• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.182-194
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• 2013

Objectives: To identify and compare the health behaviors and health status of the elderly between urban and rural areas using the data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The study population comprised 3,823 elderly people aged 65 years or older who participated in the $4^{th}$ KNHANES (2007-2009). The areas were classified into "large cities," "cities," and "rural areas" using the administrative and residential areas. The health behaviors and health status of the elderly between the rural and urban areas were compared using a complex sample design with the Rao-Scott chi-square test and weighted multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Compared to large cities, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of rural areas were as high as 1.58 (1.25-2.01) for the influenza vaccination and as low as 0.47 (0.37-0.59) for flexibility exercises, 0.56 (0.38-0.81) for muscular exercises, and 0.76 (0.62-0.92) for obesity. The ORs (CI) for osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus were as low as 0.81 (0.66-0.99) and 0.70 (0.55-0.89), respectively. Conclusions: The health behaviors and health status of the elderly are better in rural areas than in urban areas despite the fact that the socioeconomic conditions in rural areas are poorer that those in urban areas. These findings suggest that programs suitable for residential areas should be developed and that studies to explain the differences in residential areas are needed.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2017

To examine the cause of acute diarrheal disease in children and adolescents, 521 fecal samples underwent multiple-PCR for a period of two years, between March 2015 and February 20178, in the Jeju region of Korea. Based on the analysis of 179 positive samples, 102 samples were male (56.98%) and 77 were female (43.02%), and highest positive rates were shown in the age group of 3~4 years (51.96%) and 5~6 years (12.29%). When 209 cases (40.12%), including double infection were analyzed, there were 88 cases (16.89%) of norovirus-GII infection, 26 cases (4.99%) of Campylobacter spp. infection, 18 cases (3.45%) of rotavirus infection, 18 cases (3.45%) of Clostridium difficile Toxin B infection, 17 cases (3.26%) of adenovirus infection, 16 cases (3.07%) of Clostridium perfringens infection, 11 cases (2.11%) of astrovirus infection, 5 cases (0.96%) of Salmonella spp. infection, 3 cases (0.58%) of norovirus-GI, Yersinia spp. and Aeromonas spp. infections, and 1 case (0.19%) of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli infection. Based on a seasonal separation of early childhood, norovirus-GI and norovirus-GII mainly prevailed during the winter, when the temperature is low. Typical enteritis with an increased prevalence of rotavirus during the spring. Astrovirus prevailed between the months of April and October, when norovirus-GI, norovirus-GII, and rotavirus did not prevail. With increasing age, acute diarrheal disease was not only induced by a virus, but also by bacteria. Although a test for virus is an effective method when trying to identify the cause during early childhood by multiplex-PCR, it would be desirable to undergo tests for both virus and bacteria concurrently as age increases.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2017

We evaluated the association between sleep duration, dental caries, and periodontitis by using representative nationwide data. We examined 8,356 subjects aged ${\geq}19$ years who participated in the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2014). Sleep duration were grouped into ${\leq}5$, 6, 7, 8, and ${\geq}9$ hours. Presence of dental caries was defined as caries in ${\geq}1$ permanent tooth on dental examination. Periodontal status was assessed by using the community periodontal index (CPI), and a CPI code of ${\geq}3$ was defined as periodontitis. A chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to determine statistical significance. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex, model 2 for household income, educational level, and marital status plus model 1, and model 3 for smoking status, alcohol consumption, blood pressure level, fasting blood glucose level, total cholesterol level, and body mass index plus model 2. The prevalence of dental caries according to sleep duration showed a U-shaped curve of 33.4%, 29.4%, 28.4%, 29.4%, and 31.8% with ${\leq}5$, 6, 7, 8, and ${\geq}9$ hours of sleep, respectively. In the fully adjusted model 3, the risk of developing dental caries was significantly higher with ${\leq}5$ than with 7 hours of sleep (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.06~1.43). The prevalence of periodontitis according to sleep duration showed a U-shaped curve of 34.4%, 28.6%, 28.1%, 31.3%, and 32.5%, respectively. The risk of periodontitis was significantly higher with ${\geq}9$ than with 7 hours of sleep in models 1 and 2, whereas the significant association disappeared in model 3. In a nationally representative sample, sleep duration was significantly associated with dental caries formation and weakly associated with periodontitis. Adequate sleep is required to prevent oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was: (1) to compare nanoleakage patterns of a conventional 3-step etch and rinse adhesive system and two experimental hydrophobic adhesive systems and (2) to investigate the change of the nanoleakage patterns after load cycling. Two kinds of hydrophobic experimental adhesives, ethanol containing adhesive (EA) and methanol containing adhesive (MA), were prepared. Thirty extracted human molars were embedded in resin blocks and occlusal thirds of the crowns were removed. The polished dentin surfaces were etched with a 35 % phosphoric acid etching gel and rinsed with water. