• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.2B
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• pp.151-161
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• 2009

The PULSE protocol can greatly reduce power consumption using a node's sleep state. But this protocol does not consider movement of a sink node in a sensor network. In the mobile sensor network a routing protocol must recover path error by movement of a sink node as quickly as possible. Therefore we have to achieve fast path recovery and power saving to support movement of a sink node in a sensor network. This paper proposes the Mobile PULSE protocol which is a improved routing protocol for a mobile sink node. And we evaluate Mobile PULSE and show that the Mobile PULSE reduces the recovery time about 40% compared with original PULSE protocol. Mobile PULSE increases energy consumption than PULSE as a maximum of 0.8%, which means Mobile PULSE is similar to PULSE in energy consumption. This paper shows mobile PULSE's capability in the mobile sensor network through evaluation of path recovery time and power consumption.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2010

This study aimed to show the possibility of approaching Steven Holl's Stretto House as a vital space identical to the flow of our consciousness through Bergson's philosophy of life by understanding the expression of Bergsonian duration in the house. For the Purpose of this study, Bergson's concept of aesthetic duration was considered and duration in the Stretto House design process was analyzed, Based on the study's findings, duration according to Bergson's expression of reality in the Stretto House was further analyzed. The results of the analysis of duration in the Stretto House design process showed that duration is expressed as phenomenological time through the continuity and movement of the perceptual phenomena of space, sound, light and material that reflected Merleau-Ponty's anchoring and Bartok's Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta. The results of the analysis of duration as an expression of reality in the Stretto House showed that duration is expressed as real time, as reality's continuous and diverse movement of vital duration, through the image and rhythm based on the intuitive recollection of the real self, sound, light and pond. Consequently, it was shown that the Stretto House could be understood as a vital space in which a vital movement of duration identical with the flow of our consciousness is expressed through the expression of reality in Bergson's philosophy of life. This study is meaningful as a foundational study of the experiential space of phenomena through Bergson's philosophy of life.

• ALGAE
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.389-404
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• 2020

Red algal fertilization is unusual and offers a different model to the mechanism of intracellular transport of nuclei and polyspermy blocking. A female carpogonium (egg) undergoes plasmogamy with many spermatia (sperm) simultaneously at the receptive structure, trichogyne, which often contains numerous male nuclei. The pattern of selective transport of a male nucleus to the female nucleus, located in the cell body of the carpogonium, remain largely unknown. We tracked the movement of spermatial nuclei and cell organelles in the trichogyne after plasmogamy using time-lapse videography and fluorescent probes. The fertilization process of Bostrychia moritziana is composed of five distinctive stages: 1) gamete-gamete binding; 2) mitosis in the attached spermatia; 3) formation of a fertilization channel; 4) migration of spermatial nuclei into the trichogyne; and 5) cutting off of the trichogyne cytoplasm from the rest of the cell after karyogamy. Our results showed that actin microfilaments were involved in the above steps of fertilization, microtubules are involved only in spermatial mitosis. Time-lapse videography showed that the first ("primary") nucleus which entered to trichogyne moved quickly to the base of carpogonium and fused with the female nucleus. The transport of the primary male nucleus to the egg nucleus was complete before its second nucleus migrated into the trichogyne. Male nuclei from other spermatia stopped directional movement soon after the first one entered the carpogonial base and oscillated near where they entered trichogyne. The cytoplasm of the trichogyne was cut off at a narrow neck connecting the trichogyne and carpogonial base after gamete nuclear fusion but gamete binding and plasmogamy continued on the trichogyne. Spermatial organelles, including mitochondria, entered the trichogyne together with the nuclei but did not show any directional movement and remained close to where they entered. These results suggest that polyspermy blocking in B. moritziana is achieved by the selective and rapid transport of the first nucleus entered trichogyne and the rupture of the trichogyne after gamete karyogamy.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.504-513
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• 2013

