL promoted the differentiation of fruit body primordia from the mycelia of Agrocybe aegerita and Auricularia polytricha. AAL antiserum was prepared and immunologically cross-reactived with several proteins from five other kinds of mushrooms. These results suggested that AAL probably was a representative of a large protein family, which plays important physiological roles in mushroom.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.986-993
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• 2002

Mushroom mycelia-cultured traditional meju (MTM) was prepared by inoculating 10% submerged-liquid culture of mushroom strains to five holes (1$\times$3 cm) per side of the traditionally-fermented meiu (10$\times$10$\times$10cm), followed by incubating additional 4 weeks at $25^{\circ}C$. Mushroom strains used were Neutari (Pleurotus ostreatus, PO), Yeongji (Ganoderma lucidum, GL), Synryeong (Agaricus blazei, AB), Ypsae (Grifola frondosa, GF), Pyogo(Lentinus edodes, PE), Dongchunghacho (Paecilomyces japonicus, PJ) and Sanghwang (Phellinus linteus PL). All MTMs showed an enhanced anticarcinogenicity against S-180 cell-induced mouse ascites cancer antimutagenicity against aflatoxin B$_1$ (AFB$_1$) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), and sensory qualities, relative to control meju. Such positive effects of MTM prepared with Sanghwang, Yeongji, or Synryeong were superior to those of MTM with Ypsae, Pyogo, Dongchunghacho, or Neutari.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2012

We have isolated an anti-complementary polysaccharide from the hot water extracts of Phellinus linteus mycelia. Anti-complementary polysaccharide, PL-5-IIIa, was purified by ultrafiltration, gel permeation chromatography using Sepharose CL-4B. GPC (Sepharose CL-4B) and its homogenicity was demonstrated by HPLC. Using gel permeation chromatography with standard dextrans, its molecular weight was determined as about 800,000 dalton. The purified PL-5-IIIa was identified as a protein bound polysaccharide comprising of 29.6% protein and 64.2% carbohydrate which was composed of fucose(15.8%), galactose(43.1%) and mannose(40.6%).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 1993

The effects of methanol. used as a solvent for the hydrophobic substrate progesterone. on the morphology of Rhizopus nigricans and 11$\alpha$-hydroxylation of progesterone was investigated. The methanol tolerance of the 11$\alpha$-hydroxylase system in polyacrylamide immobilized R. nigricans mycelia as well as in free mycelia has been induced by adding various unsaturated fatty acids. biotin and ions into the cultivation medium. Immobilization of the cell seemed to protect the cells from denaturation by methanol. It gave higher reaction rate of progesterone than the free mycelia in the presence of methanol.500 $\mu$g/l of biotin was found to be the most effective induction agent for the methanol tolerance among tested chemicals. R. nixricans cells sustained its enzymatic activity at higher methanol concentrations as a result of accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids. especially oleic acid. in the membrane phospholipid.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Nuclear distribution within the extra-radical fungal structures and during spore production in the arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus Glomus intraradices was examined using an in vitro monoxenic culture system. A di-compartmental monoxenic culture system was modified using a nitrocellulose membrane and a coverglass slip for detailed observations. Nuclear distribution was observed using the fluorescent DNA binding probes SYBR Green I and DAPI. Both septate and non-septate mycelial regions were observed, but cytoplasmic contents were only found within non-septate mycelia. Nuclear fluorescent staining revealed that the non-septate hyphal region contained nuclei only with cytoplasm, and that nuclear distribution was limited by septa. Swollen hyphal bodies were often associated with septate and empty-looking hyphae. Cytoplasmic contents filled the swollen hyphal body from the non-septate hyphal region following removal of the septa. As a consequence, the swollen body developed into a new spore. These observations provide understanding about the distribution of AM fungal nuclei within extra-radical mycelia and during spore formation. The results suggest a mechanism by which the development of a cytoplasm-containing mycelium is controlled by the formation or removal of septa to efficiently maintain and proliferate essential contents. This mechanism may provide a survival strategy to the fungus.