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (MP), EA and MA were used for bonding procedure. Z-250 composite resin was built-up on the adhesive-treated surfaces. Five teeth of each dentin adhesive group were subjected to mechanical load cycling. The teeth were sectioned into 2 mm thick slabs and then stained with 50 % ammoniacal silver nitrate. Ten specimens for each group were examined under scanning electron microscope in backscattering electron mode. All photographs were analyzed using image analysis software. Three regions of each specimen were used for evaluation of the silver uptake within the hybrid layer. The area of silver deposition was calculated and expressed in gray value. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and post-hoc testing of multiple comparisons was done with the Scheffe's test. Silver particles were observed in all the groups. However, silver particles were more sparsely distributed in the EA group and the MA group than in the MP group (p < .0001). There were no changes in nanoleakage patterns after load cycling.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.93-106
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data in order to develop of some educational programs for increasing breast feeding by studying the female university student's knowledge and attitude on breast feeding, who will become a mother in future. The respondents of this research were selected at random for 462 female students at the university in Seoul and Kyongki area, and it was the period collected the data from Oct 28, 2000 to Nov 8, 2000. The method of study distributed the measuring tools of knowledge with 33 items and the tools of measurement with 20 items on the attitude of breast feeding to the respondents directly, and collected them. The data were analyzed to use SPSS program. Unpaired t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Multiple regression analysis were used for the calculation of difference between groups and the results were as follows ; 1. The breast feeding was 50.6% in the period of lactation for the respondents and the nuclear families were 81.7% in family constituent unit. In the future the wisher of breast feeding was 91.5%, the medical personnel was a major informer who enjoyed their best confidence, Besides the respond-ents responded that the proper period for education of the breast feeding was in a high school. 2. The level of Knowledge on breast feeding. The respondents's knowledge on breast feeding was average $16.40{\pm}4.59$ points on the basis of 33 points and On the merits and demerits ratio of breast feeding has shown highest but there was low in the field of such a concrete and practical plan as the estimate of breast feeding and the method and mindfulness for breast feeding. The higher grader, the college of the natural science showed significantly the higher points in the knowledge degree by respondents's characters and in such cases the persons of breast feeding or the informed of breast feeding by a medical personnel or the women of strong will for breast feeding action in the future. 3. The Attitude on breast feeding. There was relatively shown a positive attitude of the total average $60.50{\pm}7.59$ points and the average evaluation $3.04{\pm}.36$ points in the attitude on breast feeding. The attitude by each factors has the highest points in the practical action aspect but the lowest in the emotional aspect. The attitude on breast feeding by respondents's characters significantly showed a positive attitude in such cases the persons of breast feeding or the informed of breast feeding or the women of strong will for breast feeding action in the future. 4. Relation to knowledge and attitude on breast feeding. There was shown a correlation of definition in the relation to knowledge and attitude on breast feeding, 5.Factors which have an effect on knowledge and attitude on breast feeding. The factors which have an effect on knowledge of breast feeding were attitudes on breast feeding, graders, the college of natural science and the informed of breast feeding. Also the factors which have an effect on attitude on breast feeding were on will and knowledge on breast feeding, a large family, the informed of breast feeding. In conclusion, it will have to enforce a systematic education on the method of a practical breast feeding enlarged by a medical personnel and professional early enough as the information provision on breast feeding enables one to increase knowledge and attitude on it, besides it has relations with their practical will.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.238-252
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• 1998