Communication in delay tolerant networks (DTNs) relies on message transport by mobile nodes, and a correct understanding of the node mobility characteristics is therefore crucial to the design of an efficient DTN routing protocol. However, previous work has mainly focused on uncovering all behaviors of node movement, which is not conducive to accurately detecting the specific movement characteristics of a different node. In this paper, we seek to address this problem based on a consideration of social relationships. We first consider social ties from both static and dynamic perspectives. For a static perspective, in addition to certain accidental events, social relations are considered for a long time granularity and tend to be stable over time. For a dynamic perspective, social relations are analyzed in a relatively short time granularity and are likely to change over time. Based on these perspectives, we adopted different efficient approaches to dividing node pairs into two classes, i.e., familiar and unfamiliar pairs. A threshold approach is used for static social ties whereas a density-based aggregation method is used for dynamic social relationships. Extensive experimental results show that both familiar and unfamiliar node pairs have the same inter-contact time distribution, which closely follows a power-law decay up to a certain point, beyond which it begins to exponentially decay. The results also demonstrate that the inter-contact time distribution of familiar pairs decays faster than that of unfamiliar pairs, whether from a static or dynamic perspective. In addition, we also analyze the reason for the difference between the inter-contact time distributions of both unfamiliar and familiar pairs.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.152-161
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• 2013

This study is about the visual appreciation by sex with the analysis of time range of observing data which was got through observation experiment with the space of lobby in hospitals. The observation data of the subjects who observed the space include the frequency and time, through which the process of visual appreciation could be evaluated with the definition of the frequency and the time of observation. First, the fact that men had higher frequency of observation than women means the former had more movement than the latter, and another fact of their fewer times can be understood as the time of their staying was shorter. That is, even though the men had more movements of sight, they showed the feature of staying shorter. Second, the rate high and low of observation frequency and times made it possible for observation characteristics to be defined as 'intensive search' 'active search' 'fixed concentration' and 'search wandering.' The definition of understanding this process of visual appreciation can be available for a frame of effective analysis of observation characteristics according to the passage of time. Third, the intense search is the case of 'high frequency' having the feature of high visual appreciation owing to the active visual actions for acquiring information. Men were found to have more intense search which decreased gradually as time passed, while women showed the feature of many times of intense search. Fourth, it was found that with many observation data in a certain range of time the subjects had fixed concentration, where women were found to have repetitive fixed concentration along with the change of observation time while men were seen to have more observation tendency for fixed concentration. Fifth, at the cross tabulation of frequency and times, men had the feature of dispersed visual appreciation while women had more distinction between fixation and movement, which revealed that there is surely the difference between men and women in the process of visual appreciation.

• Journal of Korean Theatre Studies Association
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• no.52
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• pp.5-59
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• 2014

