• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.110-127
• /
• 1997

The aim of this study is to present the basic datum for the promotion of effectiveness and improvement of nursery tasks, by grasping the situation of operating room nurses tasks and the degree of their fatigue. For these researches, 70 nurses out of the operating rooms of 3 university-affiliated hospitals-two in Seoul and one in Pusan, were chosen at random by a non-probability sampling method. These researches were done from April 14 to April 26 in 1997 by questionairing method. The questionaire was composed of 30 items, which asks the examinees of their physical, mental, and neurosensory symptoms, with 10 items respectively. The reliability of the research instrument was turned out very high with Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.9376$. The datum were electronically processed using Statistics Program for Social Sciences(SPSS). The analysis of datum in this study has a general character, in which the demosociological character and the special ex-officio character was calculated by frequency and percentage. The situation of tasks in operating rooms was calculated by frequency and percentage. The fatigue of operating room nurses was calculated by average and standard deviation. To compare the fatigue with regard to the character of operating room nurse's tasks, t-test and F-test(ANOVA) were used after the character of variations, and the variations at the level of P<.05 which might have some meaning was verified after the fact with Duncan's Multiple Range(DMR). The results of this research are as follows : 1) The nurses working in operating rooms show their fatigue in three fields-in Group I physical symptoms 3.28, in Group III neurosensory symptoms 2.85, and in Group II mental symptoms 2.73, which shows I Dominant type (general type). 2) They complain, in Group I they are "feeling the heavy legs," 3.28 and in Group II they "occasionally forget soon what to do," 3.09. and in Group III, they "feel lumbago," 3.47, which is the highest rate of the three. The highest rate results from the character of their tasks, in which they have to move rapidly the heavy appliances and do their jobs standing many hours, especially wearing heavy radiation protector. 3) As to transportation, subway using group feel the greatest fatigue, 3.18(F=4.315, P=.008). 4) As to department, nurses in the orthopedic's surgery part feel the greatest fatigue, 3.26(F=2.040, P=.050). 5) As to the change of physical symptoms, the group answering that they found physical abnormality after working in operating rooms show the greatest fatigue, 3.12(t=-3.13, P=.003). 6) At to the general circumstances, the group answering that they receive insufficient consideration on their physical abnormality in their department, show the greatest fatigue, 3.10(F=3.200, P=0.47). 7) As to the relation with superior officers, the group answering that their superior officer has an impetuous temperament, show great fatigue, 3.11(F=4.855, P=.011). 8) As to the time of feeling fatigue, the fatigue reaches the highest point 1~2 hours after operations, 3.04(F=2.703, P=.046). 9) When they feel fatigue after scrub nurse duties, they feel the greatest fatigue 2 hours after the duties, 3.09( F=2.841, P=.038). 10) As to the operation instruments, when they use complex instruments borrowing from the outside in addition to the basic instruments, their fatigue becomes the greatest, 3.09(F=7.831, P=.000). 11) As to the kind of operation, when they participate in orthopedic's surgery operations, they feel the greatest fatigue, 3.18(F=4.362, P=.000). With the above results, it is proved that the degree of operating room nurses' fatigue is considerably high. So it may be concluded that the measure for lessening the fatigue should be find immediately, not on the level of personal matters but on the level of hospital nursing administration.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 2009

