• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.344-350
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• 2016

Background: Mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG) both belong to Panax ginseng and have similar ingredients. However, their pharmacological activities are different due to their significantly different growth environments. Methods: An ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)-based approach was developed to distinguish MCG and CG. Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal component analysis and supervised orthogonal partial-least-squares discrimination analysis were used to select the influential components. Results: Under optimized UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS conditions, 40 ginsenosides in both MCG and CG were unambiguously identified and tentatively assigned. The results showed that the characteristic components of CG and MCG included ginsenoside Ra3/isomer, gypenoside XVII, quinquenoside R1, ginsenoside Ra7, notoginsenoside Fe, ginsenoside Ra2, ginsenoside Rs6/Rs7, malonyl ginsenoside Rc, malonyl ginsenoside Rb1, malonyl ginsenoside Rb2, palmitoleic acid, and ethyl linoleate. The malony ginsenosides are abundant in CG, but higher levels of the minor ginsenosides were detected in MCG. Conclusion: This is the first time that the differences between CG and MCG have been observed systematically at the chemical level. Our results suggested that using the identified characteristic components as chemical markers to identify different ginseng products is effective and viable.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the effects of mountain cultivated ginseng water boiled extract(MCG) on blood glucose and insulin levels, and examined whether lipid metabolism are improved by it in male db/db mice(a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus). Methods : 9 weeks old, male db/db mice were divided into 5 groups : C57BL/6J normal, control, MCG-250mg/kg (MCG-1), MCG-500mg/kg(MCG-2) and MCG-1000mg/kg(MCG-3). After mice were treated with MCG for 8 weeks, we measured body weight, food intake, fat weight, visceral organ weight and blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels. Results : 1. We found no difference in body weight, food intake, fat weight and visceral organ weight among the animal groups. 2. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower blood glucose level and higher blood insulin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 3. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower LDL-cholesterol and higher HDL-cholesterol levels. 4. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had blood triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 5. Blood AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by MCG, indicating MCG do not show any toxic effects. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that MCG effectively increases blood insulin level and decreases blood glucose level, blood lipid levels, and prevents and improves diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.5-5
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• 2018

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), one of the most widely used medicinal plants in traditional oriental medicine, is used for the treatment of various diseases. It has been classified according to its cultivation environment, such as field cultivated ginseng (FCG) and mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG). However, little is known about differences in gene expression in ginseng roots between field cultivated and mountain cultivated ginseng. In order to investigate the whole transcriptome landscape of ginseng, we employed High-Throughput sequencing technologies using the Illumina HiSeqTM2500 system, and generated a large amount of sequenced transcriptome from ginseng roots. Approximately 77 million and 87 million high-quality reads were produced in the FCG and MCG roots transcriptome analyses, respectively, and we obtained 256,032 assembled unigenes with an average length of 1,171 bp by de novo assembly methods. Functional annotations of the unigenes were performed using sequence similarity comparisons against the following databases: the non-redundant nucleotide database, the InterPro domains database, the Gene Ontology Consortium database, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database. A total of 4,207 unigenes were assigned to specific metabolic pathways, and all of the known enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were also identified in the KEGG library. This study indicated that alpha-glucan phosphorylase 1, putative pectinesterase/pectinesterase inhibitor 17, beta-amylase, and alpha-glucan phosphorylase isozyme H might be important factors involved in starch and sucrose metabolism between FCG and MCG in different environments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.561-571
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• 2023

Background: Escalating evidence shows that ginseng possesses an antiaging potential with cognitive enhancing activity. As mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) is cultivated without agricultural chemicals, MCG has emerged as a popular herb medicine. However, little is known about the MCG-mediated pharmacological mechanism on brain aging. Methods: As we demonstrated that glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is important for enhancing memory function in the animal model of aging, we investigated the role of MCG as a GPx inducer using GPx-1 (a major type of GPx) knockout (KO) mice. We assessed whether MCG modulates redox and cholinergic parameters, and memory function in aged GPx-1 knockout KOmice. Results: Redox burden of aged GPx-1 KO mice was more evident than that of aged wild-type (WT) mice. Alteration of Nrf2 DNA binding activity appeared to be more evident than that of NFκB DNA binding activity in aged GPx-1 KO mice. Alteration in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was more evident than that in acetylcholine esterase activity. MCG significantly attenuated reductions in Nrf2 system and ChAT level. MCG significantly enhanced the co-localization of Nrf2-immunoreactivity and ChAT-immunoreactivity in the same cell population. Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol significantly counteracted MCG-mediated up-regulation in ChAT level and ChAT inhibition (by k252a) significantly reduced ERK phosphorylation by MCG, suggesting that MCG might require signal cascade of Nrf2/ChAT/ERK to enhance cognition. Conclusion: GPx-1 depletion might be a prerequisite for cognitive impairment in aged animals. MCG-mediated cognition enhancement might be associated with the activations of Nrf2, ChAT, and ERK signaling cascade.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.462-470
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• 2012