This paper investigates the development and aesthetics of Korean political theatre from its quickening period 1920s to democratization era 1990s. Political theatre before 90s developed an antithesis resistant movement toward Korean modern history that had been scattered with suppressing political circumstances such as colonial era and dictatorial government, the movement has powerful activity and social influences. Just like the 20 century political theatre had been quickened under the influence of Marxism at Russia and Germany in 1920s, Korea's political theatre began in socialism theatre movement form around the same time. Proletarian theatre groups had been founded in Japan and Korea, and developed into practical movement with organized connection. However, the political theatre movement in Japanese colonial era was an empty vessel makes great sound but not much accomplishments. Most performance had been canceled or disapproved by suppression or censorship of the Japanese Empire. The political theatre in liberation era was the left drama inherited from Proletarian theatre of the colonial era. Korean Theatre alliance took lead the theatrical world unfold activities based on theatre popularization theory such as 'culture activists' taking a jump up the line and 'independent theatre' peeping into production spot as well as the important event, Independence Movement Day Memorial tournament theatre. Since 1947, US army military government in Korea strongly oppressed the left performances to stop and theatrical movement was ended due to many left theatrical people defection to North Korea. The political theatre in 1960s to 70s the Park regime, developed in dramatically different ways according to orthodox group and group out of power. The political theatre of institutional system handled judgment on sterile people and had indirect political theatre from that took history material and allegory technique because of censorship. In political theatre out of institution, it started outdoor theatre that has modernized traditional performance style and established deep relationship with labor spot and culture movement organizations. Madangguek(Outdoor theatre) is 'Attentive political theatre', satirizing and offending the political and social inconsistencies such as the dictatorial government's oppression and unbalanced distribution, alienation of general people, and foreign powers' pillage sharply as well as laughing at the Establishment with negative characters. The political theatre in 1980s is divided into two categories; political theatre of institutional system and Madangguek. Institutional Political theatre mainly performed in Korea Theatre Festival and the theatre group 'Yeonwoo-Moudae' led political theatre as private theatre company. Madangguek developed into an outdoor theatrical for indoor theatre capturing postcolonial historical view. Yeonwoo-Moudae theatre company produced representative political plays at 80s such as The chronicles of Han's, Birds fly away too, and so on by combining freewheeling play spirit of Madangguek and epic theatre. Political theatre was all the rage since the age of democratization started in 1987 and political materials has been freed from ban. However, political theatre was slowly declined as real socialism was crumbling and postmodernism is becoming the spirit of the times. After 90s, there are no more plays of ideology and propaganda that aim at politicization of theatre. As the age rapidly entered into the age of deideology, political theatre discourse also changed greatly. The concept 'the political' became influential as a new political possibility that stands up to neoliberalism system in the evasion of politics. Rather than reenact political issues, it experiments new political theatre that involves something political by deconstructing and reassigning audience's political sense with provocative forms, staging others and drawing discussion about it.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.81-98
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to closely examine kinematic characteristics by jump phase of Li Xiaopeng motion in horse vaulting and provide the training data. In doing so, as a result of analyzing kinematic variables through 3-dimensional cinematographic using the high-speed video camera to Li Xiaopeng motion first performed at the men's vault competition at the 14th Busan Asian Games, the following conclusion was obtained. 1. It was indicated that at the post-flight, the increase of flight time and height and twisting rotational velocity has a decisive effect on the increase of twist displacement. And Li Xiaopeng motion showed longer flight time and higher flight height than Ropez motion with the same twist displacement of entire movement. Also the rotational displacement of the trunk at peak of COG was much short of $360^{\circ}$(one rotation) but twist displacement showed $606^{\circ}$. Likewise, Li Xiaopeng motion was indicated to concentrate on twist movement in the early flight. 2. It was indicated that at the landing, Li Xiaopeng motion gets the hip to move back, the trunk to stand up and the horizontal velocity of COG to slow down. This is thought to be the performance of sufficient landing, resulting from large security of rotational displacement of airborne and twist displacement. 3. It was indicated that at the board contact, Li Xiaopeng motion made a rapid rotation uprighting the trunk to recover slowing velocity caused by jumping with the horse in the back, and has already twisted the trunk nearly close to $40^{\circ}$ at board contact. Under the premise that elasticity is generated without the change of the feet contacting the board, it will give an aid to the rotation and twist of pre-flight. Thus, in the round-oH phase, the tap of waist according to the fraction and extension of hip joint and arm push is thought to be very important. 4. It was indicated that at the pre-flight, Li Xiaopeng motion showed bigger movement than the techniques of precedented studies rushing to the horse, and overcomes the concern of relatively low power of jump through the rapid rotation of the trunk. Li Xiaopeng motion secured much twist distance, increased rotational distance with the trunk bent forward, resulting in the effect of rushing to the horse. 5. At horse contact, Li Xiaopeng motion makes a short-time contact, and maintains horse take-off angle close to vertical, contributing to the increase of post-flight time and height. This is thought to be resulted from rapid move toward movement direction along with the rotational velocity of trunk rapidly earned prior to horse contact, and little shave of rotation axis according to twist motion because of effective twist in the same direction.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the effectiveness of meridian acupressure for enhancement of post operative bowel movement to the patient with absolute bed rest who having surgery under general anesthesia. This study used a qusai experimental, nonequivalent control group post test only design. This subject were 44 patients, 22 for the experimental and 22 for the control group, who were admitted at KyungHee University hospital, neurosurgical unit A and B ward, assigned by matched sample by the name of operation who having microvascular decompression and laminectomy. Date were collected from May 1, 2001 to June 30, 2001 by auscultation, self report and by using 7 point face scale. The recovery of bowel sound were measured every 4 hours until gas out for 1 minute auscultation on lower abdomen after 4 hours having surgery. The time of gas out were measured by self report, the severity of nausea were measured every 4 hours for 7 point face scale and also the degree of satisfaction of nursing care were measured after 2 days having surgery with same scale. Data were analyzed with $X^2$, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and ANOVA. The result of this study were as follows; 1. The experimental group which were implemented with meridian acupressure showed shorter time the recovery of bowel sound after having surgery than control group(t=-5.112, p=.0001). 2. The experimental group which were implemented with meridian acupressure showed shorter time of gas after having surgery than control group(t=-4.010, p=.0001) 3. The experimental group which were implemented with meridian acupressure showed decreased level of nausea score according to time interval than control group(F=21.995, p=.0001). 4. The experimental group which were implemented with meridian acupressure showed higher the degree of satisfaction of nursing care than control group(t=-4.010, p=.0001). These finding indicate that a meridian acupressure could be a effective nursing intervention for enhancement of post operative bowel movement to the patient with absolute bed rest who having surgery under general anesthesia.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to conduct a monitoring study on the learning process of e-learning contents. This study has two research objectives. First, by conducting monitoring research on the learning process, we aim to explore the implications for content development that reflects future student needs. Second, we want to collect empirical basic data on the estimation of appropriate amount of learning. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is a case study of learner's learning process in e-learning. After completion of the study, an in-depth interview was made after conducting a test to measure the total amount of cognitive load and the level of engagement that occurred during the learning process. The tool used to measure cognitive load is NASA-TLX, a subjective cognitive load measurement method. In the monitoring process, we observe external phenomena such as page movement and mouse movement path, and identify cognitive activities such as Think-Aloud technique. Results - In the total of three research subjects, the two courses showed excess learning time compared to the learning time, and one course showed less learning time than the learning time. This gives the following implications for content development. First, it is necessary to consider the importance of selecting the target and contents level according to the level of the subject. Second, it is necessary to design the learner participation activity that meets the learning goal level and to calculate the appropriate time accordingly. Third, it is necessary to design appropriate learning support strategy according to the learning task. This should be considered in designing lessons. Fourth, it is necessary to revitalize contents design centered on learning activities such as simulation. Conclusions - The implications of the examination system are as follows. First, it can be confirmed that there is difficulty in calculating the amount of learning centered on learning time and securing objective objectivity. Second, it can be seen that there are various variables affecting the actual learning time in addition to the content amount. Third, there is a need for reviewing the system of examination of learning amount centered on 'learning time'.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.119-128
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• 2006