The purposes of this study were to examine effective variables influencing on adolescents' mobile phone addiction. The subjects were the 666 middle or high school students who had their own mobile phone in Gwangju. Data were analyzed with frequency, percentage, cronbach's ${\alpha}$, mean, SD, pearson's correlation and multiple regression using SPSS/PC WIN 14.0 program. The major findings were as follows: 1. The most frequently used function of student mobile phones was text message and they used text message more than 41 times a day. Mostly they were talking to the same sex friends on the phone and the monthly charges ranged from 20,000 to 30,000 won. In general, they called to their friends after school. Their parents' attitudes toward their mobile phone using showed that the most of their parents did not care about their children's mobile phone use. The restriction of using their mobile phone at school was normal. 2. The average scores of mobile phone addiction were lower than median(3.0) and self esteem, self control, family strengths, peer conformity and school life adaptation were higher than median. 3. The adolescence's mobile phone additions were influenced by peer conformity, school life adaptation, school levels, sex and self control. And these variables explained to the adolescence's mobile phone additions about 28%.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.105-124
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this research is to provide the data base for the activation of Quality Improvement operation through investigating the status of Quality Improvement operation, and finding out factors influencing on the goal-orientation of QI performers in the medical centers of more than one hundred beds where are practicing Quality Improvement operation. In order to reach the purpose, document study was carried out grounded on the proceeding researches and formulated statistical data in relation with the status of Quality Improvement performers, and proof study was carried out through questionnaire survey. The subjects of the survey were the Quality Improvement performers working in seventy three medical centers in Pusan-Gyeongnam, Daegu-Gyeongbuk, and Ulsan. Among eighty three Quality Improvement performers, fifty, five were questionnaire surveyed, on the result of which Reliability Analysis, Factor Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis were made, using statistical program. The the results of the proof analysis on this research are as follows. First, in the factors influencing the devoting to goal pursuit of QI performers, organization-goal contribution(0.44) had significant positive effects, while organization conflict(-0.25) had significant negative effects. In other words, the higher the organization-goal contribution was, the higher the devoting to goal pursuit was, while the less the organization conflict was, the higher the devoting to goal pursuit was, which was statistically significant.(p<0.05). Second, in the aspect of goal performance types of QI performers, the process-centered type showed high level of the devoting to goal pursuit, which was statistically significant.(p<0.05). Third, in the aspect of QI performance degree, the higher the devoting to goal pursuit was, the higher the QI performance degree was, which was statistically significant.(p<0.05). In addition, the performers who perceived their workplaces organic structure showed much higher QI performance degree, which statistically significant.(p<0.05). Generalizing the results of this research, it is possible to offer a few suggestions as follows. First, as the competition among the medical centers is more severe recently owing to medical center evaluation system, medical centers are practicing various Quality Improvement operation in all of medical services such as clinical performance and management performance, to reach the purpose of both cost-cutting and medical quality improvement. Thus in order to practice Quality Improvement operation more efficiently in medical centers, it is essential to nuke use of problem-solving methods and statistical members. This as the willingness of chief executives and positive attitude and recognition of organization members. This requires the installation of divisions in charge and disposition of persons in charge, not to speak of persistent training of Quality Improvement. Second, the divisions in charge of QI carry out Quality Improvement operation at the medical center level, and take the role of generalizing and adjusting QI performances of various departments. Owing to this role, the division in charge of QI is considered indispensable organization in the QI operation of medical centers along with medical QI committee, while it contributes to the government's goal of reducing quality level gaps among medical centers. Therefore it is necessary for government and QI organizations to give institutional support and resources for the sake of QI operation of medical centers, besides to supply systematic trainning and informations to the divisions and persons in charge of QI. Third, it is certain that disposition of persons in charge should be determined in view of the scale and the scope of QI operation in medical centers.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.24-33
• /
• 2002

Purpose : In order to improve dose homogeneity and to reduce acute toxicity in tangential whole breast radiotherapy, we evaluated two treatment techniques using multiple static fields or universal compensators. Materials and Methods : 1) Multistatic field technique : Using a three dimensional radiation treatment planning system, Adac Pinnacle 4.0, we accomplished a conventional wedged tangential plan. Examining the isodose distributions, a third field which blocked overdose regions was designed and an opposing field was created by using an automatic function of RTPS. Weighting of the beams was tuned until an ideal dose distribution was obtained. Another pair of beams were added when the dose homogeneity was not satisfactory. 2) Universal compensator technique : The breast shapes and sizes were obtained from the CT images of 20 patients who received whole breast radiation therapy at our institution. The data obtained were averaged and a pair of universal physical compensators were designed for the averaged data. DII (Dose Inhomogeneity Index : percentage volume of PTV outside $95\~105\%$ of the prescribed dose) $D_{max}$ (the maximum point dose in the PTV) and isodose distributions for each technique were compared. Results : The multistatic field technique was found to be superior to the conventional technique, reducing the mean value of DII by $14.6\%$ (p value<0.000) and the $D_{max}$ by $4.7\%$ (p value<0.000). The universal compensator was not significantly superior to the conventional technique since it decreased $D_{max}$ by $0.3\%$ (p value=0.867) and reduced DII by $3.7\%$ (p value=0.260). However, it decreased the value of DII by maximum $18\%$ when patients' breast shapes fitted in with the compensator geometry. Conclusion : The multistatic field technique is effective for improving dose homogeneity for whole breast radiation therapy and is applicable to all patients, whereas the use of universal compensators is effective only in patients whose breast shapes fit inwith the universal compensator geometry, and thus has limited applicability.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2007

