• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.2106-2109
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• 2015

The synergy effect of trisodium phosphate (TSP) and ethanol against murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), as a surrogate for human noroviruses, on fresh produces was evaluated. More than 2% (w/v) of TSP effectively inactivated MNV-1. The single treatment of 1% TSP or 30% ethanol for 30 min was not effective on MNV-1; however, cotreatment showed inactivation of MNV-1 on stainless steel and the produces of lettuce and bell pepper under 15 min. The results suggest that cotreatment of TSP and ethanol at a low concentration and a short time of exposure might be useful for the reduction of norovirus in some produce.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2011

Korean red ginseng has been studied various biological activities such as immune, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, and anticancer activities but antiviral mechanism needs further studies. In this study, we aimed to examine the antiviral effects of Korea red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on norovirus surrogate, including murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). We evaluated the pre-, co-, and post-treatment effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$. To measure the antiviral effect and cytotoxicity of KRG extract, and ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$, we treated Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney for FCV or RAW264.7 cells for MNV with concentrations of 0, 5, 6.7, 10, 20 ug/mL total saponin. There was cytotoxic effect in the highest concentration 20 ug/mL of KRG extract so this concentration was excluded in this study. The FCV titer was significantly reduced to 0.23-0.83 $log_{10}$ 50% tissue culture infectious dose ($TCID_{50}$)/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. The titer of MNV was significantly reduced to 0.37-1.48 $log_{10}$ $TCID_{50}$/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. However, there was no observed antiviral effect in groups co-treated or post-treated with KRG and its constituents. Our data suggest that KRG extract has an antiviral effect against norovirus surrogates. The antiviral mechanisms of KRG and ginsenosides should be addressed in future studies.

• ALGAE
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2015

This research was conducted to develop effective and safe marine-derived antiviral compounds against norovirus. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-extract from Eisenia bicyclis exhibited strong antiviral activity against murine norovirus (MNV) as a norovirus surrogate. Among the phlorotannins from E. bicyclis, dieckol (DE) and phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF) were known to possess the strongest antibacterial activity. In this study, DE and PFF were evaluated for antiviral activity against MNV. DE and PFF exhibited strong anti-MNV activity with 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of $0.9{\mu}M$. However, PFF exhibited more effective antiviral activity against MNV with higher selective index (668.87) than that of DE (550.60), due to its lower cell toxicity against RAW 264.7. This is the first report on the anti-MNV activity of phlorotannins from seaweed. The results obtained in this study suggest that the phlorotannins could be used as a potential source of natural antiviral agents.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.345-352
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• 2023

Antibacterial activity against foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Enteritidis) and inhibitory activity against murine norovirus, a human norovirus surrogate, of 28 extracts from plants endemic to Korea were investigated in this study. All plant extracts showed antibacterial activity only against gram-positive bacteria, B. cereus and S. aureus. Extracts from Callistemon speciosus and Nymphaea tetragona showed inhibition zones of 16.54 and 24.35 mm against B. cereus and S. aureus, respectively, presenting the highest antibacterial activities recorded in this study. Among all samples, Ardisia japonica extract at concentrations of 100 and 200 ㎍/mL showed the highest virucidal activities of 96.6 and 100.0%, respectively. Ardisia japonica, Duchesnea indica, Polygonum aviculare, and Geum japonicum extracts showed high antibacterial and virucidal activity simultaneously without Raw 264.7 cell cytotoxicity. These plant extracts may serve as potential antimicrobials to control foodborne infections.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2017

Control of food pathogens is critical in food safety field. Norovirus is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis and food poisoning worldwide, however, currently, there is not a vaccine or a specific drug available for its treatment. There are several methods to inactivate norovirus during food processing by chemical and physical treatments, however, the use of natural substance has been suggested as an optional strategy due to their safety and consumer preference. In this study supported by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea, we identified novel plant-derived substances with significant anti-norovirus activities. The aim of this project was to determine the antiviral activity of a wide range of natural substances, including plant-derived extracts and essential oils, using a norovirus surrogate system, human norovirus replicon-bearing cells, and mouse in vivo experiments. During the activity screening test, we identified novel anti-norovirus substances or oils using plaque assay with MNV-1. Six selected substances were formulated into an optimum mixture and used as an ingredient for salad sauce of which anti-novovirus activity was confirmed(pending for patent and paper submission). The potential application of selected natural substances as a metal surface sanitizer was also tested. Interestingly, the mixture of selected natural compounds showed a significant inhibitory effect against norovirus. These results suggest that these substances may be used as food ingredient with anti-norovirus antivity or components for surface sanitizers to prevent norovirus contamination.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2018