The scale of visual expression has expanded from freeze frame to motion picture as media have developed. Moving pictures such as animation, movies, TV CM and GUI become formative elements whose movement is necessary compared to freeze frame as apparent movement phenomenon and unit structure such as short and scene appear. Therefore, of formative elements such as a shape, color, space, size and movement, movement is importantly distinguished in the moving image. The expression and form of image as a relationship between the signified and signifier explained by Saussure are accepted as a sign by mutual complement even though they limit the content. This makes it possible to infer that the formal feature of movement participates in the message content. To verify this, the result of moving picture visual perception experiment based on the gestalt grouping principle result shows that 70-80 percent of subjects think that 'movement' is the important grouping clue in perception. Movement affects the maintenance of the context of message content in the communication process when the meaning structure of moving picture is analyzed based on the structural feature. The identity can be maintained with if there is a movement with similar directive point even if the color and shape of people, things and background are changed. Second, the clarity of the content is elevated by a distinguished object as a figure by movement. Third, it acts as a knowledge representation which can predict similar movement process of next information processing. Forth, movement gives the content consistency even though more than two scenes have fast switch and complicated editing structure like cross-cutting. Movement becomes a clue which can make grouping information input by visual perception reaction. Also, it gives the order to the visual expression which can be used improperly by formation of structural frame of image message and has the effectiveness which elevates the clarity of signification. Moving picture has discourse with several mixed unit structures because it fundamentally contains time and the common and distinguished expression is needed by media-mix circumstances. Therefore, by the application of gestalt grouping principle to moving picture field, movement becomes the more distinguished than other formative elements and affects the formation of meaning structure. This study propose a viewpoint that develops structural formative beauty and new image expression in the media image field.