본 연구의 결과, TPA 종양촉진 시작과 함께 실험식이를 급여하였을 때, 장뇌삼은 대조군과 인삼군보다 낮은 피부종양발생수를 나타내었으며 종양발생률에서도 대조군과 인삼군에 비해 장뇌삼군에서 종양의 발생이 지연되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, DMBA 종양개시 한 달 전부터 실험 종료 시까지 실험식이를 급여하였을 때는 대조군과 장뇌삼군에 비해 인삼군의 종양발생수가 감소된 것으로 나타나 인삼은 암 예방효능이 장뇌삼보다 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 장뇌삼과 인삼은 마우스 피부암이 아닌 다른 상피세포성 암에 대해서도 각각 이러한 효능을 보일 것인지에 대해서 후속연구가 요구되며 또한 앞으로 인삼과 장뇌삼의 유효성분을 발굴하고 이를 더욱 효과적으로 섭취할 수 있는 방법이 개발되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 아울러 질적으로 우수한 우리나라 장뇌삼과 인삼이 건강기능식품으로서 뿐만 아니라 암 예방과 암치료에 사용될 수 있는 대체의약품으로 개발되기 위해서는 실질적인 임상치료 연구와 더불어 보다 구체적인 과학적 기능 규명연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.147-151
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• 2014

We investigated the diversity of the foliar endophytes of Korean ginseng. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and field-cultivated ginseng (FCG) at 4 sites in Chungbuk Province. A total of 24 species of fungal endophytes were identified using molecular approaches. Additionally, the diversity of these endophytic fungi was compared between MCG and FCG. The major isolated endophytes were Edenia gomezpompae and Gibberella moniliformis in the MCG and FCG samples, respectively. The results suggest that ginseng endophytes have different community structures in different environments, and this understanding may prove useful in ginseng cultivation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.453-463
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• 2021

5년근 이상의 인삼(CG), 산양삼(MCG) 및 산양삼 전초(WPMCG)의 지방산, 아미노산, 무기질, ginsenosides, 총 phenolics, 총 flavonoids 및 항산화 활성을 비교하여 분석하였다. 총 지방산 및 불포화 지방산 함량은 MCG (1215.9 및 751.2 mg/100 g)에서, 포화 지방산은 WPMCG (486.4 mg/100 g)에서 각각 높았으며 α-linolenic acid 함량은 특징적으로 CG (18.1 mg/100 g)에 비해 MCG (139.3 mg/100 g) 및 WPMCG (194.4 mg/100 g)에서 최대 10배 높게 검출되었다. 총 유리아미노산 및 필수 아미노산 함량은 CG < MCG < WPMCG (1006.35 및 839.46 mg/100 g) 순으로 높았으며, γ-aminobutyric acid 및 arginine이 주된 비필수 아미노산으로 각각 WPMCG (163.10 mg/100 g)와 MCG (305.23 mg/100 g)에서 가장 높게 검출되었다. 총 무기질 함량은 CG (30.36 mg/100 g)와 WPMCG (29.82 mg/100 g)에서 높게 검출되었으며, 칼슘(Ca)은 CG 및 MCG와 비교하여 WPMCG (6.68 mg/100 g)에서 약 2배 이상의 높게 검출되었다. 총 phenolics (5.12 GAE mg/g), 총 flavonoids (3.04 RE mg/g) 및 ginsenosides (42.44 mg/g) 함량은 WPMCG에서 공통적으로 가장 높은 함량이 검출되었으며 이와 유의적으로 항산화 활성 역시 WPMCG에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다.