노로바이러스는 전 세계적으로 산발적인 발병 관련 비세균성 위장염의 주요 원인 물질이다. 노로바이러스 검출을 위해 역전사 실시간 PCR (RT qPCR)이 그 민감도와 특이성으로 인해 주요 수단으로 빠르게 자리 잡았다. 그러나 RT qPCR 분석을 위해서는 정확한 바이러스 RNA 추출방법이 필수적이다. TRIzol 시약은 생물학적 물질로부터 RNA의 추출에 이용되고 따라서 노로바이러스 RNA 추출에도 널리 사용된다. 이 연구에서는 인체 노로바이러스 유전체 그룹 I (GI) 및 유전자 그룹 II (GII)와 생쥐 노로바이러스(GV) 중에서 GII로부터의 TRIzol 을 이용한 바이러스 RNA의 추출률이 바이러스 시료 용액의 pH에 의존했다는 내용이 다루어졌다. 실시간 PCR의 Ct값으로 비교한 RNA 추출 수율은 산성 영역보다 알칼리성 pH에서 높았다. 이 연구 결과로 부터 TRIzol을 이용하여 GII RNA를 추출하여 노로바이러스를 정량적으로 분석할 때 pH조건이 대단히 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the probability of norovirus foodborne illness by raw oyster consumption. One hundred fifty-six oyster samples were collected to examine the norovirus prevalence. The oyster samples were inoculated with murine norovirus and stored at 4℃-25℃. A plaque assay determined norovirus titers. The norovirus titers were fitted with the Baranyi model to calculate shoulder period (h) and death rate (Log PFU/g/h). These kinetic parameters were fitted to a polynomial model as a function of temperature. Distribution temperature and time were surveyed, and consumption data were surveyed. A dose-response model was also searched through literature. The simulation model was prepared with these data in @RISK to estimate the probability of norovirus foodborne. One sample of 156 samples was norovirus positive. Thus, the initial contamination level was estimated by the Beta distribution (2, 156), and the level was -5.3 Log PFU/g. The developed predictive models showed that the norovirus titers decreased in oysters under the storage conditions simulated with the Uniform distribution (0.325, 1.643) for time and the Pert distribution (10, 18, 25) for temperature. Consumption ratio of raw oyster was 0.98%, and average consumption amount was 1.82 g, calculated by the Pert distribution [Pert {1.8200, 1.8200, 335.30, Truncate (0, 236.8)}]. ₁F₁ hypergeometric dose-response model [1 - (1 + 2.55 × 10^-3 × dose)^-0.086] was appropriate to evaluate dose-response. The simulation showed that the probability of norovirus foodborne illness by raw oyster consumption was 5.90 × 10^-10 per person per day. The annual socioeconomic cost of consuming raw oysters contaminated with norovirus was not very high.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 최근 10년간(2010-2019년) 바이러스에 의한 식중독 통계 및 바이러스 검출법과 제어법에 대한 자료를 정리하여 나타냈다. 국내에서 지난 10년 동안 바이러스에 의해 발생한 식중독 사고 488건 중 94.9%가 노로바이러스에 의한 것으로 확인되어 노로바이러스가 국내에서 가장 주요한 식중독 바이러스로 생각된다. 노로바이러스를 검출하는 방법으로는 PCR을 이용한 방법이 주로 보고되고 있으며 현재(2020년 12월) 식품 공전에 등록된 방법(고시 제 2010-45호)에 따라 전기 영동을 기반으로 한 one-step RT PCR 및 semi-nested PCR 방법이 널리 이용되고 있다. 또한 최근 DNA sequencing 기술이 발달됨에 따라서 검출된 바이러스의 서열을 분석하여 이미 보고된 바이러스의 서열과 비교한 논문들이 많이 보고되었다. 이 외에도 real-time PCR을 적용한 논문들도 보고되고 있으며 앞으로는 전기 영동을 실시하는 conventional PCR을 대신하여 신속하게 정량 검출이 가능한 realtime PCR의 활용이 늘어날 것으로 생각한다. 기타 바이러스의 검출에 있어서도 역시 PCR을 활용한 방법이 주로 보고되고 있으며 multiplex PCR을 활용하여 여러 종류의 바이러스를 동시에 검출하고자 하는 노력이 이루어지고 있다. 더 나아가서, 자기 면역력 분리와 퀀텀닷 분석 방법 등을 이용한 신속 검출법이 제시되고 있어 앞으로 여러 식품에 오염된 바이러스를 현장에서 신속분리 및 검출하는데 이용할 수 있을 것으로 전망된다. 한편, 노로바이러스는 실험실에서 배양하기가 어렵기 때문에 노로바이러스 제어 연구는 대체재를 이용한 방법들이 주를 이루었다. 옴 가열을 포함한 여러 종류의 열처리와 초고압, 오존, 감마선, 광펄스 등의 비가열 처리를 이용하여 노로바이러스의 저감 정도를 살펴본 연구들이 최근 보고되었다. 일반적으로 물이나 완충용액보다는 식품 샘플에서 바이러스의 저감 정도가 낮게 관찰되었는데 식품 matrix가 이러한 물리적 처리에 간섭 효과를 나타내기 때문으로 생각되며 이를 극복하기 위해서는 여러 물리적, 화학적 처리를 조합하여 처리할 필요가 있다. 기타 바이러스 제어 연구에 있어서는 열, 광펄스, 고압력 등의 물리적 처리와 더불어 살균제(sanitizer)를 적용한 논문들이 보고되고 있으며 식중독 바이러스의 저감 메커니즘에 대한 체계적인 연구가 수행되고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 여러 물리적, 화학적 처리에 대해서 식중독 바이러스가 저항성을 갖는 이유와 사멸되는 메커니즘을 정확하게 이해한다면 추후 여러 식품에서의 바이러스에 대한 안전성을 확보하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.