[ $\underline{Purpose}$ ]: The purpose of this study is to develop a practical method for determining accurate marker positions for prostate cancer radiotherapy using CT images and kV x-ray images obtained from the use of the on- board imager (OBI). $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Three gold seed markers were implanted into the reference position inside a prostate gland by a urologist. Multiple digital image processing techniques were used to determine seed marker position and the center-of-mass (COM) technique was employed to determine a representative reference seed marker position. A setup discrepancy can be estimated by comparing a computed $COM_{OBI}$ with the reference $COM_{CT}$. A proposed algorithm was applied to a seed phantom and to four prostate cancer patients with seed implants treated in our clinic. $\underline{Results}$: In the phantom study, the calculated $COM_{CT}$ and $COM_{OBI}$ agreed with $COM_{actual}$ within a millimeter. The algorithm also could localize each seed marker correctly and calculated $COM_{CT}$ and $COM_{OBI}$ for all CT and kV x-ray image sets, respectively. Discrepancies of setup errors between 2D-2D matching results using the OBI application and results using the proposed algorithm were less than one millimeter for each axis. The setup error of each patient was in the range of $0.1{\pm}2.7{\sim}1.8{\pm}6.6\;mm$ in the AP direction, $0.8{\pm}1.6{\sim}2.0{\pm}2.7\;mm$ in the SI direction and $-0.9{\pm}1.5{\sim}2.8{\pm}3.0\;mm$ in the lateral direction, even though the setup error was quite patient dependent. $\underline{Conclusion}$: As it took less than 10 seconds to evaluate a setup discrepancy, it can be helpful to reduce the setup correction time while minimizing subjective factors that may be user dependent. However, the on-line correction process should be integrated into the treatment machine control system for a more reliable procedure.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.304-310
• /
• 2010

Less execution of the electron arc treatment could in large part be attributed to the lack of an adequate planning system. Unlike most linear accelerators providing the electron arc mode, no commercial planning systems for the electron arc plan are available at this time. In this work, with the expectation that an easily accessible planning system could promote electron arc therapy, a commercial planning system was commissioned and evaluated for the electron arc plan. For the electron arc plan with use of a Varian 21-EX, Pinnacle3 (ver. 7.4f), with an electron pencil beam algorithm, was commissioned in which the arc consisted of multiple static fields with a fixed beam opening. Film dosimetry and point measurements were executed for the evaluation of the computation. Beam modeling was not satisfactory with the calculation of lateral profiles. Contrary to good agreement within 1% of the calculated and measured depth profiles, the calculated lateral profiles showed underestimation compared with measurements, such that the distance-to-agreement (DTA) was 5.1 mm at a 50% dose level for 6 MeV and 6.7 mm for 12 MeV with similar results for the measured depths. Point and film measurements for the humanoid phantom revealed that the delivered dose was more than the calculation by approximately 10%. The electron arc plan, based on the pencil beam algorithm, provides qualitative information for the dose distribution. Dose verification before the treatment should be mandatory.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2004

Objectives: We investigated the factors related to health examination behaviors, sociodemographic aspects and lifestyles of elderly persons with different social backgrounds, and compared sexual and regional differences in urban and rural elderlies. Methods: The total study subjects(464 individuals) from urban(236) and rural areas(228), recruited by a stratified cluster random sampling were interviewed and examined about their sociodemographic profiles, daily lifestyles, subjective health status, conditions concerning use of medical resources, hearing acuity, visual acuity and ADL(activity of daily living), and whether they receive health examination or not. For statistical analysis, Chi-square test was used for sexual and regional comparisons among the groups who have been given a health examination and the one who have not. Results: In urban areas, the rate of having underwent health examination was 54.5% in men and 46.9% in women, and in rural areas, it was 59.8% in men and 42.7% in women, showing its higher rate in men than in women in both areas. For regional differences between the group who have taken a health examination and the one who have not, there was a significant difference in terms of age, family pattern, current job, monthly household income, owning a house, drinking status, eating habit, subjective health status, whether they have taken outpatient medical service for the recent 3 months or not, anxiety for the health, and IADL conditions according to whether the community is rural or urban. In multiple regressions, the influential factors on the health examination behaviors were selected such as having their own house, their family doctor, amnesia, urinary incontinence and chronic disease in urban districts. But in rural districts, the variables were selected such as having or not of their family doctor, urinary incontinence, anxiety for the health, educational level, their own house and chronic disease. Conclusions: It is suggested that the approach to the health examination of an older patient requires substantial consideration of highly variable individual sociodemographic characteristics involving regional attributes as well as their daily life styles, subjective health status, status of performing health examination, physical health status and ADL conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.34-64
• /
• 1989