Reumatic arthritis is a disease with joint pain being one of the key symptoms. The patient suffers from the pain, stiff sensation and edema due to the inflammation taking Place In one or more joints. Accompanying these problems are fatigue, unusual exhaustion, fever, tachycardia and weakness. Inaddition, joints are often deformed and muscles shrink along with the progress of edema, coupled with depression and psychological instability resulting from the loss of the mobile function and limitations on the daily life. Some patients become fed up with the long and hard flight with the disease and just give up, which aggravates the symptoms. Others come to the hospital only when the conditions have become serious. We need to prevent these and guide the patients in the right direction. Against this backdrop, this study aims to look into the relations between the knowledge on the part of the patients together with their feeling of self-efficacy and the compliance. The results are expected to help the patients improve their life, In addition to providing useful materials for setting up appropriate plan for nursing intervention. The study was conducted by distributing questionnaire to 88 patients selected from the out-patient department of a university hospital in Inchon, from April 6 to 27, 1998. The following tools were used the yardstick of self-efficacy, developed in 1997 by the Society for the Health of Rheumatism Patients, was used for measuring the levels of knowledge and the feeling of self-efficacy. The degree of compliance was measured by the data collected from documents in addition to the results of the analysis of the interviews with the patients. The reliability of the tools was confirmed. In the analysis, the general characteristics were expressed in figures and percentages. The levels of knowledge, feeling of self-efficacy, and compliance were expressed in the average values and standard deviations. The relations among the variables following the general characteristics were analysed by the t-test and one-way ANOVA. The Pearson correction coefficient was used for the analysis of factors. Multiple-loop analysis was used to identify the variables affecting the compliance. The following are the results of this study. 1. Among the 88 patients, 18 were men and the remaining 70 were women, with a ratio 1 : 3.87. Regarding the age groups, 23 were between 50 and 59 years old, with those between 50 and 69 accounting for 51.1% of the total. High school graduates or higher amounted to 58%. Religious patients was 67% or 59 persons. Fifty nine percent were unemployed, and 58.3% (49 persons) had two children or fewer. The period of suffering from rheumatism varied between 2 months and IS years, with 70% less than years. 2. The average figure In relation to the of knowledge was 17.63 points over 30 or 58. 76%, which means a medium level. 3. The average figure of the feeling of self-efficacy was 60.06 points. 4. The level of compliance was 3.26, which was above average. 5. The relation between the feeling of self-efficacy and compliance showed an "r" value of 0.37, which was significant. It means that the higher the feeling, the greater the compliance points. 6. The analysis of the knowledge level revealed that the difference is found only between the college graduates and junior-high graduates or lower. 7. The feeling of self-efficacy varied along with the age and education level. 8. The general characteristics of patients as discussed above did not show significant difference with the compliance. 9. Regarding the elements influencing the compliance, the number of children, period of suffering, income, age, feering of self-efficacy, knowledge, and compliance had 54% of significance. In conclusion, rheumatism victims can lead a better life if they are appropriately educated, based on efficient training program from the early days of the disease ; if they become able to manage themselves thanks to the training ; and if they are helped by a program focusing on the increase of the feeling of self-efficacy aimed at changing patient's behavior.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.387-398
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to clarify whether there are any differences between normal and over-weight middle-aged(40∼59yrs)women in their perceived weight, health status, health conception and health behavior choices. The sample consisted of 39 normal weight and 55 over-weight (11％ above on the Body Index Scale) women who live in Juan, Inchon. The Participants were randomly selected in each weight group considering socio-demographic factors. The findings from this study are summarized below. 1) Among the 55 overweight middle-aged women, 16 were above 20％ on the Body Index Scale and 14 were above 30％. Twenty-five(45.5％) of the overweight group and 12(30.8％) of the normal weight group had one disease, and there were 12(21.8％) in the overweight group and 8(20.5％) in the normal weight group where one of the family members had a disease, but these differences were not statistically significant. The average monthly family income for the overweight group was ￦l,880,000 compared to ￦2,140, 000 for the normal weight group, but this difference was also not significant. The age range for the whole group was between 40 and 59(mean＝46.8 for total, 48.6 for overweight and 45.7 for normal weight group). Again no significant difference found. Occupations were housemaker 53(56.4％), private business(13.8％), salarywoman(9.6％), and teacher (2.1％). Thirty housemaker(54.5％) from the overweight group and 23(59％) from the normal group did not constitute a statistically significant different. For the educational status, 34(61.8％) of the overweight women and 33(84.6％)of the normal weight group finished high school or more educational courses, but there was no significant statistical difference. Eleven(20.0％) of the overweight women and 5(12. 8％) of the normal weight group were single, but again no significant statistical difference was found. 