Corner block with anchor bolt(CBA) joint method used in knock-down type table furniture manufacturing can reduce the packing and transporting cost. Unfortunately. it also has the disastrous defect to be loosend and unstable during the service life mainly due to fatigue and creep(repeated and prolonged loading). So 22 joint groups constructed were tested to evaluate the effect of some design factors related to the size of side rail(apron). block attachment to side rail. and the number of anchor bolt as well as the effect of the type of corner block(mitered type vs. rectangular type) Usable strength from the stiffness coefficients of each joint group were analysed with SPSS /PC+ and described as the criteria of CBA joint construction. The conclusions were as follows: The height of side rail(50, 75 and 100 mm) and the addition of polyvinyl acetate(PVAc) emulsion in the corner block attactment to side rail had the effect on raising the usable strength of CBA joint with remarkable high significance. And the effect of 2 - anchor bolts was also superior to that of 1 - bolt significantly. However. the thickness of side rail(22 mm vs. 25 mm) had no effect on the strengthening the table joint rigidity. Mitered type corner block joint appeared to he recommendable for CBA jointed table construction rather than the rectangular type one regardless of the method of block attachment to side rail. The best result identified from Duncan's multiple comparison was in the construction with 25 mm thick and 100 mm height of side rail fastened using 2 - anchor bolts in mitered type corner block. But it would be reasonable to use 22 mm thick & 75 mm high side rail and mitered corner block with PVAc emulsion & 2 bolts considering the productivity and production cost down in the MDF furniture manufacturing industries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• autumn
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2002

Researches on integration of design and construction information from earlier era focused on the conceptual data models. Development and prevalent use of commercial database management system led many researchers to design database schemas for enlightening of relationship between non-graphic data items. Although these researches became the foundation fur the proceeding researches. they did not utilize the graphic data providable from CAD system which is already widely used. 4D CAD concept suggests a way of integrating graphic data with schedule data. Although this integration provided a new possibility for integration, there exists a limitation in data dependency on a specific application. This research suggests a new approach on integration for design and construction information, 'Product Model Centered Integration Methodology'. This methodology achieves integration by preliminary research on existing methodology using 4D CAD concept. and by development and application of new integration methodology, 'Product Model Centered Integration Methodology'. 'Design Component' can be converted into digital format by object based CAD system. 'Unified Object-based Graphic Modeling' shows how to model graphic product model using CAD system. Possibility of reusing design information in latter stage depends on the ways of creating CAD model, so modeling guidelines and specifications are suggested. Then prototype system for integration management, and exchange are presented, using 'Product Frameworker', and 'Product Database' which also supports multiple-viewpoints. 'Product Data Model' is designed, and main data workflows are represented using 'Activity Diagram', one of UML diagrams. These can be used for writing programming codes and developing prototype in order to automatically create activity items in actual schedule management system. Through validation processes, 'Product Model Centered Integration Methodology' is suggested as the new approach for integration of design and construction information.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.1210-1230
• /
• 1997

In this paper, we suggest an architecture of DS/CDMA tranceiver composed of one pilot channel used as reference and multiple traffic channels. The pilot channel-an unmodulated PN code-is used as the reference signal for synchronization of PN code and data demondulation. The coherent demodulation architecture is also exploited for the reverse link as well as for the forward link. Here are the characteristics of the suggested DS/CDMA system. First, we suggest an interlaced quadrature spreading(IQS) method. In this method, the PN coe for I-phase 1st channel is used for Q-phase 2nd channels and the PN code for Q-phase 1st channel is used for I-phase 2nd channel, and so on-which is quite different from the eisting spreading schemes of DS/CDMA systems, such as IS-95 digital CDMA cellular or W-CDMA for PCS. By doing IQS spreading, we can drastically reduce the zero crossing rate of the RF signals. Second, we introduce an adaptive threshold setting for the synchronization of PN code, an initial acquistion method that uses a single PN code generator and reduces the acquistion time by a half compared the existing ones, and exploit the state machines to reduce the reacquistion time Third, various kinds of functions, such as automatic frequency control(AFC), automatic level control(ALC), bit-error-rate(BER) estimator, and spectral shaping for reducing the adjacent channel interference, are introduced to improve the system performance. Fourth, we designed and implemented the DS/CDMA MODEM to be used for variable transmission rate applications-from 16Kbps to 1.024Mbps. We developed and confirmed the DS/CDMA MODEM architecture through mathematical analysis and various kind of simulations. The ASIC design was done using VHDL coding and synthesis. To cope with several different kinds of applications, we developed transmitter and receiver ASICs separately. While a single transmitter or receiver ASC contains three channels (one for the pilot and the others for the traffic channels), by combining several transmitter ASICs, we can expand the number of channels up to 64. The ASICs are now under use for implementing a line-of-sight (LOS) radio equipment.