2) A test for difference in health characteristics between two weight groups indicated that two groups do not show statistical differences in their perceived health status, health conception or health behavior choice. That is, the overweight group, also perceive their health status as good as the normal group, and regard ‘Health’ as a state that enables them to carry out social roles and functions rather than as the traditional concept of health as no disease or no symptoms. Moreover. the overweight group selected their health behaviors not for the prevention of diseases or maintenance of health but for promotion of health. To determine if no statistical difference might be related to the overweight group's failure of perceive themselves as overweight, the perceived and objective overweight status were compared by the chi-square analysis, and no difference was found（X/sup²＝49.37, df＝1, p＝.000）. However, 7(17.9％) of the normal group perceived themselves as being overweighted and 7(12.7％) of the overweight group thought they were of normal weight. Even though the overweight group employed in this study perceived themselves as being overweight, they regarded themselves as healthy as those in the normal weight group. It was shown that there was no statistical difference between two groups in health conception, and that they chose health behaviors to promote health status. 3) Perceived health conception was shown to be significantly related to health behavior choice （r＝ .28, p＝.006 for whole group : r＝.33, p＝.014 for overweight group : and r＝.12. p＝.463 for normal group） .There was an indication that the more complicated the perceived health conception was, the more the trend of health behavior choice to promote health. This was especially true for the overweight group. But, the perceived health status did not related to health behavior choice statistically（r＝.13, p＝.202）, and it was thought that reasons for selecting health behaviors were not related to their health status. That is, the overweight group perceive themselves as healthy as the normal weight group or thought that overweight itself does not incur any risk on their health. Data from two groups were combined and analyzed with multiple regression methodology, because the relationship pattern of the two groups was similar. The analysis showed that health behavior has a significant relationship with age and the perceived health conception（r/sup²＝.1517, p=.05, F＝8.133）. It means they come to health behavior along with their health conception and their age rather than their weights, perceived weight, health status or other social characteristics. This study was intended to understand how overweight middle-aged women perceive ‘weight’ and ‘health’, and how they meet their health related needs in comparison with normal weight middle-aged women. Other factors related to the health behavior in overweight middle-aged woman need to be determined through further descriptive studies outlined in the following recommendations. a) Reseach with the study area expanded. b) Reseach with grouping more detailed : much more overweight and underweight group c) Reseach on restricted relationship between overweight and age or profession. d) Reseach on what overweight middle-aged women do to reduce their weight and what factors motivate them to do it

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-19
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• 1998

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to identify the major factors affecting health promoting behaviors. 344 workers who employed in four different manutacturing plants in Taegu and Kyungbuk area were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected from April let to April 18th, 1998 by ready structured questionaires. The purpose of this study was to offer the basic data for health promotion theory development and health promotion strategy planning. This study was based on Pender's Health Promotion Model and examined three variables health promoting behavior, self-concept and perceived importance of health. The Life Style and Health Habit Assessment scale(LHHA) developed by Pender(1982).The Self-concept scale developed by Choi(1972) and the Health Value scale developed by Wallston, Maides and Wallston(1980) were used for this study. Data was analyzed by percentage, mean. t-test. ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The major findings of this study are as follows ; 1. The average level of health promoting behavior practice was 63.2% and possible range was from 62 to 248 point. The mean score of respondent's positive self-concept was 75.8. 81.4% of respondents put a high priority on the importance of health. 2. There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of general self care and less amount of working hours per day(P=0.000), less amount of working hours per week(P=0.000). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of nutrition and age(0.002), marital status(0.000), working hour per day(0.008), working hours per week(0.001), There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of nutriton and sex(0.000), age(0.000), marital status(0.025), education level(0.000), working hours per day(0.002), working hours per week(0.006). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of sleep and rest and age(0.003), marital status(0.002), working hours per day(0.001), working hours per week(0.001). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of stress management and working hours per day(0.001), working hours per week(0.002). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of self-actualization and working hours per day(0.050). 3. General characteristics influencing the respodent's self-concept were level(P=0.009) and worksite(P=0.001). 4. The results of the hypothesis tests are as follows The first hypothesis, that "The respondent who have more positive self-concept will have higher scores in the practice of health promoting behavior." was supported(r=0.2973, P=0.0001). The second hypothesis that "The respondent who have higher perception level on importance of health will have higher scores in the practice health promoting behavior." was rejected(r=- 0665, P=0.2225). 5. The most important factor that affects health promoting behavior practice was working hours per week(6.0%). The combination of working hours per week, age, education level accounted for 10.0% of the variance in health promoting behavior. In conclusion, the results of this study on industrial workers supported Pender's health promotion model in partial and showed the relatedness between self concept and the practice of health promoting behavior. Further research is required to find factors influencing health promoting behaviors of industrial workers.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.189-204
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• 2014

This study is aimed to identify the relationship between Korean restaurant selection attributes and behavioral intention regarding foodservice consumption tendency. In order to achieve the purpose of research, frequency analysis, factor and reliability analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, chi-square test, variance analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted using SPSS 18.0. As a result of variance analysis, accessibility did not appear to have a significant difference in all clusters, food quality appeared to have a significant result (F=5.587, $p{\leq}.001$), employees' service appeared to have a significant difference (F=5.186, p<.01), and price discounts also showed a significant difference (F=4.921, p<.01). Therefore, the first hypothesis that the foodservice consumption tendency has a difference in the Korean restaurants selection attributes was partially selected. In order to verify the hypothesis that the Korean restaurants selection attributes affect behavioral intention, the sub-factors of the Korean restaurant selection attributes (accessibility of restaurants, food quality, employees' service, price discounts) were set as independent variables, and the behavioral intention of foodservice consumers was set as a dependent variable. As a result, the accessibility of restaurants (${\beta}=.092$) and price discounts (${\beta}=.299$) have a non-significant effect on behavioral intention. However, a significant result was shown in food quality (${\beta}=.379$, p<.001) and employees' service (${\beta}=.251$, p<.001). Thus, the hypothesis that the Korean restaurant selection attributes have a positive effect on behavioral intention was partially selected. Based on the results, foodservice managers need to build up strategic management to improve food quality with better ingredients, sanitation, adequate quantity, and consistent taste of food. In addition, they should provide better service with well-trained employees.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.699-716
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• 1998

This study was designed to evaluate the expression of non-collagenous protein in periodontal tissue during the experimental movement of rat incisors, by LSAB(labelled streptavidine biotin) immunohistochemical staining for osteonectin and osteocalcin. Twenty seven Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group(3 rats) and 6 experimental groups(24 rats) where 75g of force was applied from helical springs across the maxillary incisors. Rats of experimental groups were sacrificed at 12 hours, 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after force application, respectively. And the tissues of a control group and experimental groups were studied immunohistochemically and histologically. The results were as follows : 1. Until 28 days after force application, periodontal fibers had been strectched on tension side and compressed in pressure side of all the experimental groups, and the arrangement of periodontal fibers had not been recovered yet. 2. The expression of osteonectin in control group was rare in dentin, cementum and osteocyte, and was mild in odontoblasts and matrix of alveolar bone. 3. The expression of osteocalcin in control group was negative in gingiva, osteoblasts, osteocyte and cementum, and was rare in predentin, capillaries in pulp and periodontal ligament and the matrix of alveolar bone. 4. There was no difference in the expression of osteocalcin or osteonectin in dentin, cementum, pulp, odontoblasts, between of control and of experimental groups. 5. The expression of osteonectin in intermaxillary suture got the peak in 7-day and was declined after 14-day. The expression of osteocalcin remained in a same degree since it became mild in 14-day. 6. The expression of osteonectin in pressure side of periodontal ligament of experimental group was rare, which was similar to control group. But in tension side, it was increased until 14-day aftrer which it was declined. 7. The expression of osteocalcin in periodntal ligament was rare in 12-hour to 14-day, but became severe in 28-day, which was greater in tension side than in pressure side, and in the periodontal fiber next to alveolar bone than to tooth surface. 8. The expression of osteocalcin in alveolar bone was rare until 14-day in pressure side, but became moderate in 28-day. The expression of osteonectin was increased from 7-day by time dependency, which was greater in tension side than in pressure side.